Sorting objects and events into categories and concepts is an important cognitive prerequisite that spares an individual the learning of every object or situation encountered in its daily life.Accordingly,specific ite...Sorting objects and events into categories and concepts is an important cognitive prerequisite that spares an individual the learning of every object or situation encountered in its daily life.Accordingly,specific items are classified in general groups that allow fast responses to novel situations.The present study assessed whether bamboo sharks Chiloscyllium griseum and Malawi cichlids Pseudotropheus zebra can distinguish sets of stimuli(each stimulus consisting of two abstract,geometric objects)that meet two conceptual preconditions,i.e.,(1)"sameness"versus"difference"and(2)a certain spatial arrangement of both objects.In two alternative forced choice experiments,individuals were first trained to choose two different,vertically arranged objects from two different but horizontally arranged ones.Pair discriminations were followed by extensive transfer test experiments.Transfer tests using stimuli consisting of(a)black and gray circles and(b)squares with novel geometric patterns provided conflicting information with respect to the learnt rule"choose two different,vertically arranged objects",thereby investigating(1)the individuals'ability to transfer previously gained knowledge to novel stimuli and(2)the abstract relational concept(s)or rule(s)applied to categorize these novel objects.Present results suggest that the level of processing and usage of both abstract concepts differed considerably between bamboo sharks and Malawi cichlids.Bamboo sharks seemed to combine both concepts-although not with equal but hierarchical prominence-pointing to advanced cognitive capabilities.Conversely,Malawi cichlids had difficulties in discriminating between symbols and failed to apply the acquired training knowledge on new sets of geometric and,in particular,gray-level transfer stimuli.展开更多
This article reviews the psychological and neuroscience achievements in concept learning since 2010 from the perspectives of individual learning and social learning,and discusses several issues related to concept lear...This article reviews the psychological and neuroscience achievements in concept learning since 2010 from the perspectives of individual learning and social learning,and discusses several issues related to concept learning,including the assistance of machine learning about concept learning.In terms of individual learning,current evidence shows that the brain tends to process concrete concepts through typical features(shared features);and for abstract concepts,semantic processing is the most important cognitive way.In terms of social learning,interpersonal neural synchrony(INS)is considered the main indicator of efficient knowledge transfer(such as teaching activities between teachers and students),but this phenomenon only broadens the channels for concept sources and does not change the basic mode of individual concept learning.Ultimately,this article argues that the way the human brain processes concepts depends on the concept’s own characteristics,so there are no“better”strategies in teaching,only more“suitable”strategies.展开更多
Image is an important and creative way to express poets＂ feelings in both Chinese and English poetry. There are concrete representations and abstract concept in image. They are two key notions in Poetics and Aestheti...Image is an important and creative way to express poets＂ feelings in both Chinese and English poetry. There are concrete representations and abstract concept in image. They are two key notions in Poetics and Aesthetics. This paper is to show the different versions of ＂tress＂ in poems and to explore the exact nature of concepts of sensitive affection in English and Chinese, so as to appreciate the artistic beauty of images.展开更多
Abstract Concept Structure Diagram,an Abstract diagrammatized representation for program process logic ,is a concept algorithm description tool independent of program implementing language. In this paper ,a formal mod...Abstract Concept Structure Diagram,an Abstract diagrammatized representation for program process logic ,is a concept algorithm description tool independent of program implementing language. In this paper ,a formal model of Abstract Concept Structure Diagram,its graphical notations,and a smooth transition method from Abstract Concept Structure Diagram to JAVA Process Blueprint and mapping rules are presented. The validation and consistency of concept program and logical program is defined,and related theorems and prove procedures are also presented.展开更多
文档聚类随着网上文本数量的激增以及实际应用中的需求,引起了人们广泛的关注。针对目前文档聚类的主要缺陷,提出了一种新的基于本体的抽象度可调文档聚类(Adjustable Text Clustering using Abstract Degreeof Concept,ATCADC)。该方...文档聚类随着网上文本数量的激增以及实际应用中的需求,引起了人们广泛的关注。针对目前文档聚类的主要缺陷,提出了一种新的基于本体的抽象度可调文档聚类(Adjustable Text Clustering using Abstract Degreeof Concept,ATCADC)。该方法采用Wordnet对VSM特征词进行概念映射和消歧处理,利用生成的特征概念实现文档语义层面上的矢量描述,并在二次特征选择的基础上,完成合成聚类(AHC)。方法能够依据用户设定的概念抽象度,借助专门设计的语义中心矢量调节聚类,还可利用关键特征概念对聚类簇进行解释。实验结果证明,聚类精度高,聚类簇可解释,调节效果有效,能够满足用户不同概念抽象度层次上的聚类。展开更多
基金This study was funded by a DFG Grant(SCHL,1919/4-1)to V.S.
文摘Sorting objects and events into categories and concepts is an important cognitive prerequisite that spares an individual the learning of every object or situation encountered in its daily life.Accordingly,specific items are classified in general groups that allow fast responses to novel situations.The present study assessed whether bamboo sharks Chiloscyllium griseum and Malawi cichlids Pseudotropheus zebra can distinguish sets of stimuli(each stimulus consisting of two abstract,geometric objects)that meet two conceptual preconditions,i.e.,(1)"sameness"versus"difference"and(2)a certain spatial arrangement of both objects.In two alternative forced choice experiments,individuals were first trained to choose two different,vertically arranged objects from two different but horizontally arranged ones.Pair discriminations were followed by extensive transfer test experiments.Transfer tests using stimuli consisting of(a)black and gray circles and(b)squares with novel geometric patterns provided conflicting information with respect to the learnt rule"choose two different,vertically arranged objects",thereby investigating(1)the individuals'ability to transfer previously gained knowledge to novel stimuli and(2)the abstract relational concept(s)or rule(s)applied to categorize these novel objects.Present results suggest that the level of processing and usage of both abstract concepts differed considerably between bamboo sharks and Malawi cichlids.Bamboo sharks seemed to combine both concepts-although not with equal but hierarchical prominence-pointing to advanced cognitive capabilities.Conversely,Malawi cichlids had difficulties in discriminating between symbols and failed to apply the acquired training knowledge on new sets of geometric and,in particular,gray-level transfer stimuli.
文摘This article reviews the psychological and neuroscience achievements in concept learning since 2010 from the perspectives of individual learning and social learning,and discusses several issues related to concept learning,including the assistance of machine learning about concept learning.In terms of individual learning,current evidence shows that the brain tends to process concrete concepts through typical features(shared features);and for abstract concepts,semantic processing is the most important cognitive way.In terms of social learning,interpersonal neural synchrony(INS)is considered the main indicator of efficient knowledge transfer(such as teaching activities between teachers and students),but this phenomenon only broadens the channels for concept sources and does not change the basic mode of individual concept learning.Ultimately,this article argues that the way the human brain processes concepts depends on the concept’s own characteristics,so there are no“better”strategies in teaching,only more“suitable”strategies.
文摘Image is an important and creative way to express poets＂ feelings in both Chinese and English poetry. There are concrete representations and abstract concept in image. They are two key notions in Poetics and Aesthetics. This paper is to show the different versions of ＂tress＂ in poems and to explore the exact nature of concepts of sensitive affection in English and Chinese, so as to appreciate the artistic beauty of images.
文摘Abstract Concept Structure Diagram,an Abstract diagrammatized representation for program process logic ,is a concept algorithm description tool independent of program implementing language. In this paper ,a formal model of Abstract Concept Structure Diagram,its graphical notations,and a smooth transition method from Abstract Concept Structure Diagram to JAVA Process Blueprint and mapping rules are presented. The validation and consistency of concept program and logical program is defined,and related theorems and prove procedures are also presented.
文摘文档聚类随着网上文本数量的激增以及实际应用中的需求,引起了人们广泛的关注。针对目前文档聚类的主要缺陷,提出了一种新的基于本体的抽象度可调文档聚类(Adjustable Text Clustering using Abstract Degreeof Concept,ATCADC)。该方法采用Wordnet对VSM特征词进行概念映射和消歧处理,利用生成的特征概念实现文档语义层面上的矢量描述,并在二次特征选择的基础上,完成合成聚类(AHC)。方法能够依据用户设定的概念抽象度,借助专门设计的语义中心矢量调节聚类,还可利用关键特征概念对聚类簇进行解释。实验结果证明,聚类精度高,聚类簇可解释,调节效果有效,能够满足用户不同概念抽象度层次上的聚类。
