This paper consists of the following topics: (1) Significance of observing lower-latitude auroras. (2) Different kinds of atmospheric luminosity. (3) Chronological catalogues and maps of isochasms for auroral visibili...This paper consists of the following topics: (1) Significance of observing lower-latitude auroras. (2) Different kinds of atmospheric luminosity. (3) Chronological catalogues and maps of isochasms for auroral visibility. (4) Analysis of archaeo-auroras in low latitudes during earlier centuries. (5) Aurora observing studies since International Geophysical Year (IGY). (6) Concerning prediction of auriora occurrence.展开更多
The dune aurora,at a scale of~30 kilometers,was reported recently using ground camera.The small-scale dune aurora occurs on the duskside and exhibits a monochromatic oscillation in the auroral emission,implying fundam...The dune aurora,at a scale of~30 kilometers,was reported recently using ground camera.The small-scale dune aurora occurs on the duskside and exhibits a monochromatic oscillation in the auroral emission,implying fundamental energy conversions.However,whether the dune auroras correspond to atmospheric waves or are associated with magnetospheric dynamics should be determined.This paper reports a dune aurora that occurred during a storm;further,we demonstrate that it was the substructure of the sawtooth aurora that was generated by plasmapause surface waves.Conjugate observations in the magnetospheric source region suggest that the exohiss waves,which are periodically modulated by the plasmapause surface wave-excited ultralow frequency wave,might be responsible for the generation of the dune aurora.Most reported dune aurora events have occurred simultaneously with sawtooth auroras,suggesting that both are plasmapause-driven cross-scale auroral structures.展开更多
Particle observations of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP) show that discrete auroral structures commonly exist in the region of the plasma mantle, but the optical features of the aurora generated by ...Particle observations of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP) show that discrete auroral structures commonly exist in the region of the plasma mantle, but the optical features of the aurora generated by particles from the plasma mantle(called ‘mantle aurora’ in this paper) have not been established. A comparison of 7-year optical auroral observations made at the Yellow River Station with conjugate particle observations obtained from the DMSP confirm that mantle auroras have common features and can be clearly identified from all-sky imager observations. The mantle auroras normally present as sporadic and weak auroral structures split poleward of the dayside auroral oval. They are observed in both the green and red lines with the intensity of the red line being greater than that of the green line. In this paper, we illustrate typical mantle auroras and provide statistics on 55 mantle aurora cases that are confirmed by particle observation by the DMSP. Statistical results show that the occurrence of the mantle aurora has no clear dependence on the IMF By and Bz conditions, but the motion of the mantle aurora strongly depends on the IMF By, which indicates that the generation of the mantle aurora is intimately related to the dayside magnetopause reconnection. With the fundamental criteria for distinguishing the mantle aurora presented in this paper, we will be able to independently identify the mantle auroras from ground optical observations. This will allow us to investigate the physical processes that occur in the plasma mantle by monitoring the evolution of the auroral forms.展开更多
What mechanism causes the symmetrical distribution of two oval-ring auroras approximately around the geomagnetic poles but uneven brightness distribution of them? To answer this question, we firstly describe the charg...What mechanism causes the symmetrical distribution of two oval-ring auroras approximately around the geomagnetic poles but uneven brightness distribution of them? To answer this question, we firstly describe the charged particles like electrons or protons emitted from the Sun and the magnetic ions formed in the Earth’s atmosphere. Then, the interaction dynamics of two-type particles between electron and ion is given under the non-relativistic limit. Finally, under the relativistic frame, auroras deduced are higher energy density formed by the orthogonal interaction of solar charged particles and geomagnetic ions in the narrow regions centered on the upper geomagnetic poles. The physical nature of ideal oval-ring auroras with uneven brightness distribution is an optical phenomenon that occurs when solar charged particles collide orthogonally with ions and the magnetic axis inclines to the solar radiation. For actual aurora distribution, the impact of multiple factors is discussed. Therefore, the aurora is a natural illustration of an orthogonal collider in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.展开更多
VIDA唱放是Aurorasound(曙光)主理人唐木志延夫创立此品牌的第一件作品,也是Aurorasound最具代表性的产品之一,推出至今一直深受黑胶发烧友的爱戴,不经不觉,这款产品推出已经超过10年了。厂方为其取名为VIDA,是Vinyl Disk Amplifier的缩...VIDA唱放是Aurorasound(曙光)主理人唐木志延夫创立此品牌的第一件作品,也是Aurorasound最具代表性的产品之一,推出至今一直深受黑胶发烧友的爱戴,不经不觉,这款产品推出已经超过10年了。厂方为其取名为VIDA,是Vinyl Disk Amplifier的缩写,即是“黑胶唱片放大器”。一个简单的缩写,就和其出众的表现一样,让发烧友不期然地留下深刻印象,更令厂家树立了制造黑胶唱放的声名和知名度,也让其成为音响市场中进步神速的日本厂商。展开更多
We report a new standalone Robotic All-Sky narrowband Imager(RASI)for auroral and airglow studies.RASI has new optics and an electromechanical system,low operation and installation costs,easy deployment and fully auto...We report a new standalone Robotic All-Sky narrowband Imager(RASI)for auroral and airglow studies.RASI has new optics and an electromechanical system,low operation and installation costs,easy deployment and fully automatic features.The new optics provide an all-sky field of view with excellent image quality and sensitivity.The new electromechanical system design offers a more compact size and the capability for outdoor independent deployment.We have also developed a fully automatic data acquisition software for RASI,which is based on the perception of solar altitude and the all-sky cloud cover.In conclusion,the RASI demonstrates significant advantages over the traditional all-sky narrowband imager,and it is highly suitable for the intensity measurements of large-scale auroras and airglow distributions.展开更多
随着信号通道数量持续增长以及模数转换器(Analog to Digital Converter,ADC)采样率快速提升,如何高效接收并分发持续生成的海量原始数据成为业界难题,其中一个关键解决思路就是充分挖掘和高效利用高速串行总线。基于现场可编程门阵列(F...随着信号通道数量持续增长以及模数转换器(Analog to Digital Converter,ADC)采样率快速提升,如何高效接收并分发持续生成的海量原始数据成为业界难题,其中一个关键解决思路就是充分挖掘和高效利用高速串行总线。基于现场可编程门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)同一组收发器的接收与发送资源,提出一种手动整合优化独立功能的JESD204B接收IP与Aurora发送IP方法。即使接收与发送总线协议不同,依然可以同时使用同一组收发器的接收和发送资源。此外,高速串行总线发送与接收两端共享同源时钟,可进一步改善总线传输效率。实验及分析结果表明,相较于传统高速串行总线使用方式,硬件资源开销降低近50%,总线利用率长时间保持100%,通道之间数据严格同步。该方法资源要求少、功耗需求低,特别适用于体积、重量和功耗以及成本(SWaP-C)等限制严苛的机载、便携等应用场景。展开更多
Solar cycles are fundamental to astrophysics,space exploration,technological infrastructure,and Earth's climate.A better understanding of these cycles and their history can aid in risk mitigation on Earth,while al...Solar cycles are fundamental to astrophysics,space exploration,technological infrastructure,and Earth's climate.A better understanding of these cycles and their history can aid in risk mitigation on Earth,while also deepening our knowledge of stellar physics and solar system dynamics.Determining the solar cycles between 1600 and 1700-especially the post-1645 Maunder Minimum,characterized by significantly reduced solar activity-poses challenges to existing solar activity proxies.This study utilizes a new red equatorial auroral catalog from ancient Korean texts to establish solar cycle patterns from 1623 to 1700.Remarkably,a further reevaluation of the solar cycles between 1610 and 1755 identified a total of 13 cycles,diverging from the widely accepted record of 12 cycles during that time.This research enhances our understanding of historical solar activity,and underscores the importance of integrating diverse historical sources into modern analyses.展开更多
With a holding capacity of up to 9,100 vehicles(conventional or electric),the Höegh Aurora holds the title of“worlds largest vehicle carrier”.Operated by Norways Höegh Autoliners,the Höegh Aurora was ...With a holding capacity of up to 9,100 vehicles(conventional or electric),the Höegh Aurora holds the title of“worlds largest vehicle carrier”.Operated by Norways Höegh Autoliners,the Höegh Aurora was built by China Merchants Heavy Industry(CMHI)in Jiangsu,China,and made its first voyage last year.Measuring 37.6 meters wide and 199.9 meters long,it is considered the worlds largest Pure Car and Truck Carrier(PCTC)vessel for transporting various types of vehicles,and thanks to strengthened decks and enhanced internal ramp systems(坡道系统),it can carry heavier electric vehicles on all 14 decks,making it future⁃proof.With a cargo capacity of 9,100 vehicles,the first Höegh Aurora class carrier beats the previous worlds largest vehicle carrier by 600 vehicles.展开更多
BACKGROUND Unraveling the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer(CRC)can aid in developing prevention and treatment strategies.Aurora kinase A(AURKA)is a key participant in mitotic control and interacts with its co-activat...BACKGROUND Unraveling the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer(CRC)can aid in developing prevention and treatment strategies.Aurora kinase A(AURKA)is a key participant in mitotic control and interacts with its co-activator,the targeting protein for Xklp2(TPX2)microtubule nucleation factor.AURKA is associated with poor clinical outcomes and high risks of CRC recurrence.AURKA/TPX2 co-overexpression in cancer may contribute to tumorigenesis.Despite its pivotal role in CRC development and progression,the action mechanism of AURKA remains unclear.Further research is needed to explore the complex interplay between AURKA and TPX2 and to develop effective targeted treatments for patients with CRC.AIM To compare effects of AURKA and TPX2 and their combined knockdown on CRC cells.METHODS We evaluated three CRC gene datasets about CRC(GSE32323,GSE25071,and GSE21510).Potential hub genes associated with CRC onset were identified using the Venn,search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes,and KOBAS platforms,with AURKA and TPX2 emerging as significant factors.Subsequently,cell models with knockdown of AURKA,TPX2,or both were constructed using SW480 and LOVO cells.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,western blotting,cell counting kit-8,cell cloning assays,flow cytometry,and Transwell assays were used.RESULTS Forty-three highly expressed genes and 39 poorly expressed genes overlapped in cancer tissues compared to controls from three datasets.In the protein-protein interaction network of highly expressed genes,AURKA was one of key genes.Its combined score with TPX2 was 0.999,and their co-expression score was 0.846.In CRC cells,knockdown of AURKA,TPX2,or both reduced cell viability and colony number,while blocking G0/G1 phase and enhancing cell apoptosis.Additionally,they were weakened cell proliferation and migration abilities.Furthermore,the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2-Associated X,caspase 3,and tumor protein P53,and E-cadherin increased with a decrease in B-cell lymphoma-2,N-cadherin,and vimentin proteins.These effects were amplified when both AURKA and TPX2 were concurrently downregulated.CONCLUSION Combined knockdown of AURKA and TPX2 was effective in suppressing the malignant phenotype in CRC.Coinhibition of gene expression is a potential developmental direction for CRC treatment.展开更多
Studying various aurora morphology helps us understand space's physical processes and the mechanisms behind these patterns.Auroral arcs are the brightest and most prominent auroral patterns.Due to the difficulty i...Studying various aurora morphology helps us understand space's physical processes and the mechanisms behind these patterns.Auroral arcs are the brightest and most prominent auroral patterns.Due to the difficulty in precisely defining auroral shape edges,auroral arc skeleton extraction is expected as an alternative representation for studying auroral morphology,resorting skeletons extract key morphological features from complex auroral shapes.Transformer models provide a better understanding of the relationship between the overall morphology and the details when processing image data,so we proposed a Transformer-based method for auroral arc skeleton extraction.Combined with ridge-guided annotation on all-sky images,a Transformer-based skeleton extractor is trained and used to estimate the number of auroral arcs.Experiments demonstrate that the Transformer-based model can more effectively capture structural information and local details of auroral arcs,which is suitable for complex auroral morphologies.展开更多
In this investigation,we meticulously annotated a corpus of 21,174 auroral images captured by the THEMIS All-Sky Imager across diverse temporal instances.These images were categorized using an array of descriptors suc...In this investigation,we meticulously annotated a corpus of 21,174 auroral images captured by the THEMIS All-Sky Imager across diverse temporal instances.These images were categorized using an array of descriptors such as'arc','ab'(aurora but bright),'cloudy','diffuse','discrete',and'clear'.Subsequently,we utilized a state-of-the-art convolutional neural network,ConvNeXt(Convolutional Neural Network Next),deploying deep learning techniques to train the model on a dataset classified into six distinct categories.Remarkably,on the test set our methodology attained an accuracy of 99.4%,a performance metric closely mirroring human visual observation,thereby underscoring the classifier’s competence in paralleling human perceptual accuracy.Building upon this foundation,we embarked on the identification of large-scale auroral optical data,meticulously quantifying the monthly occurrence and Magnetic Local Time(MLT)variations of auroras from stations at different latitudes:RANK(high-latitude),FSMI(mid-latitude),and ATHA(low-latitude),under different solar wind conditions.This study paves the way for future explorations into the temporal variations of auroral phenomena in diverse geomagnetic contexts.展开更多
文摘This paper consists of the following topics: (1) Significance of observing lower-latitude auroras. (2) Different kinds of atmospheric luminosity. (3) Chronological catalogues and maps of isochasms for auroral visibility. (4) Analysis of archaeo-auroras in low latitudes during earlier centuries. (5) Aurora observing studies since International Geophysical Year (IGY). (6) Concerning prediction of auriora occurrence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42222408,41931073)supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y2021027)supported by the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology&Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant IGGCAS-201904).
文摘The dune aurora,at a scale of~30 kilometers,was reported recently using ground camera.The small-scale dune aurora occurs on the duskside and exhibits a monochromatic oscillation in the auroral emission,implying fundamental energy conversions.However,whether the dune auroras correspond to atmospheric waves or are associated with magnetospheric dynamics should be determined.This paper reports a dune aurora that occurred during a storm;further,we demonstrate that it was the substructure of the sawtooth aurora that was generated by plasmapause surface waves.Conjugate observations in the magnetospheric source region suggest that the exohiss waves,which are periodically modulated by the plasmapause surface wave-excited ultralow frequency wave,might be responsible for the generation of the dune aurora.Most reported dune aurora events have occurred simultaneously with sawtooth auroras,suggesting that both are plasmapause-driven cross-scale auroral structures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grants nos.41831072,41774174,41431072,41474146,and 41674169)
文摘Particle observations of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP) show that discrete auroral structures commonly exist in the region of the plasma mantle, but the optical features of the aurora generated by particles from the plasma mantle(called ‘mantle aurora’ in this paper) have not been established. A comparison of 7-year optical auroral observations made at the Yellow River Station with conjugate particle observations obtained from the DMSP confirm that mantle auroras have common features and can be clearly identified from all-sky imager observations. The mantle auroras normally present as sporadic and weak auroral structures split poleward of the dayside auroral oval. They are observed in both the green and red lines with the intensity of the red line being greater than that of the green line. In this paper, we illustrate typical mantle auroras and provide statistics on 55 mantle aurora cases that are confirmed by particle observation by the DMSP. Statistical results show that the occurrence of the mantle aurora has no clear dependence on the IMF By and Bz conditions, but the motion of the mantle aurora strongly depends on the IMF By, which indicates that the generation of the mantle aurora is intimately related to the dayside magnetopause reconnection. With the fundamental criteria for distinguishing the mantle aurora presented in this paper, we will be able to independently identify the mantle auroras from ground optical observations. This will allow us to investigate the physical processes that occur in the plasma mantle by monitoring the evolution of the auroral forms.
文摘What mechanism causes the symmetrical distribution of two oval-ring auroras approximately around the geomagnetic poles but uneven brightness distribution of them? To answer this question, we firstly describe the charged particles like electrons or protons emitted from the Sun and the magnetic ions formed in the Earth’s atmosphere. Then, the interaction dynamics of two-type particles between electron and ion is given under the non-relativistic limit. Finally, under the relativistic frame, auroras deduced are higher energy density formed by the orthogonal interaction of solar charged particles and geomagnetic ions in the narrow regions centered on the upper geomagnetic poles. The physical nature of ideal oval-ring auroras with uneven brightness distribution is an optical phenomenon that occurs when solar charged particles collide orthogonally with ions and the magnetic axis inclines to the solar radiation. For actual aurora distribution, the impact of multiple factors is discussed. Therefore, the aurora is a natural illustration of an orthogonal collider in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.
文摘VIDA唱放是Aurorasound(曙光)主理人唐木志延夫创立此品牌的第一件作品,也是Aurorasound最具代表性的产品之一,推出至今一直深受黑胶发烧友的爱戴,不经不觉,这款产品推出已经超过10年了。厂方为其取名为VIDA,是Vinyl Disk Amplifier的缩写,即是“黑胶唱片放大器”。一个简单的缩写,就和其出众的表现一样,让发烧友不期然地留下深刻印象,更令厂家树立了制造黑胶唱放的声名和知名度,也让其成为音响市场中进步神速的日本厂商。
基金the projects of the CAS“Light of West China”Program,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11573067)the Science and Technology Program of Shanghai(21DZ206100)+2 种基金the Ground-based Space Environment Monitoring Network(Chinese Meridian Project II)the Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program-Science&Technology Champion Project(202105AB160001)the Chinese National Antarctic&Arctic Research Expedition for the support of the all-sky auroral/airglow imager program at the Longyearbyen Station and Lijiang Station.
文摘We report a new standalone Robotic All-Sky narrowband Imager(RASI)for auroral and airglow studies.RASI has new optics and an electromechanical system,low operation and installation costs,easy deployment and fully automatic features.The new optics provide an all-sky field of view with excellent image quality and sensitivity.The new electromechanical system design offers a more compact size and the capability for outdoor independent deployment.We have also developed a fully automatic data acquisition software for RASI,which is based on the perception of solar altitude and the all-sky cloud cover.In conclusion,the RASI demonstrates significant advantages over the traditional all-sky narrowband imager,and it is highly suitable for the intensity measurements of large-scale auroras and airglow distributions.
文摘随着信号通道数量持续增长以及模数转换器(Analog to Digital Converter,ADC)采样率快速提升,如何高效接收并分发持续生成的海量原始数据成为业界难题,其中一个关键解决思路就是充分挖掘和高效利用高速串行总线。基于现场可编程门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)同一组收发器的接收与发送资源,提出一种手动整合优化独立功能的JESD204B接收IP与Aurora发送IP方法。即使接收与发送总线协议不同,依然可以同时使用同一组收发器的接收和发送资源。此外,高速串行总线发送与接收两端共享同源时钟,可进一步改善总线传输效率。实验及分析结果表明,相较于传统高速串行总线使用方式,硬件资源开销降低近50%,总线利用率长时间保持100%,通道之间数据严格同步。该方法资源要求少、功耗需求低,特别适用于体积、重量和功耗以及成本(SWaP-C)等限制严苛的机载、便携等应用场景。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42388101)the CAS Youth Interdisciplinary Team (JCTD-2021-05)funded by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Solar cycles are fundamental to astrophysics,space exploration,technological infrastructure,and Earth's climate.A better understanding of these cycles and their history can aid in risk mitigation on Earth,while also deepening our knowledge of stellar physics and solar system dynamics.Determining the solar cycles between 1600 and 1700-especially the post-1645 Maunder Minimum,characterized by significantly reduced solar activity-poses challenges to existing solar activity proxies.This study utilizes a new red equatorial auroral catalog from ancient Korean texts to establish solar cycle patterns from 1623 to 1700.Remarkably,a further reevaluation of the solar cycles between 1610 and 1755 identified a total of 13 cycles,diverging from the widely accepted record of 12 cycles during that time.This research enhances our understanding of historical solar activity,and underscores the importance of integrating diverse historical sources into modern analyses.
文摘With a holding capacity of up to 9,100 vehicles(conventional or electric),the Höegh Aurora holds the title of“worlds largest vehicle carrier”.Operated by Norways Höegh Autoliners,the Höegh Aurora was built by China Merchants Heavy Industry(CMHI)in Jiangsu,China,and made its first voyage last year.Measuring 37.6 meters wide and 199.9 meters long,it is considered the worlds largest Pure Car and Truck Carrier(PCTC)vessel for transporting various types of vehicles,and thanks to strengthened decks and enhanced internal ramp systems(坡道系统),it can carry heavier electric vehicles on all 14 decks,making it future⁃proof.With a cargo capacity of 9,100 vehicles,the first Höegh Aurora class carrier beats the previous worlds largest vehicle carrier by 600 vehicles.
文摘BACKGROUND Unraveling the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer(CRC)can aid in developing prevention and treatment strategies.Aurora kinase A(AURKA)is a key participant in mitotic control and interacts with its co-activator,the targeting protein for Xklp2(TPX2)microtubule nucleation factor.AURKA is associated with poor clinical outcomes and high risks of CRC recurrence.AURKA/TPX2 co-overexpression in cancer may contribute to tumorigenesis.Despite its pivotal role in CRC development and progression,the action mechanism of AURKA remains unclear.Further research is needed to explore the complex interplay between AURKA and TPX2 and to develop effective targeted treatments for patients with CRC.AIM To compare effects of AURKA and TPX2 and their combined knockdown on CRC cells.METHODS We evaluated three CRC gene datasets about CRC(GSE32323,GSE25071,and GSE21510).Potential hub genes associated with CRC onset were identified using the Venn,search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes,and KOBAS platforms,with AURKA and TPX2 emerging as significant factors.Subsequently,cell models with knockdown of AURKA,TPX2,or both were constructed using SW480 and LOVO cells.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,western blotting,cell counting kit-8,cell cloning assays,flow cytometry,and Transwell assays were used.RESULTS Forty-three highly expressed genes and 39 poorly expressed genes overlapped in cancer tissues compared to controls from three datasets.In the protein-protein interaction network of highly expressed genes,AURKA was one of key genes.Its combined score with TPX2 was 0.999,and their co-expression score was 0.846.In CRC cells,knockdown of AURKA,TPX2,or both reduced cell viability and colony number,while blocking G0/G1 phase and enhancing cell apoptosis.Additionally,they were weakened cell proliferation and migration abilities.Furthermore,the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2-Associated X,caspase 3,and tumor protein P53,and E-cadherin increased with a decrease in B-cell lymphoma-2,N-cadherin,and vimentin proteins.These effects were amplified when both AURKA and TPX2 were concurrently downregulated.CONCLUSION Combined knockdown of AURKA and TPX2 was effective in suppressing the malignant phenotype in CRC.Coinhibition of gene expression is a potential developmental direction for CRC treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.41874173)。
文摘Studying various aurora morphology helps us understand space's physical processes and the mechanisms behind these patterns.Auroral arcs are the brightest and most prominent auroral patterns.Due to the difficulty in precisely defining auroral shape edges,auroral arc skeleton extraction is expected as an alternative representation for studying auroral morphology,resorting skeletons extract key morphological features from complex auroral shapes.Transformer models provide a better understanding of the relationship between the overall morphology and the details when processing image data,so we proposed a Transformer-based method for auroral arc skeleton extraction.Combined with ridge-guided annotation on all-sky images,a Transformer-based skeleton extractor is trained and used to estimate the number of auroral arcs.Experiments demonstrate that the Transformer-based model can more effectively capture structural information and local details of auroral arcs,which is suitable for complex auroral morphologies.
基金supported by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42374212)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFE03020004).
文摘In this investigation,we meticulously annotated a corpus of 21,174 auroral images captured by the THEMIS All-Sky Imager across diverse temporal instances.These images were categorized using an array of descriptors such as'arc','ab'(aurora but bright),'cloudy','diffuse','discrete',and'clear'.Subsequently,we utilized a state-of-the-art convolutional neural network,ConvNeXt(Convolutional Neural Network Next),deploying deep learning techniques to train the model on a dataset classified into six distinct categories.Remarkably,on the test set our methodology attained an accuracy of 99.4%,a performance metric closely mirroring human visual observation,thereby underscoring the classifier’s competence in paralleling human perceptual accuracy.Building upon this foundation,we embarked on the identification of large-scale auroral optical data,meticulously quantifying the monthly occurrence and Magnetic Local Time(MLT)variations of auroras from stations at different latitudes:RANK(high-latitude),FSMI(mid-latitude),and ATHA(low-latitude),under different solar wind conditions.This study paves the way for future explorations into the temporal variations of auroral phenomena in diverse geomagnetic contexts.
