We document,for the first time,Mesoproterozoic-aged,continental arc magmatism in the Tasmanides.Granitoid samples intruding the Proterozoic Cape River Metamorphics in northeast Queensland contain abundant∼1200 Ma ign...We document,for the first time,Mesoproterozoic-aged,continental arc magmatism in the Tasmanides.Granitoid samples intruding the Proterozoic Cape River Metamorphics in northeast Queensland contain abundant∼1200 Ma igneous zircons,with early-Paleozoic metamorphic rim overgrowths.Analytical mixing between the igneous and metamorphic zircons produces cryptic discordant analyses,but the origin of said discordance is resolved with zircon Th/U ratios.Samples of the Fat Hen Creek Complex are peraluminous,calc-alkaline,S-type granitoids,that record high-grade metamorphism and trace element mobilization.The P3 and P42 intrusions are metaluminous,calc-alkaline,I-type granodiorite,which intruded the Cape River Metamorphics,and contain trace element signatures consistent with a continental-arc setting.We propose that a Mesoproterozoic continental terrane,herein referred to as the Oakvale Province,exists as basement to the Thomson Orogen.We propose several models for the formation of the Oakvale Province,with potential links to the Tarim Block,and the Yangtze Craton,during the late-Mesoproterozoic.We propose that the Oakvale Province supplied the Tasmanides with late-Mesoproterozoic detritus,and that such detritus was not solely sourced from the Musgrave Province as previously interpreted.Finally,we interpret the oroclinal bending of Paleozoic deformation and plutonic fabrics to reflect the buried extent of the Oakvale Province,and to potentially map out the Neoproterozoic rift margin associated with Rodinia break-up.展开更多
Rationale:Australia is the only inhabited continent,which is not endemic to leishmaniasis.There are some published articles reporting cutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers,immigrants and refugees.However,mucocutaneous...Rationale:Australia is the only inhabited continent,which is not endemic to leishmaniasis.There are some published articles reporting cutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers,immigrants and refugees.However,mucocutaneous leishmaniasis has not been reported previously from the continent.Patient concerns:Lesions were present over the nasal septum and the oropharynx of a 34-year-old healthy non-indigenous male.Diagnosis was delayed as it took multiple biopsies as well as extensive discussions in a multidisciplinary team.Diagnosis:Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.Interventions:Liposomal Amphotericin for 20 days.Outcomes:The patient was symptomatically improved after 3 weeks’treatment.Lessons:With international travel resuming after the pandemic,it becomes imperative that physicians in Australia are aware of this imported disease and its various presentations.展开更多
The weather in Australia is significantly influenced by water vapor evaporated fromwarm ocean surfaces,which is closely associated with various extreme weather events in the region,such as floods,droughts,and bushfire...The weather in Australia is significantly influenced by water vapor evaporated fromwarm ocean surfaces,which is closely associated with various extreme weather events in the region,such as floods,droughts,and bushfires.This study utilizes Precipitable Water Vapor(PWV)data from 15 Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)stations spanning 2010 to 2019 to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric water vapor across Australia,aiming to improve the accuracy of forecasting hazardous weather events.The results indicate distinct regional features in the spatial distribution of PWV.PWV gradually decreases from coastal areas toward inland regions and increases from south to north.Temporally,the overall trend of PWV remains consistent.From an annual trend perspective,most areas exhibit a decline in PWV content,with the exception of the southwestern coastal region,which shows an increasing trend.Furthermore,the study explores the correlations between PWV content and elevation,latitude,and longitude.Among these,latitude demonstrates the strongest correlation with PWV,with a correlation coefficient as high as 0.88,highlighting the significant impact of latitude on water vapor distribution.展开更多
In this article,we present a comprehensive overview of the regulatory landscape governing Chinese medicinal practices in Australia,in which we describe the regulations for Chinese medicine practitioners in Australia,a...In this article,we present a comprehensive overview of the regulatory landscape governing Chinese medicinal practices in Australia,in which we describe the regulations for Chinese medicine practitioners in Australia,as of 2024,focusing in particular on the Title Protection model under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law.Central to this discussion are the core roles of the Chinese Medicine Board of Australia(the Board)and the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency(Ahpra)in ensuring public safety by guaranteeing that practitioners are appropriately qualified and suitable for registration.We also examine the structure and demographics of the Chinese medicine workforce in Australia and present details of the required registration process for practitioners.In addition,the article outlines specific requirements for registration,including the standards set by the Board for initial and ongoing registration,which are administered with the support of Ahpra under the National Registration and Accreditation Scheme.Furthermore,we present details regarding the approved qualifications,the rigorous assessment process for overseas qualifications,and the important role of regulatory examinations designed to uphold the high standards expected of practitioners,thereby ensuring they have acquired the professional competencies required by the Australian healthcare system.This overview offers valuable insights for both current and prospective practitioners of Chinese medicine in Australia.展开更多
Background:Shared decision-making(SDM)implementation is a priority for Australian health systems,including general practices but it remains complex for specific groups like older rural Australians.We initiated a quali...Background:Shared decision-making(SDM)implementation is a priority for Australian health systems,including general practices but it remains complex for specific groups like older rural Australians.We initiated a qualitative study with older rural Australians to explore barriers to and facilitators of SDM in local general practices.Methods:We conducted a patient-oriented research,partnering with older rural Australians,families,and health service providers in research design.Participants who visited general practices were purposively sampled from five small rural towns in South Australia.A semi-structured interview guide was used for interviews and reflexive thematic coding was conducted.Results:Telephone interviews were held with 27 participants.Four themes were identified around older rural adults’involvement in SDM:(1)Understanding of"patient involvement";(2)Positive and negative outcomes;(3)Barriers to SDM;and(4)Facilitators to SDM.Understanding of patient involvement in SDM considerably varied among participants,with some reporting their involvement was contingent on the“opportunity to ask questions”and the“treatment choices”offered to them.Alongside the opportunity for involvement,barriers such as avoidance of cultural care and a lack of continuity of care are new findings.Challenges encountered in SDM implementation also included resource constraints and time limitations in general practices.Rural knowledge of general practitioners and technology integration in consultations were viewed as potential enablers..Conclusion:Adequate resources and well-defined guidelines about the process should accompany the implementation of SDM in rural general practices of South Australia.Innovative strategies by general practitioners promoting health literacy and culturally-tailored communication approaches could increase older rural Australians'involvement in general.展开更多
Objective:This study investigates the geographical distribution of private hospitals in Australian capital cities in relation to the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage.Methods:Using Geographic Information Sy...Objective:This study investigates the geographical distribution of private hospitals in Australian capital cities in relation to the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage.Methods:Using Geographic Information System analysis,the study examined how private hospitals are distributed across different socioeconomic quartiles,providing a comprehensive visualisation of health care accessibility.Results:The results indicate an unequal distribution with a substantial concentration of private hospitals within the vicinity of communities classified in the highest socioeconomic classification.This raises significant concerns about health care equity,particularly in light of the increased strain on health care systems before,during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic.Conclusions:This study underscores the need for targeted policy interventions to enhance the resilience and accessibility of the private health care sector,specifically targeting disadvantaged communities.It suggests that comprehensive,geographically‐informed data is crucial for policymakers to make informed decisions that promote health equity in the postpandemic landscape.展开更多
Objective: Australia has relatively high multiple myeloma(MM) incidence and mortality rates. Advancements in MM treatment over recent decades have driven improvements in MM survival in high-income countries;however, r...Objective: Australia has relatively high multiple myeloma(MM) incidence and mortality rates. Advancements in MM treatment over recent decades have driven improvements in MM survival in high-income countries;however, reporting in Australia is limited. We investigated temporal trends in population-wide MM survival across 3 periods of treatment advancements in New South Wales(NSW), Australia.Methods: Individuals with an MM diagnosis in the NSW Cancer Registry between 1985 and 2015 with vital follow-up to 2020, were categorized into 3 previously defined treatment eras according to their diagnosis date(1985±1995, chemotherapy only;1996±2007, autologous stem cell transplantation;and 2008±2015, novel agents including proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs). Both relative survival and cause-specific survival according to Fine and Gray's competing risks cumulative incidence function were calculated by treatment era and age at diagnosis.Results: Overall, 11,591 individuals were included in the study, with a median age of 70 years at diagnosis. Five-year relative survival improved over the 36-year(1985±2020) study period(31.0% in 1985±1995;41.9% in 1996±2007;and 56.1% in 2008±2015). For individuals diagnosed before 70 years of age, the 5-year relative survival nearly doubled, from 36.5% in 1985±1995 to 68.5% in 2008±2015. Improvements for those > 70 years of age were less pronounced between 1985±1995 and 1996±2007;however, significant improvements were observed for those diagnosed in 2008±2015. Similar overall and age-specific patterns were observed for causespecific survival. After adjustment for gender and age at diagnosis, treatment era was strongly associated with both relative and cause-specific survival(P < 0.0001).Conclusions: Survival of individuals with MM is improving in Australia with treatment advances. However, older age groups continue to experience poor survival outcomes with only modest improvements over time. Given the increasing prevalence of MM in Australia, the effects of MM treatment on quality of life, particularly in older age, warrant further attention.展开更多
In 2012, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) practitioners in Australia became nationally-registered allied health professionals in three categories: acupuncturist, Chinese herbal medicine practitioner, and Chinese herb...In 2012, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) practitioners in Australia became nationally-registered allied health professionals in three categories: acupuncturist, Chinese herbal medicine practitioner, and Chinese herbal medicine dispenser. Australia was the first Western country to introduce national registration for Chinese medicine, followed by Portugal and, recently, New Zealand. The practice of TCM in Australia can be traced back to the beginning of Chinese immigration to Australia during the Victorian Gold Rush which began in the 1850s. The process which led to national registration commenced in the early 1970s with the establishment of the first acupuncture courses. Decades of gradual development of courses from unaccredited part-time diplomas to accredited bachelor degrees, and the development, by the profession, of national consensus on educational standards were essential elements in the process which led to registration. Professional associations, such as the Australian Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine Association Ltd.(AACMA), also developed a framework of professional selfregulation, including Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, ongoing professional development requirements and Infection Control Guidelines, and provided leadership in the development of the profession. After decades of tribalism and division within the TCM profession, the National Academic Standards Committee brought almost all stakeholders together to reach a consensus on the Australian Guidelines for Traditional Chinese Medicine Education which were published by AACMA in 2001. Professional associations also collaborated on joint submissions to the government in support of registration, which was introduced first in the state of Victoria in 2000, and subsequently became national in 2012. Despite national registration, some barriers still remain, and professional associations continue to lobby the federal government for inclusion in Medicare, chronic disease management scheme, and Veterans Affairs.展开更多
One of the major impacts of climate change in the agricultural sector relates to changes in the suitability of areas that are used for planting crops.Since peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)is one of the most important sourc...One of the major impacts of climate change in the agricultural sector relates to changes in the suitability of areas that are used for planting crops.Since peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)is one of the most important sources of protein,an assessment of the potential shifts in peanut crop planting areas is critical.In this study,we evaluated the effects of climate change on the potential distribution of peanut crops in Australia.The current and potential future distributions of peanut crops were modeled using Species Distribution Models(SDMs)of CLIMatic indEX(CLIMEX).The future potential peanut crop distributions in Australia for 2030,2050,2070,and 2100 were modeled by employing CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC-H Global Climate Models(GCMs)under SRES A2 climate change scenarios from CliMond 10’database.The results indicated an increase in unsuitable areas for peanut cultivation in Australia throughout the projected years for the two GCMs.The CSIRO-Mk3.0 projection of unsuitable areas in 2100 was higher(i.e.76% of the Australian continent)than the MIROC-H projection(i.e.48% of the Australian continent).It was found that the projected increase in dry stress in the future could cause limitations in areas that are currently suitable for peanut crop cultivation.Looking into the future suitability of existing peanut cultivation areas,both GCMs agreed that some areas will become unsuitable,while they disagreed with the suitability of other areas.However,they agreed on the important point that only a small number of existing peanut cultivation areas would still be suitable in the future.Using CLIMEX,the present study has confirmed the effects of climate change on the shifts in areas suitable for peanut cultivation in the future,and thus may provide valuable information relevant to the long-term planning of peanut cultivation in Australia.展开更多
The year 2017 marked not only the 45th anniversary of the establishment of China-Australia diplomatic relations,but also significant turbulence in the relationship.While bilateral economic and trade relations,as well ...The year 2017 marked not only the 45th anniversary of the establishment of China-Australia diplomatic relations,but also significant turbulence in the relationship.While bilateral economic and trade relations,as well as people-to-people communication and cooperation continue to grow,a series of dramatic and negative events unfolded in Australia,advocating the so-called"China threat",and instigated by anti-China sentiments.The recent anti-China backlash in Australia was caused by a combination of deep structural change in the current international system,and instability in Australia’s domestic politics.It is also the outcome of Australia’s dependence on the US-Australia alliance,while balancing between its own economic and security interests.It is worth noting that in comparison to the past,the current anti-China movement in Australia has been more profound and more focused,demonstrating new characteristics.This includes Australia collaborating with certain Western nations against China’s influence,as well as strategic warnings with more political and policy implications.Although Australia’s anti-China backlash will not have a fundamental impact on China-Australia relations,Australia’s anti-China stance and behavior is characteristic of an increasingly prevalent trend among the Western nations of concern about China’s rising influence,and new defense strategies against this.China must proceed with caution when dealing with the negative repercussions of this.展开更多
Objective By comparing the focus of acupuncture standards, management modes of acupuncture in certain areas are summarized to provide a reference for institutions and regions when formulating suitable standards for lo...Objective By comparing the focus of acupuncture standards, management modes of acupuncture in certain areas are summarized to provide a reference for institutions and regions when formulating suitable standards for local acupuncture services. Methods Japan, South Korea, the USA and Australia were selected as the representative countries. The standards language were limited to English, Japanese and South Korean. The websites of the national standards bodies and the official websites for the acupuncture association/ institute of these four countries were searched systematically. The laws of acupuncture were included in the study. Results Technical standards made up the most of the standard system for acupuncture in Japan, basic standards accounted for the most of the system in South Korea, while management standards accounted for the largest proportion of acupuncture standard systems in the USA and Australia. Conclusion Japan and South Korea, which use acupuncture mainly due to cultural and historical influences, place emphasis on establishing technical and basic standards. The USA and Australia, which use acupuncture as a complementary therapy, place emphasis on establishing management standards of acupuncture.展开更多
Australian Geology,from its beginning,was linked to the development of resources,in a number of distinct colonies,often with little co-operation between them.While the formation of the Commonwealth in 1901 saw the beg...Australian Geology,from its beginning,was linked to the development of resources,in a number of distinct colonies,often with little co-operation between them.While the formation of the Commonwealth in 1901 saw the beginning of an Australia-wide approach to geological studies,the former colonies,now states,still guarded certain rights,acting independently,in as far as possible.Separate colonial geological surveys continued as State bodies,focussed largely on resource(including water)studies.Geological education was mainly through a few universities,where research on broader issues was undertaken,with results published in separate,largely colony/state oriented,society journals.The Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science,formed in 1888,was a major influence in bringing geologists into direct contact,and marked the beginning of attempts to rationalise results and focus on Australia-wide aspects.Post World War 11 saw the expansion of geological research,formation of a Commonwealth Survey and the Geological Society of Australia,with the latter providing a medium for promulgation and discussion of ideas.The paper discusses the role of some 180 geologists through two centuries.展开更多
Gathering the history and emotions of the nation of Australia,the movie Australia not only reflects Australians’exertion to construct an equal harmonious diversified new Australia but also incarnates Australian peopl...Gathering the history and emotions of the nation of Australia,the movie Australia not only reflects Australians’exertion to construct an equal harmonious diversified new Australia but also incarnates Australian people’s nisus to pursue the sense of belonging internally and seek international recognition externally.In order to expand the perspective of researching this movie and give enlightenment on constructing an equal harmonious diversified international community,based on culture identity theories,this paper tries exploring the themes of this movie.展开更多
[ Objective] To discuss regional response of reference evapotranspiration （ ETo ） to global climate change and its influencing factors. [Method] Penman-Monteith equation was adopted to calculate ET0 in Australia fro...[ Objective] To discuss regional response of reference evapotranspiration （ ETo ） to global climate change and its influencing factors. [Method] Penman-Monteith equation was adopted to calculate ET0 in Australia from 1998 to 2007. Spatiotemporal change characteristics were analyzed by using GIS spatial analysis tools and relationships between ETo and main climate factors were also analyzed. [ Resultsl The results showed that multi-year average ET0 increased from the east and south part to the northwest part and inland, and its distribution was consistent with climate zones. Multi-year average ETo of the whole region was 1 750 mm, obtaining minimum and maximum values in 2000 and 2002 respectively. Regional ETo decreased in the order of summer, spring, autumn and winter; January and December got the highest monthly ET0, while June got the lowest value 79.55 mm. ETo positively correlated with mean temperature and solar radiation, R2 for each were 0.83 and 0.94, while the relationship between ETo and average relative humidity was negative, and precipitation had no significant relationship with ET0. [ Conclusion] This research could provide important reference for crop water requirement study and making irrigation method for Australia.展开更多
With the significant increase of the number of entry mails in China, mail inspection has become more and more challenge. Australia and New Zealand are the two countries recognized as the ones with the most stringent i...With the significant increase of the number of entry mails in China, mail inspection has become more and more challenge. Australia and New Zealand are the two countries recognized as the ones with the most stringent inspection and quarantine measures in the world. The mail inspection work in China, Australia and New Zealand was compared on the aspects of mail quarantine system, inspection, quarantine treatment and punishment, based on which something worth learning and referring could be found and some suggestions were put forward, with the aim to provide theoretical basis for the animal and plant quarantine of entry mails.展开更多
Addressed as Australian version Gone with the Wind,with a successful"Other"image,named Nullah,the movie Australia presents Australians' attitude towards culture impact brought by globalization,to absorb ...Addressed as Australian version Gone with the Wind,with a successful"Other"image,named Nullah,the movie Australia presents Australians' attitude towards culture impact brought by globalization,to absorb positive ingredients of adventive cultures and uphold one's own uniqueness in culture will be a reasonable way to integrate into globalization.展开更多
Analyzing familial affection between Sarah and Nullah across race, love between Sarah and Drover across caste, friendship between Sarah and King George across caste and race, this paper attempts to help audience compr...Analyzing familial affection between Sarah and Nullah across race, love between Sarah and Drover across caste, friendship between Sarah and King George across caste and race, this paper attempts to help audience comprehend the theme of the movie Austrlia and construct a new equal harmonious diversified Australia.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the long-term treatment outcomes of entecavir monotherapy in treatment naive patients in an Australian tertiary care setting. METHODS:A retrospective analysis of treatment naive patients receiving ente...AIM:To evaluate the long-term treatment outcomes of entecavir monotherapy in treatment naive patients in an Australian tertiary care setting. METHODS:A retrospective analysis of treatment naive patients receiving entecavir monotherapy through Westmead Hospital was performed.Patients were excluded if they had received previous treatment with another nucleoside or nucleotide analogue,were pregnant or less than 18 years old. RESULTS:Out of 336 patients,163 patients fulfilled the selection criteria.Range of follow up was 3-46 mo (mean 26 mo).134 patients(82.2%)had pre-treatment biopsies,with 26 patients(16.0%)demonstrating F3-4 fibrosis.In total,153 patients(93.9%)achieved at least Partial Virological Suppression(PVS),with 134 patients (82.2%)achieving complete virological suppression. The cumulative CVS and PVS rates at 36 mo were 82.1%and 96.4%,respectively.3 patients(1.8%)failed to achieve PVS,while 5 patients(3.0%)developed virological rebound.128 patients(78.5%)maintained CVS throughout follow up.Predictors of CVS included lower baseline DNA level(P=0.001),hepatitis B virus e antigen negative status(P=0.001)and increasing age at treatment(log rank 0.001).No significant adverse effects were reported necessitating cessation of entecavir. CONCLUSION:Entecavir monotherapy is efficacious and safe in an Australian tertiary care setting.Resistance and rebound rates are very low.This is similar to data from controlled and uncontrolled trials around the world.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： To analyze and compare the curriculum and delivery of a Chinese and Australian university-level Chinese medicine program.METHODS： A review of PubMed and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure for r...OBJECTIVE： To analyze and compare the curriculum and delivery of a Chinese and Australian university-level Chinese medicine program.METHODS： A review of PubMed and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure for relevant educational papers was undertaken. Online and paper documents available at the University of Technology Sydney （UTS） and the Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine （CDUTCM） were read and analyzed. In addition, in-depth interviews with academics from the two universities were conducted during 2014 to 2015.RESULTS： The two Chinese medicine programs share the common goal of providing health services to the local community, but differ in some aspects when the curricula are compared. Areas such as student profile, curriculum structure, teaching approaches and education quality assurance were found to be different. The UTS program adopts a ＂flipped learning＂ approach with the use of educational technology aiming at improving learning outcomes. On the other hand, the CDUTCM has better clinical facilities and specialist physician resources.CONCLUSION： A better understanding of the different curricula and approaches to Chinese medicine education will facilitate student learning and educational outcomes.展开更多
文摘We document,for the first time,Mesoproterozoic-aged,continental arc magmatism in the Tasmanides.Granitoid samples intruding the Proterozoic Cape River Metamorphics in northeast Queensland contain abundant∼1200 Ma igneous zircons,with early-Paleozoic metamorphic rim overgrowths.Analytical mixing between the igneous and metamorphic zircons produces cryptic discordant analyses,but the origin of said discordance is resolved with zircon Th/U ratios.Samples of the Fat Hen Creek Complex are peraluminous,calc-alkaline,S-type granitoids,that record high-grade metamorphism and trace element mobilization.The P3 and P42 intrusions are metaluminous,calc-alkaline,I-type granodiorite,which intruded the Cape River Metamorphics,and contain trace element signatures consistent with a continental-arc setting.We propose that a Mesoproterozoic continental terrane,herein referred to as the Oakvale Province,exists as basement to the Thomson Orogen.We propose several models for the formation of the Oakvale Province,with potential links to the Tarim Block,and the Yangtze Craton,during the late-Mesoproterozoic.We propose that the Oakvale Province supplied the Tasmanides with late-Mesoproterozoic detritus,and that such detritus was not solely sourced from the Musgrave Province as previously interpreted.Finally,we interpret the oroclinal bending of Paleozoic deformation and plutonic fabrics to reflect the buried extent of the Oakvale Province,and to potentially map out the Neoproterozoic rift margin associated with Rodinia break-up.
文摘Rationale:Australia is the only inhabited continent,which is not endemic to leishmaniasis.There are some published articles reporting cutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers,immigrants and refugees.However,mucocutaneous leishmaniasis has not been reported previously from the continent.Patient concerns:Lesions were present over the nasal septum and the oropharynx of a 34-year-old healthy non-indigenous male.Diagnosis was delayed as it took multiple biopsies as well as extensive discussions in a multidisciplinary team.Diagnosis:Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.Interventions:Liposomal Amphotericin for 20 days.Outcomes:The patient was symptomatically improved after 3 weeks’treatment.Lessons:With international travel resuming after the pandemic,it becomes imperative that physicians in Australia are aware of this imported disease and its various presentations.
基金funded by Jiangsu Province Geological Engineering Environment Intelligent Monitoring Engineering Research Center Open Fund,grant number 2023-ZNJKJJ-08The National Natural Science Foundation of China,grant number 41674036.
文摘The weather in Australia is significantly influenced by water vapor evaporated fromwarm ocean surfaces,which is closely associated with various extreme weather events in the region,such as floods,droughts,and bushfires.This study utilizes Precipitable Water Vapor(PWV)data from 15 Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)stations spanning 2010 to 2019 to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric water vapor across Australia,aiming to improve the accuracy of forecasting hazardous weather events.The results indicate distinct regional features in the spatial distribution of PWV.PWV gradually decreases from coastal areas toward inland regions and increases from south to north.Temporally,the overall trend of PWV remains consistent.From an annual trend perspective,most areas exhibit a decline in PWV content,with the exception of the southwestern coastal region,which shows an increasing trend.Furthermore,the study explores the correlations between PWV content and elevation,latitude,and longitude.Among these,latitude demonstrates the strongest correlation with PWV,with a correlation coefficient as high as 0.88,highlighting the significant impact of latitude on water vapor distribution.
文摘In this article,we present a comprehensive overview of the regulatory landscape governing Chinese medicinal practices in Australia,in which we describe the regulations for Chinese medicine practitioners in Australia,as of 2024,focusing in particular on the Title Protection model under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law.Central to this discussion are the core roles of the Chinese Medicine Board of Australia(the Board)and the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency(Ahpra)in ensuring public safety by guaranteeing that practitioners are appropriately qualified and suitable for registration.We also examine the structure and demographics of the Chinese medicine workforce in Australia and present details of the required registration process for practitioners.In addition,the article outlines specific requirements for registration,including the standards set by the Board for initial and ongoing registration,which are administered with the support of Ahpra under the National Registration and Accreditation Scheme.Furthermore,we present details regarding the approved qualifications,the rigorous assessment process for overseas qualifications,and the important role of regulatory examinations designed to uphold the high standards expected of practitioners,thereby ensuring they have acquired the professional competencies required by the Australian healthcare system.This overview offers valuable insights for both current and prospective practitioners of Chinese medicine in Australia.
基金financed by the Flinders University College of Business,Government and Law Large Project Grant(Grant number:100031.21).
文摘Background:Shared decision-making(SDM)implementation is a priority for Australian health systems,including general practices but it remains complex for specific groups like older rural Australians.We initiated a qualitative study with older rural Australians to explore barriers to and facilitators of SDM in local general practices.Methods:We conducted a patient-oriented research,partnering with older rural Australians,families,and health service providers in research design.Participants who visited general practices were purposively sampled from five small rural towns in South Australia.A semi-structured interview guide was used for interviews and reflexive thematic coding was conducted.Results:Telephone interviews were held with 27 participants.Four themes were identified around older rural adults’involvement in SDM:(1)Understanding of"patient involvement";(2)Positive and negative outcomes;(3)Barriers to SDM;and(4)Facilitators to SDM.Understanding of patient involvement in SDM considerably varied among participants,with some reporting their involvement was contingent on the“opportunity to ask questions”and the“treatment choices”offered to them.Alongside the opportunity for involvement,barriers such as avoidance of cultural care and a lack of continuity of care are new findings.Challenges encountered in SDM implementation also included resource constraints and time limitations in general practices.Rural knowledge of general practitioners and technology integration in consultations were viewed as potential enablers..Conclusion:Adequate resources and well-defined guidelines about the process should accompany the implementation of SDM in rural general practices of South Australia.Innovative strategies by general practitioners promoting health literacy and culturally-tailored communication approaches could increase older rural Australians'involvement in general.
文摘Objective:This study investigates the geographical distribution of private hospitals in Australian capital cities in relation to the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage.Methods:Using Geographic Information System analysis,the study examined how private hospitals are distributed across different socioeconomic quartiles,providing a comprehensive visualisation of health care accessibility.Results:The results indicate an unequal distribution with a substantial concentration of private hospitals within the vicinity of communities classified in the highest socioeconomic classification.This raises significant concerns about health care equity,particularly in light of the increased strain on health care systems before,during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic.Conclusions:This study underscores the need for targeted policy interventions to enhance the resilience and accessibility of the private health care sector,specifically targeting disadvantaged communities.It suggests that comprehensive,geographically‐informed data is crucial for policymakers to make informed decisions that promote health equity in the postpandemic landscape.
基金part of the Cancer-Patient Population Projections project funded by a Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) Preventive and Public Health Research Initiative:2019 Target Health System and Community Organisation Research Grant Opportunity (Grant No. MRF1200535)supported by National Health and Research Council of Australia Leadership Investigator Grants (NHMRC+3 种基金Grant No. APP1194679)co-PI of an investigator-initiated trial of cervical screening, “Compass,” run by the Australian Centre for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer (ACPCC),a government-funded not-for-profit charitythe ACPCC has received equipment and a funding contributions from Roche Molecular Diagnostics, USAco-PI on a major implementation program, Elimination of Cervical Cancer in the Western Pacific, which has received support from the Minderoo Foundation。
文摘Objective: Australia has relatively high multiple myeloma(MM) incidence and mortality rates. Advancements in MM treatment over recent decades have driven improvements in MM survival in high-income countries;however, reporting in Australia is limited. We investigated temporal trends in population-wide MM survival across 3 periods of treatment advancements in New South Wales(NSW), Australia.Methods: Individuals with an MM diagnosis in the NSW Cancer Registry between 1985 and 2015 with vital follow-up to 2020, were categorized into 3 previously defined treatment eras according to their diagnosis date(1985±1995, chemotherapy only;1996±2007, autologous stem cell transplantation;and 2008±2015, novel agents including proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs). Both relative survival and cause-specific survival according to Fine and Gray's competing risks cumulative incidence function were calculated by treatment era and age at diagnosis.Results: Overall, 11,591 individuals were included in the study, with a median age of 70 years at diagnosis. Five-year relative survival improved over the 36-year(1985±2020) study period(31.0% in 1985±1995;41.9% in 1996±2007;and 56.1% in 2008±2015). For individuals diagnosed before 70 years of age, the 5-year relative survival nearly doubled, from 36.5% in 1985±1995 to 68.5% in 2008±2015. Improvements for those > 70 years of age were less pronounced between 1985±1995 and 1996±2007;however, significant improvements were observed for those diagnosed in 2008±2015. Similar overall and age-specific patterns were observed for causespecific survival. After adjustment for gender and age at diagnosis, treatment era was strongly associated with both relative and cause-specific survival(P < 0.0001).Conclusions: Survival of individuals with MM is improving in Australia with treatment advances. However, older age groups continue to experience poor survival outcomes with only modest improvements over time. Given the increasing prevalence of MM in Australia, the effects of MM treatment on quality of life, particularly in older age, warrant further attention.
文摘In 2012, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) practitioners in Australia became nationally-registered allied health professionals in three categories: acupuncturist, Chinese herbal medicine practitioner, and Chinese herbal medicine dispenser. Australia was the first Western country to introduce national registration for Chinese medicine, followed by Portugal and, recently, New Zealand. The practice of TCM in Australia can be traced back to the beginning of Chinese immigration to Australia during the Victorian Gold Rush which began in the 1850s. The process which led to national registration commenced in the early 1970s with the establishment of the first acupuncture courses. Decades of gradual development of courses from unaccredited part-time diplomas to accredited bachelor degrees, and the development, by the profession, of national consensus on educational standards were essential elements in the process which led to registration. Professional associations, such as the Australian Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine Association Ltd.(AACMA), also developed a framework of professional selfregulation, including Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, ongoing professional development requirements and Infection Control Guidelines, and provided leadership in the development of the profession. After decades of tribalism and division within the TCM profession, the National Academic Standards Committee brought almost all stakeholders together to reach a consensus on the Australian Guidelines for Traditional Chinese Medicine Education which were published by AACMA in 2001. Professional associations also collaborated on joint submissions to the government in support of registration, which was introduced first in the state of Victoria in 2000, and subsequently became national in 2012. Despite national registration, some barriers still remain, and professional associations continue to lobby the federal government for inclusion in Medicare, chronic disease management scheme, and Veterans Affairs.
文摘One of the major impacts of climate change in the agricultural sector relates to changes in the suitability of areas that are used for planting crops.Since peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)is one of the most important sources of protein,an assessment of the potential shifts in peanut crop planting areas is critical.In this study,we evaluated the effects of climate change on the potential distribution of peanut crops in Australia.The current and potential future distributions of peanut crops were modeled using Species Distribution Models(SDMs)of CLIMatic indEX(CLIMEX).The future potential peanut crop distributions in Australia for 2030,2050,2070,and 2100 were modeled by employing CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC-H Global Climate Models(GCMs)under SRES A2 climate change scenarios from CliMond 10’database.The results indicated an increase in unsuitable areas for peanut cultivation in Australia throughout the projected years for the two GCMs.The CSIRO-Mk3.0 projection of unsuitable areas in 2100 was higher(i.e.76% of the Australian continent)than the MIROC-H projection(i.e.48% of the Australian continent).It was found that the projected increase in dry stress in the future could cause limitations in areas that are currently suitable for peanut crop cultivation.Looking into the future suitability of existing peanut cultivation areas,both GCMs agreed that some areas will become unsuitable,while they disagreed with the suitability of other areas.However,they agreed on the important point that only a small number of existing peanut cultivation areas would still be suitable in the future.Using CLIMEX,the present study has confirmed the effects of climate change on the shifts in areas suitable for peanut cultivation in the future,and thus may provide valuable information relevant to the long-term planning of peanut cultivation in Australia.
基金financial support from the Young Faculty Research Fund of Beijing Foreign Studies University(2015JT003)
文摘The year 2017 marked not only the 45th anniversary of the establishment of China-Australia diplomatic relations,but also significant turbulence in the relationship.While bilateral economic and trade relations,as well as people-to-people communication and cooperation continue to grow,a series of dramatic and negative events unfolded in Australia,advocating the so-called"China threat",and instigated by anti-China sentiments.The recent anti-China backlash in Australia was caused by a combination of deep structural change in the current international system,and instability in Australia’s domestic politics.It is also the outcome of Australia’s dependence on the US-Australia alliance,while balancing between its own economic and security interests.It is worth noting that in comparison to the past,the current anti-China movement in Australia has been more profound and more focused,demonstrating new characteristics.This includes Australia collaborating with certain Western nations against China’s influence,as well as strategic warnings with more political and policy implications.Although Australia’s anti-China backlash will not have a fundamental impact on China-Australia relations,Australia’s anti-China stance and behavior is characteristic of an increasingly prevalent trend among the Western nations of concern about China’s rising influence,and new defense strategies against this.China must proceed with caution when dealing with the negative repercussions of this.
基金Supported by the Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China:2013099
文摘Objective By comparing the focus of acupuncture standards, management modes of acupuncture in certain areas are summarized to provide a reference for institutions and regions when formulating suitable standards for local acupuncture services. Methods Japan, South Korea, the USA and Australia were selected as the representative countries. The standards language were limited to English, Japanese and South Korean. The websites of the national standards bodies and the official websites for the acupuncture association/ institute of these four countries were searched systematically. The laws of acupuncture were included in the study. Results Technical standards made up the most of the standard system for acupuncture in Japan, basic standards accounted for the most of the system in South Korea, while management standards accounted for the largest proportion of acupuncture standard systems in the USA and Australia. Conclusion Japan and South Korea, which use acupuncture mainly due to cultural and historical influences, place emphasis on establishing technical and basic standards. The USA and Australia, which use acupuncture as a complementary therapy, place emphasis on establishing management standards of acupuncture.
文摘Australian Geology,from its beginning,was linked to the development of resources,in a number of distinct colonies,often with little co-operation between them.While the formation of the Commonwealth in 1901 saw the beginning of an Australia-wide approach to geological studies,the former colonies,now states,still guarded certain rights,acting independently,in as far as possible.Separate colonial geological surveys continued as State bodies,focussed largely on resource(including water)studies.Geological education was mainly through a few universities,where research on broader issues was undertaken,with results published in separate,largely colony/state oriented,society journals.The Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science,formed in 1888,was a major influence in bringing geologists into direct contact,and marked the beginning of attempts to rationalise results and focus on Australia-wide aspects.Post World War 11 saw the expansion of geological research,formation of a Commonwealth Survey and the Geological Society of Australia,with the latter providing a medium for promulgation and discussion of ideas.The paper discusses the role of some 180 geologists through two centuries.
文摘Gathering the history and emotions of the nation of Australia,the movie Australia not only reflects Australians’exertion to construct an equal harmonious diversified new Australia but also incarnates Australian people’s nisus to pursue the sense of belonging internally and seek international recognition externally.In order to expand the perspective of researching this movie and give enlightenment on constructing an equal harmonious diversified international community,based on culture identity theories,this paper tries exploring the themes of this movie.
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX-XY-340)the Frontier Field Program of NEIGAE-CAS (No.C08Y46)~~
文摘[ Objective] To discuss regional response of reference evapotranspiration （ ETo ） to global climate change and its influencing factors. [Method] Penman-Monteith equation was adopted to calculate ET0 in Australia from 1998 to 2007. Spatiotemporal change characteristics were analyzed by using GIS spatial analysis tools and relationships between ETo and main climate factors were also analyzed. [ Resultsl The results showed that multi-year average ET0 increased from the east and south part to the northwest part and inland, and its distribution was consistent with climate zones. Multi-year average ETo of the whole region was 1 750 mm, obtaining minimum and maximum values in 2000 and 2002 respectively. Regional ETo decreased in the order of summer, spring, autumn and winter; January and December got the highest monthly ET0, while June got the lowest value 79.55 mm. ETo positively correlated with mean temperature and solar radiation, R2 for each were 0.83 and 0.94, while the relationship between ETo and average relative humidity was negative, and precipitation had no significant relationship with ET0. [ Conclusion] This research could provide important reference for crop water requirement study and making irrigation method for Australia.
文摘With the significant increase of the number of entry mails in China, mail inspection has become more and more challenge. Australia and New Zealand are the two countries recognized as the ones with the most stringent inspection and quarantine measures in the world. The mail inspection work in China, Australia and New Zealand was compared on the aspects of mail quarantine system, inspection, quarantine treatment and punishment, based on which something worth learning and referring could be found and some suggestions were put forward, with the aim to provide theoretical basis for the animal and plant quarantine of entry mails.
文摘Addressed as Australian version Gone with the Wind,with a successful"Other"image,named Nullah,the movie Australia presents Australians' attitude towards culture impact brought by globalization,to absorb positive ingredients of adventive cultures and uphold one's own uniqueness in culture will be a reasonable way to integrate into globalization.
文摘Analyzing familial affection between Sarah and Nullah across race, love between Sarah and Drover across caste, friendship between Sarah and King George across caste and race, this paper attempts to help audience comprehend the theme of the movie Austrlia and construct a new equal harmonious diversified Australia.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the long-term treatment outcomes of entecavir monotherapy in treatment naive patients in an Australian tertiary care setting. METHODS:A retrospective analysis of treatment naive patients receiving entecavir monotherapy through Westmead Hospital was performed.Patients were excluded if they had received previous treatment with another nucleoside or nucleotide analogue,were pregnant or less than 18 years old. RESULTS:Out of 336 patients,163 patients fulfilled the selection criteria.Range of follow up was 3-46 mo (mean 26 mo).134 patients(82.2%)had pre-treatment biopsies,with 26 patients(16.0%)demonstrating F3-4 fibrosis.In total,153 patients(93.9%)achieved at least Partial Virological Suppression(PVS),with 134 patients (82.2%)achieving complete virological suppression. The cumulative CVS and PVS rates at 36 mo were 82.1%and 96.4%,respectively.3 patients(1.8%)failed to achieve PVS,while 5 patients(3.0%)developed virological rebound.128 patients(78.5%)maintained CVS throughout follow up.Predictors of CVS included lower baseline DNA level(P=0.001),hepatitis B virus e antigen negative status(P=0.001)and increasing age at treatment(log rank 0.001).No significant adverse effects were reported necessitating cessation of entecavir. CONCLUSION:Entecavir monotherapy is efficacious and safe in an Australian tertiary care setting.Resistance and rebound rates are very low.This is similar to data from controlled and uncontrolled trials around the world.
基金supported by the Key Research Project of Sichuan TCM Collaboration Center (No.ZX15001)the Key Research Project of the CDUTCM (No.RWQNZD1502)
文摘OBJECTIVE： To analyze and compare the curriculum and delivery of a Chinese and Australian university-level Chinese medicine program.METHODS： A review of PubMed and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure for relevant educational papers was undertaken. Online and paper documents available at the University of Technology Sydney （UTS） and the Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine （CDUTCM） were read and analyzed. In addition, in-depth interviews with academics from the two universities were conducted during 2014 to 2015.RESULTS： The two Chinese medicine programs share the common goal of providing health services to the local community, but differ in some aspects when the curricula are compared. Areas such as student profile, curriculum structure, teaching approaches and education quality assurance were found to be different. The UTS program adopts a ＂flipped learning＂ approach with the use of educational technology aiming at improving learning outcomes. On the other hand, the CDUTCM has better clinical facilities and specialist physician resources.CONCLUSION： A better understanding of the different curricula and approaches to Chinese medicine education will facilitate student learning and educational outcomes.
