The research question of this article is how should the International Accounting Standards Board establish standard units of value? Economic value is a social construct that has no use if humans do not exist. The abil...The research question of this article is how should the International Accounting Standards Board establish standard units of value? Economic value is a social construct that has no use if humans do not exist. The ability for humans to sustain themselves in perpetuity on our planet depends upon how well renewable and recyclable resources in each bioregion can support humanity. As each bioregion has different capacities different units of value are required if prices are to be useful for guiding the size and distribution of the global population between regions. As energy is fundamental for modern human wellbeing, and renewable sources vary by regions this provides a basis for creating sustainability indexes in each bioregion to tether bioregional currencies to promote circular economies. The Internet of Things provides a way to collect and calculate indexes automatically to establish a creditable stable and predicable relative index of value for all goods and services to remove the need for money to be a store of value or unit of account. Self-liquidating money would simplify money to only being a medium of exchange that could be created on a decentralized basis by users. Carbon trading and/or taxing could reduce, or be avoided.展开更多
For a long time, Vietnam has modifications in all aspects in the society. For many years, Vietnam has improved features in administrative works as well as in different areas, such as public administration, finance, an...For a long time, Vietnam has modifications in all aspects in the society. For many years, Vietnam has improved features in administrative works as well as in different areas, such as public administration, finance, and accounting In the accounting content, budget accounting is an important thing which is worth noting. However, along with the achievements, Vietnam is also facing a number of limitations to be overcome for ensuring transparency in the state budget. Since then, the main purpose of the article is to provide a general picture of budget accounting in Vietnam and what has not been done through finding the relationships with budget regulations and international public sector accounting. The results showed that Vietnam will transform and issue the new law on budget and build up a new model for controlling information published by data accounting system in the future.展开更多
Consolidated Financial Statements （CFSs） in the public sector represent useful financial tools to improve transparency and accountability toward internal and external users. This aggregate view is only a part of the...Consolidated Financial Statements （CFSs） in the public sector represent useful financial tools to improve transparency and accountability toward internal and external users. This aggregate view is only a part of the information needed in order to give politicians, managers, employees, financial institutions, rating agencies, and citizens a whole view of a local government＇s financial performance. It emerges the need to have segment information, covering specific policy areas for which it is appropriate to separately report financial and non-financial information. This paper, after having discussed the need for accountability and decision-making in a theoretical framework, gives account of a pilot project realized by the municipality of Reggio Emilia, which introduced CFSs and segment reporting. The empirical study is based on an action research as a methodological approach to solving practical problems. Finally, the paper also offers some practical suggestions to contribute to the applicability of the segment reporting in the public sector.展开更多
文摘The research question of this article is how should the International Accounting Standards Board establish standard units of value? Economic value is a social construct that has no use if humans do not exist. The ability for humans to sustain themselves in perpetuity on our planet depends upon how well renewable and recyclable resources in each bioregion can support humanity. As each bioregion has different capacities different units of value are required if prices are to be useful for guiding the size and distribution of the global population between regions. As energy is fundamental for modern human wellbeing, and renewable sources vary by regions this provides a basis for creating sustainability indexes in each bioregion to tether bioregional currencies to promote circular economies. The Internet of Things provides a way to collect and calculate indexes automatically to establish a creditable stable and predicable relative index of value for all goods and services to remove the need for money to be a store of value or unit of account. Self-liquidating money would simplify money to only being a medium of exchange that could be created on a decentralized basis by users. Carbon trading and/or taxing could reduce, or be avoided.
文摘For a long time, Vietnam has modifications in all aspects in the society. For many years, Vietnam has improved features in administrative works as well as in different areas, such as public administration, finance, and accounting In the accounting content, budget accounting is an important thing which is worth noting. However, along with the achievements, Vietnam is also facing a number of limitations to be overcome for ensuring transparency in the state budget. Since then, the main purpose of the article is to provide a general picture of budget accounting in Vietnam and what has not been done through finding the relationships with budget regulations and international public sector accounting. The results showed that Vietnam will transform and issue the new law on budget and build up a new model for controlling information published by data accounting system in the future.
文摘Consolidated Financial Statements （CFSs） in the public sector represent useful financial tools to improve transparency and accountability toward internal and external users. This aggregate view is only a part of the information needed in order to give politicians, managers, employees, financial institutions, rating agencies, and citizens a whole view of a local government＇s financial performance. It emerges the need to have segment information, covering specific policy areas for which it is appropriate to separately report financial and non-financial information. This paper, after having discussed the need for accountability and decision-making in a theoretical framework, gives account of a pilot project realized by the municipality of Reggio Emilia, which introduced CFSs and segment reporting. The empirical study is based on an action research as a methodological approach to solving practical problems. Finally, the paper also offers some practical suggestions to contribute to the applicability of the segment reporting in the public sector.
