The practice of plants for the deterrence and management of innumerable physiological states and diseases dates back to the history of humankind. Although many of today’s medicinal yields are achieved synthetically, ...The practice of plants for the deterrence and management of innumerable physiological states and diseases dates back to the history of humankind. Although many of today’s medicinal yields are achieved synthetically, they are often modelled on the chemical composition of medicinal plants. In this accordance, Acanthus genus (Family Acanthaceae) has acknowledged considerable attention due to its wide range of secondary metabolites and its customary usage in Indian and Chinese system of medicine. It is worth to mention that A. ilicifolius is enormously medicinal among all the species of Acanthus genus. This plant is considered to be rich sources of steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Traditionally, the plant has been used for asthma, diabetes, dyspepsia, hepatitis, leprosy, neuralgia, paralysis, ringworm, skin disease, snake bite, leukemia. Toxicological investigation in mice model has showed that, the ethanolic extract of the leaves of this plant have no toxic effect up to dose of 1000 mg/kg BW, 2000 mg/kg BW dose have mild toxicity and 5000 mg/kg BW dose have caused toxic effect in some organ system like liver, heart, pancreas, lung and kidney. Different extract of this plant also exhibited Anti-inflammatory, anti-leishmanial, osteoblastic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anticancer activities. This review article is an endeavor to cover current expansion in phytochemical and pharmacological potential of this plant species which will be a good reference tool for investigators who wish to work on natural products.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the flower of Acanthus ilicifolius(A.ilicifolius).Methods:Antioxidant activity was determined as antiradical efficiency with diphenyl picrylhydrazil(D...Objective:To investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the flower of Acanthus ilicifolius(A.ilicifolius).Methods:Antioxidant activity was determined as antiradical efficiency with diphenyl picrylhydrazil(DPPH)method and cytotoxic assay was undertaken using brine shrimp lethal toxicity test.Results:A.ilicifolius flower contained terpenoid,phenolic compounds,and alkaloid.The methanol extract of A.ilicifolius flower showed the highest antiradical efficiency(AE=1.41×10^(-3))against DPPH radicals and the highest cytotoxicity(LC_(50)=22μg/mL)against brine shrimp nauplii.Conclusions:It is suggested that active compounds of A.ilicifolius flower solved in methanol play a role to inhibit free radical activity and kill Artemia salina nauplii.The substances can be considered as potential antioxidant and cytotoxic agents as well as imminent candidate for cancer therapy.展开更多
AIM： To investigate the chemopreventive efficacy of the Indian medicinal plant Acanthus ilicifolius L Acanthaceae in a transplantable Ehrlich ascites carcinoma （EAC）- bearing murine model.METHODS： Male Swiss albin...AIM： To investigate the chemopreventive efficacy of the Indian medicinal plant Acanthus ilicifolius L Acanthaceae in a transplantable Ehrlich ascites carcinoma （EAC）- bearing murine model.METHODS： Male Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups： Group A was the untreated normal control; Group B was the EAC control mice group that received serial, intraperitoneal （ip） inoculations of rapidly proliferating 2 × 10^5 viable EAC cells in 0.2 mL of sterile phosphate buffered saline; Group C was the plant extract-treated group that received the aqueous leaf extract （ALE） of the plant at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight by single ip injections, once daily for 10, 20 and 30 consecutive days following tumour inoculation （ALE control）; and Group D was the EAC ＋ ALE- treatment group. The chemopreventive potential of the ALE was evaluated in a murine model by studying various biological parameters and genotoxic markers, such as tumour cell count, mean survival of the animals, haematological indices, hepatocellular histology, immunohistochemical expression of liver metallothionein （MT） protein, sister-chromatid exchanges （SCEs）, and DNA alterations.RESULTS： Treatment of the EAC-bearing mice with the ALE significantly （P 〈 0.001） reduced viable tumour cell count by 68.34% （228.7 × 10^6 ± 0.53） when compared to EAC control mice （72.4 × 10^6 ± 0.49）, and restored body and organ weights almost to the normal values. ALE administration also increased （P 〈 0.001） mean survival of the hosts from 35 ± 3.46 d in EAC control mice to 83 ± 2.69 d in EAC ＋ ALE-treated mice. Haematological indices also showed marked improvement with administration of ALE in EAC-bearing animals. There was a significant increase in RBC count （P 〈 0.001）, hemoglobin percent （P 〈 0.001）, and haematocrit value （P 〈 0.001） from 4.3 ± 0.12, 6.4 ± 0.93, and 17.63 ± 0.72 respectively in EAC control mice to 7.1 ± 0.13, 12.1 ± 0.77, and 30.23 ± 0.57 respectively in EAC ＋ ALE-treated group, along with concurrent decrement （P 〈 0.001） in WBC count from 18.8 ± 0.54 in EAC control to 8.4 ± 0.71 in EAC ＋ ALE. Furthermore, treatment with ALE substantially improved hepatocellular architecture and no noticeable neoplastic lesions or foci of cellular alteration were observed. Daily administration of the ALE was found to limit liver MT expression, an important marker of cell proliferation with concomitant reduction in MT immunoreactivity （62.25 ± 2.58 vs 86.24 ± 5.69, P 〈 0.01）. ALE was also potentially effective in reducing （P 〈 0.001） the frequency of SCEs from 14.94 ± 2.14 in EAC control to 5.12 ± 1.16 in EAC ＋ ALE-treated group. Finally, in comparison to the EAC control, ALE was able to suppress in vivo DNA damage by abating the generations of＇tailed＇ DNA by 53.59% （98.65 ± 2.31 vs 45.06 ± 1.14, P 〈 0.001）, and DNA single-strand breaks （SSBs） by 38.53% （3.14 ± 0.31 vs 1.93 ± 0.23, P 〈 0.01） in EAC-bearing murine liver.CONCLUSION： Our data indicate that, ALE is beneficial in restoring haematological and hepatic histological profiles and in lengthening the survival of the animals against the proliferation of ascites tumour in vivo. Finally, the chemopreventive efficacy of the ALE is manifested in limiting MT expression and in preventing DNA alterations in murine liver. The promising results of this study suggest further investigation into the chemopreventive mechanisms of the medicinal plant A. ilicifolius in vivo and in vitro.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the in vivo wound healing activity of Acanthus leucostachyus leaf extracts using an excision wound model in mice.Methods:Mice were divided into two groups of six animals in each group:the control...Objective:To evaluate the in vivo wound healing activity of Acanthus leucostachyus leaf extracts using an excision wound model in mice.Methods:Mice were divided into two groups of six animals in each group:the control group and the Acanthus leucostachyus extract-treated group.Healing potential was evaluated by determination of physical parameters(contraction rate,epithelialization period,and tensile strength),biochemical parameters(protein,DNA,and hydroxyproline content),the expression of growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytokines,as well as histological and ultrastructural observations.Results:Treatment with Acanthus leucostachyus leaf extracts markedly increased the rate of wound contraction,tensile strength,the concentrations of protein,DNA,and hydroxyproline,and the expression of growth factor,as well as promoted epithelialization,compared to the control.In addition,Acanthus leucostachyus leaf extracts significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.Histological and ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of thicker epithelial layer and smoother surface topography in the extract-treated group compared to the control.Conclusions:Acanthus leucostachyus leaf extracts show potent wound-healing activity and can be used as a wound healing agent.展开更多
This study,integrating both domestic and international literatures as well as field research findings,presents a comprehensive review of the geographical distribution,ecological and physiological characteristics of Ac...This study,integrating both domestic and international literatures as well as field research findings,presents a comprehensive review of the geographical distribution,ecological and physiological characteristics of Acanthus ebracteatus.It further delves into the factors leading to its endangered status and proposes corresponding protection strategies.The mian reasons for the endangered of A.ebracteatus are as follows:illegal harvesting of whole plants,habitat destruction,reproductive obstacles,and competition or interference from invasive or noxious plant species.To address these threats,a series of conservation strategies are proposed.Firstly,in-depth research on the artificial propagation techniques of A.ebracteatus should be conducted to surmount reproductive barriers.Secondly,habitat restoration initiatives need to be carried out to create a suitable ecological setting.Thirdly,in-situ protections should be enhanced while the implementing ex-situ conservation measures.Meanwhile,continuous monitoring of A.ebracteatus seedlings should be conducted to strengthen subsequent management and conservation efforts.Finally,it is recommended to rationally explore and utilize the medicinal properties of A.ebracteatus.展开更多
Diaspore traits and germination of four non-viviparous mangrove species in Hong Kong,Lumnitzera racemosa(Jack.)Voigt..Heritiera littoralis(Drgand.)Ait.,Excoecaria agallocha L.and Acanthus ilicifolius L.,were investiga...Diaspore traits and germination of four non-viviparous mangrove species in Hong Kong,Lumnitzera racemosa(Jack.)Voigt..Heritiera littoralis(Drgand.)Ait.,Excoecaria agallocha L.and Acanthus ilicifolius L.,were investigated.L.racemosa fruits planted immediately after collection failed to germinate but those stored in wet condition for 35 or 50 d were successfully germinated.This suggested that L.racemosa had endogenous and morphological seed dormancy,with embryos continued to develop during the dormant period.Germination rates of L.racemosa decreased with increasing salinity and no germina-tion was found at salinities over 25 ppt(ppt,parts per thausand).H.littoralis seeds were easily germinated if the fruit coat was artificially removed.Fruit dissection significantly shortened time for root initiation and leaf expansion.E.agallocha and A.ilicifolius seeds were also easy to germinate,initiating roots within 2 and 3 d,respectively.In terms of germination,A.ilicifolius had more tolerance to high salinity than L.racemosa.The four species exhibited three types of adaptation to unstable environments:(1)prolonged diaspore longevity as shown in L.racemosa and H.littoralis;(2)shortened rooting time as in E.agallocha and A.ilicifolius;and(3)produced sinking diaspores in L.racemosa.Diaspore buoyancy was one of the most important factors in determining inter-tidal zonation of non-viviparous mangrove species.Among the four species,L racemosa was distributed in the most seaward zones because its diaspores were sinkers while diaspores of H.littoralis,E.agallocha and A,ilicifolius,more abundant at backshore locations,were floaters.Root initiation was also important in influencing the inter-tidal zonation of the three species whose diaspores were floaters.H.littoralis with the longest rooting time,as compared to E.agallocha and A.ilicifolius,was distributed in the most backshore zone.None of other factors including salinity of seawater,animal predation,diaspore size and seedling dimension could account for inter-tidal zonation of theses pecies.展开更多
Polyploidy is a major factor in the evolution of plants,yet we know little about the origin and evolution of polyploidy in intertidal species.This study aimed to identify the evolutionary transitions in three truemang...Polyploidy is a major factor in the evolution of plants,yet we know little about the origin and evolution of polyploidy in intertidal species.This study aimed to identify the evolutionary transitions in three truemangrove species of the genus Acanthus distributed in the Indo-West Pacific region.For this purpose,we took an integrative approach that combined data on morphology,cytology,climatic niche,phylogeny,and biogeography of 493 samples from 42 geographic sites.Our results show that the Acanthus ilicifolius lineage distributed east of the Thai-Malay Peninsula possesses a tetraploid karyotype,which is morphologically distinct from that of the lineage on the west side.The haplotype networks and phylogenetic trees for the chloroplast genome and eight nuclear genes reveal that the tetraploid species has two sub-genomes,one each from A.ilicifolius and A.ebracteatus,the paternal and maternal parents,respectively.Population structure analysis also supports the hybrid speciation history of the new tetraploid species.The two sub-genomes of the tetraploid species diverged from their diploid progenitors during the Pleistocene.Environmental niche models revealed that the tetraploid species not only occupied the near-entire niche space of the diploids,but also expanded into novel environments.Our findings suggest that A.ilicifolius species distributed on the east side of the Thai-Malay Peninsula should be regarded as a new species,A.tetraploideus,which originated from hybridization between A.ilicifolius and A.ebracteatus,followed by chromosome doubling.This is the first report of a true-mangrove allopolyploid species that can reproduce sexually and clonally reproduction,which explains the long-term adaptive potential of the species.展开更多
文摘The practice of plants for the deterrence and management of innumerable physiological states and diseases dates back to the history of humankind. Although many of today’s medicinal yields are achieved synthetically, they are often modelled on the chemical composition of medicinal plants. In this accordance, Acanthus genus (Family Acanthaceae) has acknowledged considerable attention due to its wide range of secondary metabolites and its customary usage in Indian and Chinese system of medicine. It is worth to mention that A. ilicifolius is enormously medicinal among all the species of Acanthus genus. This plant is considered to be rich sources of steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Traditionally, the plant has been used for asthma, diabetes, dyspepsia, hepatitis, leprosy, neuralgia, paralysis, ringworm, skin disease, snake bite, leukemia. Toxicological investigation in mice model has showed that, the ethanolic extract of the leaves of this plant have no toxic effect up to dose of 1000 mg/kg BW, 2000 mg/kg BW dose have mild toxicity and 5000 mg/kg BW dose have caused toxic effect in some organ system like liver, heart, pancreas, lung and kidney. Different extract of this plant also exhibited Anti-inflammatory, anti-leishmanial, osteoblastic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anticancer activities. This review article is an endeavor to cover current expansion in phytochemical and pharmacological potential of this plant species which will be a good reference tool for investigators who wish to work on natural products.
基金Supported by Directorate of Higher Education.Ministry of National EducationRepublic of Indonesia(DIPA Brawijaya University No.190/SK/2010)
文摘Objective:To investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the flower of Acanthus ilicifolius(A.ilicifolius).Methods:Antioxidant activity was determined as antiradical efficiency with diphenyl picrylhydrazil(DPPH)method and cytotoxic assay was undertaken using brine shrimp lethal toxicity test.Results:A.ilicifolius flower contained terpenoid,phenolic compounds,and alkaloid.The methanol extract of A.ilicifolius flower showed the highest antiradical efficiency(AE=1.41×10^(-3))against DPPH radicals and the highest cytotoxicity(LC_(50)=22μg/mL)against brine shrimp nauplii.Conclusions:It is suggested that active compounds of A.ilicifolius flower solved in methanol play a role to inhibit free radical activity and kill Artemia salina nauplii.The substances can be considered as potential antioxidant and cytotoxic agents as well as imminent candidate for cancer therapy.
基金Supported by The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India, No. 9/96(470)2K5-EMR-I
文摘AIM： To investigate the chemopreventive efficacy of the Indian medicinal plant Acanthus ilicifolius L Acanthaceae in a transplantable Ehrlich ascites carcinoma （EAC）- bearing murine model.METHODS： Male Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups： Group A was the untreated normal control; Group B was the EAC control mice group that received serial, intraperitoneal （ip） inoculations of rapidly proliferating 2 × 10^5 viable EAC cells in 0.2 mL of sterile phosphate buffered saline; Group C was the plant extract-treated group that received the aqueous leaf extract （ALE） of the plant at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight by single ip injections, once daily for 10, 20 and 30 consecutive days following tumour inoculation （ALE control）; and Group D was the EAC ＋ ALE- treatment group. The chemopreventive potential of the ALE was evaluated in a murine model by studying various biological parameters and genotoxic markers, such as tumour cell count, mean survival of the animals, haematological indices, hepatocellular histology, immunohistochemical expression of liver metallothionein （MT） protein, sister-chromatid exchanges （SCEs）, and DNA alterations.RESULTS： Treatment of the EAC-bearing mice with the ALE significantly （P 〈 0.001） reduced viable tumour cell count by 68.34% （228.7 × 10^6 ± 0.53） when compared to EAC control mice （72.4 × 10^6 ± 0.49）, and restored body and organ weights almost to the normal values. ALE administration also increased （P 〈 0.001） mean survival of the hosts from 35 ± 3.46 d in EAC control mice to 83 ± 2.69 d in EAC ＋ ALE-treated mice. Haematological indices also showed marked improvement with administration of ALE in EAC-bearing animals. There was a significant increase in RBC count （P 〈 0.001）, hemoglobin percent （P 〈 0.001）, and haematocrit value （P 〈 0.001） from 4.3 ± 0.12, 6.4 ± 0.93, and 17.63 ± 0.72 respectively in EAC control mice to 7.1 ± 0.13, 12.1 ± 0.77, and 30.23 ± 0.57 respectively in EAC ＋ ALE-treated group, along with concurrent decrement （P 〈 0.001） in WBC count from 18.8 ± 0.54 in EAC control to 8.4 ± 0.71 in EAC ＋ ALE. Furthermore, treatment with ALE substantially improved hepatocellular architecture and no noticeable neoplastic lesions or foci of cellular alteration were observed. Daily administration of the ALE was found to limit liver MT expression, an important marker of cell proliferation with concomitant reduction in MT immunoreactivity （62.25 ± 2.58 vs 86.24 ± 5.69, P 〈 0.01）. ALE was also potentially effective in reducing （P 〈 0.001） the frequency of SCEs from 14.94 ± 2.14 in EAC control to 5.12 ± 1.16 in EAC ＋ ALE-treated group. Finally, in comparison to the EAC control, ALE was able to suppress in vivo DNA damage by abating the generations of＇tailed＇ DNA by 53.59% （98.65 ± 2.31 vs 45.06 ± 1.14, P 〈 0.001）, and DNA single-strand breaks （SSBs） by 38.53% （3.14 ± 0.31 vs 1.93 ± 0.23, P 〈 0.01） in EAC-bearing murine liver.CONCLUSION： Our data indicate that, ALE is beneficial in restoring haematological and hepatic histological profiles and in lengthening the survival of the animals against the proliferation of ascites tumour in vivo. Finally, the chemopreventive efficacy of the ALE is manifested in limiting MT expression and in preventing DNA alterations in murine liver. The promising results of this study suggest further investigation into the chemopreventive mechanisms of the medicinal plant A. ilicifolius in vivo and in vitro.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the in vivo wound healing activity of Acanthus leucostachyus leaf extracts using an excision wound model in mice.Methods:Mice were divided into two groups of six animals in each group:the control group and the Acanthus leucostachyus extract-treated group.Healing potential was evaluated by determination of physical parameters(contraction rate,epithelialization period,and tensile strength),biochemical parameters(protein,DNA,and hydroxyproline content),the expression of growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytokines,as well as histological and ultrastructural observations.Results:Treatment with Acanthus leucostachyus leaf extracts markedly increased the rate of wound contraction,tensile strength,the concentrations of protein,DNA,and hydroxyproline,and the expression of growth factor,as well as promoted epithelialization,compared to the control.In addition,Acanthus leucostachyus leaf extracts significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.Histological and ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of thicker epithelial layer and smoother surface topography in the extract-treated group compared to the control.Conclusions:Acanthus leucostachyus leaf extracts show potent wound-healing activity and can be used as a wound healing agent.
基金Supported by Special Innovation Projects for Regular Institutions of Higher Education in Guangdong Province(2023KTSCX071)Zhanjiang Science and Technology Bureau Project(2023A01018)Colonel-level Project(LY2207).
文摘This study,integrating both domestic and international literatures as well as field research findings,presents a comprehensive review of the geographical distribution,ecological and physiological characteristics of Acanthus ebracteatus.It further delves into the factors leading to its endangered status and proposes corresponding protection strategies.The mian reasons for the endangered of A.ebracteatus are as follows:illegal harvesting of whole plants,habitat destruction,reproductive obstacles,and competition or interference from invasive or noxious plant species.To address these threats,a series of conservation strategies are proposed.Firstly,in-depth research on the artificial propagation techniques of A.ebracteatus should be conducted to surmount reproductive barriers.Secondly,habitat restoration initiatives need to be carried out to create a suitable ecological setting.Thirdly,in-situ protections should be enhanced while the implementing ex-situ conservation measures.Meanwhile,continuous monitoring of A.ebracteatus seedlings should be conducted to strengthen subsequent management and conservation efforts.Finally,it is recommended to rationally explore and utilize the medicinal properties of A.ebracteatus.
文摘Diaspore traits and germination of four non-viviparous mangrove species in Hong Kong,Lumnitzera racemosa(Jack.)Voigt..Heritiera littoralis(Drgand.)Ait.,Excoecaria agallocha L.and Acanthus ilicifolius L.,were investigated.L.racemosa fruits planted immediately after collection failed to germinate but those stored in wet condition for 35 or 50 d were successfully germinated.This suggested that L.racemosa had endogenous and morphological seed dormancy,with embryos continued to develop during the dormant period.Germination rates of L.racemosa decreased with increasing salinity and no germina-tion was found at salinities over 25 ppt(ppt,parts per thausand).H.littoralis seeds were easily germinated if the fruit coat was artificially removed.Fruit dissection significantly shortened time for root initiation and leaf expansion.E.agallocha and A.ilicifolius seeds were also easy to germinate,initiating roots within 2 and 3 d,respectively.In terms of germination,A.ilicifolius had more tolerance to high salinity than L.racemosa.The four species exhibited three types of adaptation to unstable environments:(1)prolonged diaspore longevity as shown in L.racemosa and H.littoralis;(2)shortened rooting time as in E.agallocha and A.ilicifolius;and(3)produced sinking diaspores in L.racemosa.Diaspore buoyancy was one of the most important factors in determining inter-tidal zonation of non-viviparous mangrove species.Among the four species,L racemosa was distributed in the most seaward zones because its diaspores were sinkers while diaspores of H.littoralis,E.agallocha and A,ilicifolius,more abundant at backshore locations,were floaters.Root initiation was also important in influencing the inter-tidal zonation of the three species whose diaspores were floaters.H.littoralis with the longest rooting time,as compared to E.agallocha and A.ilicifolius,was distributed in the most backshore zone.None of other factors including salinity of seawater,animal predation,diaspore size and seedling dimension could account for inter-tidal zonation of theses pecies.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.32160051,42076117,and 41776166)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant Nos.2022A1515012015,2023A1515012772)the Foreign Cultural and Educational Experts Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology (No.QNJ2021162001L)。
文摘Polyploidy is a major factor in the evolution of plants,yet we know little about the origin and evolution of polyploidy in intertidal species.This study aimed to identify the evolutionary transitions in three truemangrove species of the genus Acanthus distributed in the Indo-West Pacific region.For this purpose,we took an integrative approach that combined data on morphology,cytology,climatic niche,phylogeny,and biogeography of 493 samples from 42 geographic sites.Our results show that the Acanthus ilicifolius lineage distributed east of the Thai-Malay Peninsula possesses a tetraploid karyotype,which is morphologically distinct from that of the lineage on the west side.The haplotype networks and phylogenetic trees for the chloroplast genome and eight nuclear genes reveal that the tetraploid species has two sub-genomes,one each from A.ilicifolius and A.ebracteatus,the paternal and maternal parents,respectively.Population structure analysis also supports the hybrid speciation history of the new tetraploid species.The two sub-genomes of the tetraploid species diverged from their diploid progenitors during the Pleistocene.Environmental niche models revealed that the tetraploid species not only occupied the near-entire niche space of the diploids,but also expanded into novel environments.Our findings suggest that A.ilicifolius species distributed on the east side of the Thai-Malay Peninsula should be regarded as a new species,A.tetraploideus,which originated from hybridization between A.ilicifolius and A.ebracteatus,followed by chromosome doubling.This is the first report of a true-mangrove allopolyploid species that can reproduce sexually and clonally reproduction,which explains the long-term adaptive potential of the species.
