Avocado is a high demand, high value tropical fruit recognised for its nutritional value. Being planted as a grafted tree, propagation of avocado refers to propagation of rootstock cultivar, then graft it with bud-woo...Avocado is a high demand, high value tropical fruit recognised for its nutritional value. Being planted as a grafted tree, propagation of avocado refers to propagation of rootstock cultivar, then graft it with bud-wood from a mature scion cultivar. Elite cultivar propagation is critical to maintain the quality of fruit and farm management practices. Avocado propagation through seeds exhibit high genetic variation, hence less appealing for orchard plantings. Rooting of cuttings is only possible through a complex, lengthy and expensive process called “Frolich and Platt method”. This creates limitations on rapid industry expansion due to scarcity and high price of plants in many countries. Alternative propagation methods are sought over 5 decades. Potential of micropropagation has been well demonstrated for wide variety of economically important plants. Commercial application of micropropagation for avocado will undoubtedly boost the industry around the globe. In this review, we present the developments in micropropagation of recalcitrant species, avocado, over the last 45 years. We summarise the culture media composition, hormones, growth conditions for different stages of avocado micropropagation pipeline, elaborating on cultivar specificity for in vitro success, and problems encountered under in vitro conditions and during acclimatisation. Overview of the current knowledge is critical to focus on important aspects in protocol optimisation, to develop an efficient and effective micropropagation system for avocado as well as other woody plant species recalcitrant for micropropagation.展开更多
Background:Modern ecosystems contain many invasive species as a result of the activity of acclimatisation societies that operated in the second half of the nineteenth century,and these species provide good opportuniti...Background:Modern ecosystems contain many invasive species as a result of the activity of acclimatisation societies that operated in the second half of the nineteenth century,and these species provide good opportunities for studying invasion biology.However,to gain insight into the ecological and genetic mechanisms that determine the rate of colonization and adaptation to new environments,we need a good understanding of the history of the introduced species,and a knowledge of the source population,timing,and number of individuals introduced is particularly important.However,any inaccuracies in the history of an introduction will affect subsequent assumptions and conclusions.Methods:Focusing on a single well-known species,the House Sparrow(Passer domesticus),we have documented the introduction into Australia using primary sources(e.g.acclimatisation records and newspaper articles).Results:Our revised history differs in a number of significant ways from previous accounts.Our evidence indicates that the House Sparrow was not solely introduced from source populations in England but also from Germany and most strikingly also from India—with the latter birds belonging to a different race.We also clarify the distinction between the number released and the number of founders,due to pre-release captive breeding programs,as well as identifying inaccuracies in a couple of well-cited sources with respect to the range expansion of the introduced populations.Conclusions:Our work suggests that caution is required for those studying introductions using the key sources of historical information and ideally should review original sources of information to verify the accuracy of published accounts.展开更多
Purpose Heat adaptation(HA)is a popular strategy to combat the negative effects of thermal stress.The HA literature has expanded since a 2016 meta-analysis,and we provide an updated meta-analysis,incorporating 39 addi...Purpose Heat adaptation(HA)is a popular strategy to combat the negative effects of thermal stress.The HA literature has expanded since a 2016 meta-analysis,and we provide an updated meta-analysis,incorporating 39 additional studies and advanced analysis.Methods Following Pubmed searches,full-text original articles using human participants were reviewed using the four-stage PRISMA process.Data were extracted by at least two of the authors.Hedges’g effect sizes,95%confidence intervals,and prediction intervals were calculated.Correlations were run where appropriate.Results One hundred and thirty-five total articles(96 previous,39 new)were reviewed.Medium-term(8–14 days),active,constant work HA regimens remain the most common despite a recent focus on isothermal,passive,and short-term(≤7 days)alternatives.HA still improves subsequent exercise performance and capacity in the heat(g=0.7),reduces resting core tem-perature(g=-0.6)and heart rate(g=-0.5),and increases sweat rate(g=0.4)but the effect sizes are lower than previously reported.HA has a moderate or larger effect(g>0.5)on lowering sweat onset temperature,mean heart rate,sweat sodium and chloride concentrations,resting thermal sensation,and thirst sensation,and increasing resting plasma volume.There is considerable heterogeneity within the data for most variables.Conclusion HA regimens can reduce physiological and perceptual strain and improve subsequent exercise performance and capacity in the heat.Longer regimens may be more effect than shorter ones,but the data are lacking.Passive HA is a practi-cal,effective alternative to active HA.展开更多
文摘Avocado is a high demand, high value tropical fruit recognised for its nutritional value. Being planted as a grafted tree, propagation of avocado refers to propagation of rootstock cultivar, then graft it with bud-wood from a mature scion cultivar. Elite cultivar propagation is critical to maintain the quality of fruit and farm management practices. Avocado propagation through seeds exhibit high genetic variation, hence less appealing for orchard plantings. Rooting of cuttings is only possible through a complex, lengthy and expensive process called “Frolich and Platt method”. This creates limitations on rapid industry expansion due to scarcity and high price of plants in many countries. Alternative propagation methods are sought over 5 decades. Potential of micropropagation has been well demonstrated for wide variety of economically important plants. Commercial application of micropropagation for avocado will undoubtedly boost the industry around the globe. In this review, we present the developments in micropropagation of recalcitrant species, avocado, over the last 45 years. We summarise the culture media composition, hormones, growth conditions for different stages of avocado micropropagation pipeline, elaborating on cultivar specificity for in vitro success, and problems encountered under in vitro conditions and during acclimatisation. Overview of the current knowledge is critical to focus on important aspects in protocol optimisation, to develop an efficient and effective micropropagation system for avocado as well as other woody plant species recalcitrant for micropropagation.
基金SCA was supported by Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarships(No.2013077)SCG was supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship(FT130101253)
文摘Background:Modern ecosystems contain many invasive species as a result of the activity of acclimatisation societies that operated in the second half of the nineteenth century,and these species provide good opportunities for studying invasion biology.However,to gain insight into the ecological and genetic mechanisms that determine the rate of colonization and adaptation to new environments,we need a good understanding of the history of the introduced species,and a knowledge of the source population,timing,and number of individuals introduced is particularly important.However,any inaccuracies in the history of an introduction will affect subsequent assumptions and conclusions.Methods:Focusing on a single well-known species,the House Sparrow(Passer domesticus),we have documented the introduction into Australia using primary sources(e.g.acclimatisation records and newspaper articles).Results:Our revised history differs in a number of significant ways from previous accounts.Our evidence indicates that the House Sparrow was not solely introduced from source populations in England but also from Germany and most strikingly also from India—with the latter birds belonging to a different race.We also clarify the distinction between the number released and the number of founders,due to pre-release captive breeding programs,as well as identifying inaccuracies in a couple of well-cited sources with respect to the range expansion of the introduced populations.Conclusions:Our work suggests that caution is required for those studying introductions using the key sources of historical information and ideally should review original sources of information to verify the accuracy of published accounts.
文摘Purpose Heat adaptation(HA)is a popular strategy to combat the negative effects of thermal stress.The HA literature has expanded since a 2016 meta-analysis,and we provide an updated meta-analysis,incorporating 39 additional studies and advanced analysis.Methods Following Pubmed searches,full-text original articles using human participants were reviewed using the four-stage PRISMA process.Data were extracted by at least two of the authors.Hedges’g effect sizes,95%confidence intervals,and prediction intervals were calculated.Correlations were run where appropriate.Results One hundred and thirty-five total articles(96 previous,39 new)were reviewed.Medium-term(8–14 days),active,constant work HA regimens remain the most common despite a recent focus on isothermal,passive,and short-term(≤7 days)alternatives.HA still improves subsequent exercise performance and capacity in the heat(g=0.7),reduces resting core tem-perature(g=-0.6)and heart rate(g=-0.5),and increases sweat rate(g=0.4)but the effect sizes are lower than previously reported.HA has a moderate or larger effect(g>0.5)on lowering sweat onset temperature,mean heart rate,sweat sodium and chloride concentrations,resting thermal sensation,and thirst sensation,and increasing resting plasma volume.There is considerable heterogeneity within the data for most variables.Conclusion HA regimens can reduce physiological and perceptual strain and improve subsequent exercise performance and capacity in the heat.Longer regimens may be more effect than shorter ones,but the data are lacking.Passive HA is a practi-cal,effective alternative to active HA.
