专家共识作为临床实践指南的重要补充,在证据不足或存在争议时支持临床决策。与临床实践指南相比,专家共识的呈现更具有多样性。目前,尚无针对临床和公共卫生决策的专家共识报告规范(reporting guideline)。RIGHT(Reporting Items for P...专家共识作为临床实践指南的重要补充,在证据不足或存在争议时支持临床决策。与临床实践指南相比,专家共识的呈现更具有多样性。目前,尚无针对临床和公共卫生决策的专家共识报告规范(reporting guideline)。RIGHT(Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare)清单是目前国际最常用的指南报告规范,常用于专家共识的写作参考。然而,RIGHT清单不包括共识形成方法的部分;而ACCORD(ACcurate COnsensus Reporting Document)清单虽然包含共识形成方法的报告要求,但不包含推荐意见的报告规范。因此,本文综合RIGHT和ACCORD两个报告清单,提出综合记忆框架(TIMER-DO),帮助作者综合两部国际通用的报告规范,完成专家共识的规范化报告。展开更多
This Article challenges the prevailing view of the efficacy of harmonized international financial regulation and provides a mechanism for facilitating regulatory diversity and experimentation within the existing globa...This Article challenges the prevailing view of the efficacy of harmonized international financial regulation and provides a mechanism for facilitating regulatory diversity and experimentation within the existing global regulatory framework,the Basel Accords.Recent experience suggests that regulatory harmonization can increase,rather than decrease,systemic risk,an effect that is the precise opposite of the objective of harmonization.By incentivizing financial institutions worldwide to follow broadly similar business strategies,regulatory error contributed to a global financial crisis.Furthermore,the dynamic nature of financial markets renders it improbable that regulators will be able to predict with confidence what are the optimal capital requirements or what other regulatory policies would reduce systemic risk.Nor,as past experience suggests,is it likely that regulators will be able to predict which future financial innovations,activities or institutions might generate systemic risk.The Article contends,accordingly,that there would be value added from increasing the flexibility of the international financial regulatory architecture as a means of reducing systemic risk.It proposes making the Basel architecture more adaptable by creating aprocedural mechanism to allow for departures along multiple dimensions from Basel while providing safe guards,given the limited knowledge that we do possess,against the ratcheting up of systemic risk from such departures.The core of the mechanism to introduce diversity into Basel is a peer review of proposed departures from Basel,and,upon approval of such departures,ongoing monitoring for their impact on global systemic risk.If a departure were found to increase systemic risk,it would be disallowed.Such a diversity mechanism would improve the quality of regulatory decision-making by generating information on which regulations work best under which circumstances.It would also reduce the threat to financial stability posed by regulatory errors that increase systemic risk by reducing the likelihood that international banks worldwide will follow broadly similar,mistaken strategies in response to regulatory incentives.展开更多
This Article challenges the prevailing view of the efficacy of harmonized international financial regulation and provides a mechanism for facilitating regulatory diversity and experimentation within the existing globa...This Article challenges the prevailing view of the efficacy of harmonized international financial regulation and provides a mechanism for facilitating regulatory diversity and experimentation within the existing global regulatory framework,the Basel Accords.Recent experience suggests that regulatory harmonization can increase,rather than decrease,systemic risk,an effect that is the precise opposite of the objective of harmonization.By incentivizing financial institutions worldwide to follow broadly similar business strategies,regulatory error contributed to a global financial crisis.Furthermore,the dynamic nature of financial markets renders it improbable that regulators will be able to predict with confidence what are the optimal capital requirements or what other regulatory policies would reduce systemic risk.Nor,as past experience suggests,is it likely that regulators will be able to predict which future financial innovations,activities or institutions might generate systemic risk.The Article contends,accordingly,that there would be value added from increasing the flexibility of the international financial regulatory architecture as a means of reducing systemic risk.It proposes making the Basel architecture more adaptable by creating aprocedural mechanism to allow for departures along multiple dimensions from Basel while providing safeguards,given the limited knowledge that we do possess,against the ratcheting up of systemic risk from such departures.The core of the mechanism to introduce diversity into Basel is a peer review of proposed departures from Basel,and,upon approval of such departures,ongoing monitoring for their impact on global systemic risk.If a departure were found to increase systemic risk,it would be disallowed.Such a diversity mechanism would improve the quality of regulatory decision-making by generating information on which regulations work best under which circumstances.It would also reduce the threat to financial stability posed by regulatory errors that increase systemic risk by reducing the likelihood that international banks worldwide will follow broadly similar,mistaken strategies in response to regulatory incentives.展开更多
高血糖是心血管系统的重要危险因素,而心血管死亡则是2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetesmellitus,T2DM)患者的主要归宿。因此,有效预防心血管合并症被视为治疗糖尿病的主要目标。由于高血压与血脂异常亦对心血管系统具有严重危害,因而对于T2DM...高血糖是心血管系统的重要危险因素,而心血管死亡则是2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetesmellitus,T2DM)患者的主要归宿。因此,有效预防心血管合并症被视为治疗糖尿病的主要目标。由于高血压与血脂异常亦对心血管系统具有严重危害,因而对于T2DM患者除了积极控制血糖水平外,还应对并存的高血压与血脂紊乱进行有效干预,以最大限度改善其心血管系统预后。近年来揭晓的一系列大型临床试验为糖尿病的综合防治策略注入了大量新理念,其中控制糖尿病心血管风险行动(action to controlcardiovascular risk in diabetes,ACCORD)研究结论更为我们提供了诸多值得思考的重要信息。展开更多
The existing summative evaluation method cannot reveal all the relevant facts about students’learning,potentially leading students to only pay attention to memorizing fragmented language knowledge instead of improvin...The existing summative evaluation method cannot reveal all the relevant facts about students’learning,potentially leading students to only pay attention to memorizing fragmented language knowledge instead of improving their communicative competence.Therefore,the formative evaluation method should be used to supplement the current summative evaluation method in College English teaching in vocational institutes.When using formative evaluation,plans and objectives need to be designed,tools for evaluation selected,information collected regularly,and plans adjusted accordingly.展开更多
In English teaching, it is necessary to pay attention to students＇ psychology and cognition in order to make them harmonious and effective. Therefore, English teacher would change their teaching opinions, realizing t...In English teaching, it is necessary to pay attention to students＇ psychology and cognition in order to make them harmonious and effective. Therefore, English teacher would change their teaching opinions, realizing teaching object, guiding student＇s minds and ideas to study by some measures, such as accordant teaching and study, making students as a base in study, and students＇ self-study. In other words, making student study actively rather than passively is much better for their English abilities.展开更多
In accordance with the studies concerning the tectonics of Nei Monggolmade by Huang Jiqing and others, two tectonic units occur in this area:Sino-Korean Platform to the south and Nei Monggol-Greater Khingan Mtsfold sy...In accordance with the studies concerning the tectonics of Nei Monggolmade by Huang Jiqing and others, two tectonic units occur in this area:Sino-Korean Platform to the south and Nei Monggol-Greater Khingan Mtsfold system to the north. The dividing line between the two units lies fromBaiyun’ebo on the west to Chifeng on the east. Geophysical studies demonst-rate that there are two gravity gradient zones trending ENE in the northernmargin of the North China Platform. The northern zone is a linear anomalyzone of--50 to--45 mGal extending from Baiyun’ebo in the west to theeast of Chifeng. The southern zone, 60--70km wide, lies from Guyang throughJining to Longhua in the east and its amplitude of gravity gradient amountsto 60 mGal. Field geological survey indicates that there are two main faultedzones. Our recent investigations suggests that there are two Proterozoic riftsof E-W trend in the northern margin of the North China Platform.展开更多
Micro vapor chamber(MVC) for light emitting diodes(LEDs) can be designed and fabricated to enhance the heat dissipation efficiency and improve the reliability. In this paper, we used photoresist SU-8 and electroformin...Micro vapor chamber(MVC) for light emitting diodes(LEDs) can be designed and fabricated to enhance the heat dissipation efficiency and improve the reliability. In this paper, we used photoresist SU-8 and electroforming copper(Cu) to fabricate three kinds of wick structures, which are star, radiation and parallel ones, and the substrate is silicon with thickness of 0.5 mm. Electroforming Cu on silicon to make micro wick structure was a critical step, the ampere-hour factor was used, and accordingly the electroforming time was predicted. The composition of electroforming solution and parameters of electroforming were optimized too. After charging and packaging, thermal behavior tests were carried out to study the heat dissipation performance of MVCs. When the input power was 8 W, the parallel wick structure reached the equivalent temperature of 69.0 °C in 226 s, while the others were higher than that. The experimental results prove that the wick structures have significant influence on the heat transfer capability of MVCs.展开更多
In 2014,in accordance with the decisions and plans of the Party Central Committee and the State Council,health and family planning departments at various levels extensively deepened medical reform;achieved positive ac...In 2014,in accordance with the decisions and plans of the Party Central Committee and the State Council,health and family planning departments at various levels extensively deepened medical reform;achieved positive achievements in major areas;made new progress in public health and major disease prevention and treatment.展开更多
The diffusion and thermite reaction process of Al/NiO nanothermite composed of Al nanofilm and NiO nano honeycomb are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations in combination with the Reax FF. The diffusion and t...The diffusion and thermite reaction process of Al/NiO nanothermite composed of Al nanofilm and NiO nano honeycomb are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations in combination with the Reax FF. The diffusion and thermite reaction are characterized by measuring energy release, adiabatic reaction temperature, and activation energy. Based on time evolution of atomic configuration and mean square displacement, the initialization of the thermite reaction process of Al/NiO nanothermite results from the diffusion of Al atoms. Under the microcanonical ensemble, it is found that the adiabatic reaction temperature of the thermite reaction process of Al/NiO nanothermite reaches over 5500 K, and activation energy is 8.43 k J/mol. The release energy of the thermite reaction process of Al/NiO nanothermite is 2.2 k J/g, which is in accordance with the available experimental value. With the same initial temperature, the adiabatic reaction temperature of the thermite reaction process of Al/NiO nanothermite has a tendency to decrease dramatically as the equivalence ratio increases. On the basis of chemical bond analysis, the initial temperature and equivalence ratio have great effects on the thermite reaction process, but do not significantly affect the average length of Al–Ni nor Al–O bond. Overall, the thermite reaction of film-honeycomb Al/NiO nanothermite is a complicated process instead of a theoretical equation.展开更多
文摘专家共识作为临床实践指南的重要补充,在证据不足或存在争议时支持临床决策。与临床实践指南相比,专家共识的呈现更具有多样性。目前,尚无针对临床和公共卫生决策的专家共识报告规范(reporting guideline)。RIGHT(Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare)清单是目前国际最常用的指南报告规范,常用于专家共识的写作参考。然而,RIGHT清单不包括共识形成方法的部分;而ACCORD(ACcurate COnsensus Reporting Document)清单虽然包含共识形成方法的报告要求,但不包含推荐意见的报告规范。因此,本文综合RIGHT和ACCORD两个报告清单,提出综合记忆框架(TIMER-DO),帮助作者综合两部国际通用的报告规范,完成专家共识的规范化报告。
文摘This Article challenges the prevailing view of the efficacy of harmonized international financial regulation and provides a mechanism for facilitating regulatory diversity and experimentation within the existing global regulatory framework,the Basel Accords.Recent experience suggests that regulatory harmonization can increase,rather than decrease,systemic risk,an effect that is the precise opposite of the objective of harmonization.By incentivizing financial institutions worldwide to follow broadly similar business strategies,regulatory error contributed to a global financial crisis.Furthermore,the dynamic nature of financial markets renders it improbable that regulators will be able to predict with confidence what are the optimal capital requirements or what other regulatory policies would reduce systemic risk.Nor,as past experience suggests,is it likely that regulators will be able to predict which future financial innovations,activities or institutions might generate systemic risk.The Article contends,accordingly,that there would be value added from increasing the flexibility of the international financial regulatory architecture as a means of reducing systemic risk.It proposes making the Basel architecture more adaptable by creating aprocedural mechanism to allow for departures along multiple dimensions from Basel while providing safe guards,given the limited knowledge that we do possess,against the ratcheting up of systemic risk from such departures.The core of the mechanism to introduce diversity into Basel is a peer review of proposed departures from Basel,and,upon approval of such departures,ongoing monitoring for their impact on global systemic risk.If a departure were found to increase systemic risk,it would be disallowed.Such a diversity mechanism would improve the quality of regulatory decision-making by generating information on which regulations work best under which circumstances.It would also reduce the threat to financial stability posed by regulatory errors that increase systemic risk by reducing the likelihood that international banks worldwide will follow broadly similar,mistaken strategies in response to regulatory incentives.
文摘This Article challenges the prevailing view of the efficacy of harmonized international financial regulation and provides a mechanism for facilitating regulatory diversity and experimentation within the existing global regulatory framework,the Basel Accords.Recent experience suggests that regulatory harmonization can increase,rather than decrease,systemic risk,an effect that is the precise opposite of the objective of harmonization.By incentivizing financial institutions worldwide to follow broadly similar business strategies,regulatory error contributed to a global financial crisis.Furthermore,the dynamic nature of financial markets renders it improbable that regulators will be able to predict with confidence what are the optimal capital requirements or what other regulatory policies would reduce systemic risk.Nor,as past experience suggests,is it likely that regulators will be able to predict which future financial innovations,activities or institutions might generate systemic risk.The Article contends,accordingly,that there would be value added from increasing the flexibility of the international financial regulatory architecture as a means of reducing systemic risk.It proposes making the Basel architecture more adaptable by creating aprocedural mechanism to allow for departures along multiple dimensions from Basel while providing safeguards,given the limited knowledge that we do possess,against the ratcheting up of systemic risk from such departures.The core of the mechanism to introduce diversity into Basel is a peer review of proposed departures from Basel,and,upon approval of such departures,ongoing monitoring for their impact on global systemic risk.If a departure were found to increase systemic risk,it would be disallowed.Such a diversity mechanism would improve the quality of regulatory decision-making by generating information on which regulations work best under which circumstances.It would also reduce the threat to financial stability posed by regulatory errors that increase systemic risk by reducing the likelihood that international banks worldwide will follow broadly similar,mistaken strategies in response to regulatory incentives.
文摘高血糖是心血管系统的重要危险因素,而心血管死亡则是2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetesmellitus,T2DM)患者的主要归宿。因此,有效预防心血管合并症被视为治疗糖尿病的主要目标。由于高血压与血脂异常亦对心血管系统具有严重危害,因而对于T2DM患者除了积极控制血糖水平外,还应对并存的高血压与血脂紊乱进行有效干预,以最大限度改善其心血管系统预后。近年来揭晓的一系列大型临床试验为糖尿病的综合防治策略注入了大量新理念,其中控制糖尿病心血管风险行动(action to controlcardiovascular risk in diabetes,ACCORD)研究结论更为我们提供了诸多值得思考的重要信息。
文摘The existing summative evaluation method cannot reveal all the relevant facts about students’learning,potentially leading students to only pay attention to memorizing fragmented language knowledge instead of improving their communicative competence.Therefore,the formative evaluation method should be used to supplement the current summative evaluation method in College English teaching in vocational institutes.When using formative evaluation,plans and objectives need to be designed,tools for evaluation selected,information collected regularly,and plans adjusted accordingly.
文摘In English teaching, it is necessary to pay attention to students＇ psychology and cognition in order to make them harmonious and effective. Therefore, English teacher would change their teaching opinions, realizing teaching object, guiding student＇s minds and ideas to study by some measures, such as accordant teaching and study, making students as a base in study, and students＇ self-study. In other words, making student study actively rather than passively is much better for their English abilities.
文摘In accordance with the studies concerning the tectonics of Nei Monggolmade by Huang Jiqing and others, two tectonic units occur in this area:Sino-Korean Platform to the south and Nei Monggol-Greater Khingan Mtsfold system to the north. The dividing line between the two units lies fromBaiyun’ebo on the west to Chifeng on the east. Geophysical studies demonst-rate that there are two gravity gradient zones trending ENE in the northernmargin of the North China Platform. The northern zone is a linear anomalyzone of--50 to--45 mGal extending from Baiyun’ebo in the west to theeast of Chifeng. The southern zone, 60--70km wide, lies from Guyang throughJining to Longhua in the east and its amplitude of gravity gradient amountsto 60 mGal. Field geological survey indicates that there are two main faultedzones. Our recent investigations suggests that there are two Proterozoic riftsof E-W trend in the northern margin of the North China Platform.
基金supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China(No.2011CB013105)
文摘Micro vapor chamber(MVC) for light emitting diodes(LEDs) can be designed and fabricated to enhance the heat dissipation efficiency and improve the reliability. In this paper, we used photoresist SU-8 and electroforming copper(Cu) to fabricate three kinds of wick structures, which are star, radiation and parallel ones, and the substrate is silicon with thickness of 0.5 mm. Electroforming Cu on silicon to make micro wick structure was a critical step, the ampere-hour factor was used, and accordingly the electroforming time was predicted. The composition of electroforming solution and parameters of electroforming were optimized too. After charging and packaging, thermal behavior tests were carried out to study the heat dissipation performance of MVCs. When the input power was 8 W, the parallel wick structure reached the equivalent temperature of 69.0 °C in 226 s, while the others were higher than that. The experimental results prove that the wick structures have significant influence on the heat transfer capability of MVCs.
文摘In 2014,in accordance with the decisions and plans of the Party Central Committee and the State Council,health and family planning departments at various levels extensively deepened medical reform;achieved positive achievements in major areas;made new progress in public health and major disease prevention and treatment.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11374217 and 21363019)
文摘The diffusion and thermite reaction process of Al/NiO nanothermite composed of Al nanofilm and NiO nano honeycomb are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations in combination with the Reax FF. The diffusion and thermite reaction are characterized by measuring energy release, adiabatic reaction temperature, and activation energy. Based on time evolution of atomic configuration and mean square displacement, the initialization of the thermite reaction process of Al/NiO nanothermite results from the diffusion of Al atoms. Under the microcanonical ensemble, it is found that the adiabatic reaction temperature of the thermite reaction process of Al/NiO nanothermite reaches over 5500 K, and activation energy is 8.43 k J/mol. The release energy of the thermite reaction process of Al/NiO nanothermite is 2.2 k J/g, which is in accordance with the available experimental value. With the same initial temperature, the adiabatic reaction temperature of the thermite reaction process of Al/NiO nanothermite has a tendency to decrease dramatically as the equivalence ratio increases. On the basis of chemical bond analysis, the initial temperature and equivalence ratio have great effects on the thermite reaction process, but do not significantly affect the average length of Al–Ni nor Al–O bond. Overall, the thermite reaction of film-honeycomb Al/NiO nanothermite is a complicated process instead of a theoretical equation.
