The Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) uses 3 silencing suppressor genes, p20, p23 and p25, to resist the attacks from its Citrus hosts. Inactivating these genes is therefore obviously a potential defensive option in additio...The Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) uses 3 silencing suppressor genes, p20, p23 and p25, to resist the attacks from its Citrus hosts. Inactivating these genes is therefore obviously a potential defensive option in addition to the current control strat-egies including aphid management and the use of mild strain cross protection. In this study, we cloned partial DNA frag-ments from the three genes, and used them to construct vectors for expressing hairpin RNAs (hpRNAs). To facilitate the formation of hpRNAs, the constructs were introduced in a loop structure. Fol owing transformation of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) with these constructs, 8 p20 hpRNA (hp20) and 1 p25 hpRNA (hp25) expressing lines were obtained. The 7 hp20 transgenic lines were further characterized. Their reactions to CTV were tested fol owing inoculation with CT14A and/or TR-L514, both of which are severe strains. Results showed that 3 lines (hp20-5, hp20-6 and hp20-8) were completely resistant to TR-L514 under greenhouse conditions for no detectable viral load was found in their leaves by PCR. However, they exhibited only partial suppression of TR-L514 under screen house conditions since the virus was detected in their leaves, though 2 months later compared to non-transgenic controls. Further tests showed that hp20-5 was tolerant also to CT14A under screen house conditions. The growth of hp20-5 was much better than others including the controls that were concurrently chal enged with CT14A. These results showed that expressing p20 hpRNA was sufifcient to confer sour orange with CTV resistance/tolerance.展开更多
Anxiety is a very common mental disorder among neurological diseases. Some herbs have soothing effects and play an important role in reducing anxiety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Citrus a...Anxiety is a very common mental disorder among neurological diseases. Some herbs have soothing effects and play an important role in reducing anxiety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interference with serotonergic pathway. Sixty male mice were assigned into control, sham (saline and olive oil), and experimental groups. Intraperitoneal injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil was applied at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent for 5 days. In another set of experiments, after intraperitoneal injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent for 5 days, on the 5th day, 30 minutes before applying essential oil, fluoxetine (2 mg/kg) was injected. Then, the anxiety-related behavior was assessed using elevated plus maze test. The results revealed that injection of essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. alone or along with fluoxetine led to increasing the number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in open arms that was significantly different compared with control and sham groups (P?< 0.001). Besides, further effects revealed when fluoxetine added to essential oils, however no more effects obtained when compared to fluoxetine alone. It is concluded that Citrus aurantium L. essential oil can reduce the anxiety in male mice and due to fluoxetin potentiation and maximum response observed, the herb may express its anxiolytic effects in part, via serotonergic system.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the possible protective effect of Citrus aurantium peel extract(CAE)against apoptosis in cholestatic liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation in mice.Methods:Male ICR mice were divided to 5 g...Objective:To evaluate the possible protective effect of Citrus aurantium peel extract(CAE)against apoptosis in cholestatic liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation in mice.Methods:Male ICR mice were divided to 5 groups:1)Control group(Sham-operated mice),2)Cholestatic liver injury group induced by bile duct ligation(BDL),3)BDL mice treated with silymarin(200 mg/kg)for 4 weeks,4)BDL mice treated with 50 mg/kg CAE for 4 weeks,5)BDL mice treated with 200 mg/kg CAE for 4 weeks.Mice were sacrificed and liver fibrosis was evaluated by serum and hepatic tissue biochemistry tests and liver histopathological examination.Effects of CAE on inflammation and apoptosis gene regulation were investigated through real-time PCR.CAE effect on lipid metabolism related signaling was determined by western blot analysis.Results:In BDL mice,administration of CAE for 4 weeks markedly attenuated liver fibrosis based on histopathological alteration.Serum and hepatic tissue biochemistry results revealed that CAE(50 and 200 mg/kg)decreased the levels of alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminase,gamma glutamyl transferase,total bilirubin,nitric oxide,and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.Real-time PCR and western blot analysis showed that CAE regulated inflammation,apoptosis,and lipid metabolism factors increased by BDL.Interleukin family,tumor necrosis factorα,and related apoptosis factors m RNA levels were increased by BDL treatment.However,these increases were suppressed by CAE administration.In addition,CAE effectively increased phosphorylation of AMPactivated protein kinase,nuclear factor E2-related factor 2,and related cytoprotective proteins.Conclusions:CAE can efficiently regulate BDL-induced liver injury with antioxidant,antiinflammatory,and antiapoptotic activities.展开更多
The present study was designed to investigate the chemical constituents of the fruit of Citrus aurantium L.. The compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were el...The present study was designed to investigate the chemical constituents of the fruit of Citrus aurantium L.. The compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. Two new phenolic glycosides(compounds 1 and 2) were obtained and identified as 1-O-3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl-(6-O-4-hydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(1) and 1-O-3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl-(6-O-3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(2), respectively.展开更多
Background: Conscious patients admitted to intensive care units(ICUs) suffer from pain for various reasons, which can affect their recovery process.Objective: The present study compared the effects of aromatherapy wit...Background: Conscious patients admitted to intensive care units(ICUs) suffer from pain for various reasons, which can affect their recovery process.Objective: The present study compared the effects of aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium and lavender essential oils against placebo for reducing pain in conscious intensive care patients.Design, setting, participants and interventions: This study was a parallel randomized placebo-controlled trial. The ICUs of two educational hospitals in Kerman in Southeastern Iran were the study setting.One hundred and fifty conscious intensive care patients were randomly divided into three groups using a stratified block randomization method. Two groups received aromatherapy with essential oils: one with lavender and the other with C. aurantium;these patients received a 30-minute therapy session using their assigned essential oil on the second day of their intensive care stay. The placebo group used 5 drops of normal saline instead of essential oil during their session.Main outcome measures: Patient’s pain was assessed using a visual analog scale before the aromatherapy intervention, as well as immediately after and one and three hours after intervention.Results: The mean pain score of the lavender group was 40.01 before the aromatherapy intervention and fell to 39.40, 30.60 and 23.68 immediately after the intervention, and at hour one and three postintervention, respectively. The mean pain score of the C. aurantium group was 45.48 before the intervention and was reduced to 32.34 at three hours after the intervention. The mean pain of the placebo group decreased from 42.80 before the intervention to 35.20 at three hours after the intervention. Pain scores of all groups decreased during the study(P < 0.001). The mean pain of the lavender group was significantly lower than that of the placebo group at three hours after the intervention.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that aromatherapy with lavender essential oil reduced pain in conscious ICU patients. Our data could not justify the use of C. aurantium for reducing pain in this population.展开更多
Anxiety is among the most common disorders affecting a great number of people. Different neurotransmitter systems, such as GABAergic system, play an important role in emergence of anxiety-related behaviors. In this st...Anxiety is among the most common disorders affecting a great number of people. Different neurotransmitter systems, such as GABAergic system, play an important role in emergence of anxiety-related behaviors. In this study, we have investigated the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interaction with GABAergic pathways. Male mice were assigned into control, sham, and experimental groups. Intraperitoneal injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil was applied at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent for 5 days. Diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) was injected on the fifth day, thirty minutes before applying Citrus aurantium L. essential oil. The anxiety-related behavior of mice was then assessed using elevated plus-maze test. In groups receiving Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5 and 5 percent, the percent time spent in the open arms increased significantly (P Citrus aurantium L. essential oil resulted in increasing in the number of entries to the open arms and the percent time spent in the open arms (P Citrus aurantium L. essential oil can reduce anxiety-related behaviors in male mice thah may act via GABAergic system.展开更多
Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of depression.This study aimed to explore the antidepressant effect of mature whole Citrus aurantium fruit extract(FEMC)in the chronic unpredictable mild stre...Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of depression.This study aimed to explore the antidepressant effect of mature whole Citrus aurantium fruit extract(FEMC)in the chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)model.The behavioral tests were applied to assess antidepressant effect and 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the changes of gut microbiota.The results showed that the major components of FEMC were naringin and neohesperidin and significantly increased the sucrose preference index of the mice.FEMC also could reduce the feeding latency in an open field test and the rest time in a novelty suppressed feeding test.In addition,FEMC could increase CUMS-induced reduction in the levels of BDNF,PSD95,and SYN in the hippocampus.Moreover,FEMC intervention slightly decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota.Meanwhile,FEMC reduced the abundance of the Prevotellaceae_Ga6A1_group,[Ruminococcus]_torques_group,which have been reported to be closely related to inflammation.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis were involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of FEMC in the CUMS animal model.Finally,the ELISA results showed that FEMC could significantly reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-αin the serum of depressive mice.Our results suggest FEMC can am eliorate depressive behavior by i nhibiting gut microbiota-mediated inflammation in mice.展开更多
Relationship between sociability and the amount of brain’s dopamine is very well known. In this study, we have examined the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interaction with dopaminergic...Relationship between sociability and the amount of brain’s dopamine is very well known. In this study, we have examined the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interaction with dopaminergic pathways. 70 male mice were assigned into experimental, control, and sham groups. Essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. was injected intraperitonealy at doses of 0.5%, 2.5% and 5% for 5 days. Subcutaneous injection of haloperidol was administered on the fifth day, 30 minutes before the injection of the essential oil. The anxiety-related behavior of mice was then assessed by elevated plus-maze test. The result of this study showed that the injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5% and 5% increased significantly the time spent in the open arms (OAT) (p < 0.001), also there was a significant increase in the number of entries into the open arms (OAE). Injection of different doses of the essential oil along with haloperidol significantly increased OAT (p < 0.001(. The results demonstrate that the essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. along with haloperidol medication reduces anxiety-related behaviors.展开更多
Due to our previous findings about the role of GABAegic neurotransmission in anxiolytic effects of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil, we are now presenting flomazenil interaction with this herb, as an antagonist of be...Due to our previous findings about the role of GABAegic neurotransmission in anxiolytic effects of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil, we are now presenting flomazenil interaction with this herb, as an antagonist of benzodiazepines at GABA receptor. The study was performed on 84 male albino mice assigned to 14 groups of six. The animals were injected intraperitoneally with the Citrus aurantium L. essential oil for 5 days. On the fifth day, either normal saline or flomazenil (0.1 mg/kg) was injected to the experimental groups. Thirty minutes after the injection, all the groups were assessed for anxiety-related behavior by elevated plus-maze test. In groups receiving Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5 and 5 percent, the time spent in the open arms increased significantly (P aurantium L. essential oil regarding the increment in the number of entries to the open arms and the time spent in the open arms (P aurantium L. essential oil induces its anxiolytic effects like benzodiazepines, in the same site at GABA receptor.展开更多
To study the neuro protective effect of flavonoids extracts from immature bitter orange(Citrus aurantium L.),the PC12 cells treated with 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)were used as the Parkinson’s disease(PD)model.To deter...To study the neuro protective effect of flavonoids extracts from immature bitter orange(Citrus aurantium L.),the PC12 cells treated with 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)were used as the Parkinson’s disease(PD)model.To determine the optimal dose of 6-OHDA for constructing a PD model,PC12 cells were incubated with different concentrations of 6-OHDA for 24 h.After 24 h incubation,PC12 cells of drug groups were added 6-OHDA and different concentrations of flavonoids extracts were measured cell viability by CCK8 for selecting effective concentration of flavonoids extracts;the ROS level was determined using flow cytometry;the levels of MDA,CAT,SOD and GSH-Px were assayed by Colorimetric kit for oxidative stress investigation.Compared with the model group,PC12 cell viability was significantly enhanced(P<0.05),the levels of ROS and MDA were reduced significantly(P<0.05),and the activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px were significantly enhanced(P<0.05)in drug groups.In conclusion,immature bitter orange flavonoids extracts could protect PC12 cells against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress.展开更多
Obesity is a global pandemic and public health crisis over decades.Except for physical activity,dietary ad-justments,pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions,prebiotics,which are believed to relieve obesity by modul...Obesity is a global pandemic and public health crisis over decades.Except for physical activity,dietary ad-justments,pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions,prebiotics,which are believed to relieve obesity by modulating the host gut microbiota,have been a hot research area in recent years.Thus,in this study,our objective was to investigate the effects of Citrus aurantium L.’Daidai’physiological premature fruit drop(DDPD)on obesity,and further explore whether the anti-obesity effects of DDPD relies on alterations in gut microbiota.Our findings revealed that supplementation with DDPD effectively alleviated HFD-induced obesity in mice,concomitantly reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.Moreover,DDPD reversed the imbalance of gut microbiota induced by HFD,enhancing beneficial bacteria associated with improved obesity,such as Bifido-bacterium,Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group,Ruminococcus,and Muribaculaceae.Fecal microbiota transplantation demonstrated that DDPD-induced alterations in microbiota effectively mitigated weight gain and lipid abnor-malities induced by HFD,while reshaping the microbiota composition of recipient mice to resemble that of donor mice.Notably,beneficial lipid metabolism bacterium Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group identified in donor mice successfully colonized in recipient mice.Additionally,transcriptomic analysis indicated that DDPD modulated lipid metabolism through regulating the expression of genes linked to Cpt1a,Agpat1,and Pnpla3.In conclusion,DDPD demonstrated promising anti-obesity properties,offering potential solutions to the global obesity epidemic.展开更多
Despite the growing interest in natural products for skin health,the potential of fermented Citrus aurantium L.var.amara Engl.Extracts remain underexplored.This study investigates,for the first time,the strain-specifi...Despite the growing interest in natural products for skin health,the potential of fermented Citrus aurantium L.var.amara Engl.Extracts remain underexplored.This study investigates,for the first time,the strain-specific effects of fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on the bioactive compo-sition and functional properties of this botanically significant material.The findings revealed that fermentation differentially enhanced bioactive constituents:S.cerevisiae significantly increased polypeptide and polyphenol levels,while L.plantarum notably elevated protein,polysaccharide,and flavonoid contents.Critically,fermented extracts demonstrated markedly improved anti-inflammatory performance.Both fermented products inhibited cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)expression,with S.cerevisiae fermentation exhibiting the strongest suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS).Furthermore,fermented samples(D2:L.plantarum;D3:S.cerevisiae)significantly reduced key pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α.For antioxidant capacity,the L.plantarum-fermented sample(D2)displayed superior scavenging abilities against ABTS and DPPH radicals.These results underscore that microbial fermentation-particularly in a strain-dependent manner-effectively enhances the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of C.aurantium var.amara.This study provides a foundational basis for developing novel natural ingredients aimed at skin-health applications in cosmetics,functional foods,and pharmaceuticals.展开更多
Objective To determine the effectiveness and safety of essential oil from Citrus aurantium on anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography.Methods A single-blind,randomized controlled trial was conducted in 80 ...Objective To determine the effectiveness and safety of essential oil from Citrus aurantium on anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography.Methods A single-blind,randomized controlled trial was conducted in 80 patients experiencing coronary angiography in Imam Ali Hospital in Kermanshah,Iran from April to November in 2016.All patients were randomly divided into intervention and control groups by a random number table,40 cases in each group.The patients in the intervention group inhaled Citrus aurantium essential oil for 15–20 min about 60 min before angiography.Following the same procedure,distilled water was used instead of Citrus aurantium in the control group.Spielbergers State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI)was filled in and vital signs including systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),respiratory and pulse rate were recorded before and 20 min after the intervention.Adverse reactions after intervention were observed.Results In the intervention group,the mean scores of STAI,SBP,DBP,respiratory and pulse rate were 53.30±10.13,134.82±11.75 mm Hg,84.49±6.99 mm Hg,17.87±1.73 times/min,and 76.48±12.55 beats/min at baseline and significantly decreased to 42.37±10.15,124.49±10.48 mm Hg,79.23±6.62 mm Hg,14.54±1.43 times/min,and 70.03±13.66 beats/min respectively 20 min after intervention(all P<0.05);however,in the control group,neither anxiety scores nor vital signs changed significantly(P>0.05).All subjects reported no adverse reactions.Conclusion Inhalation of the essential oil from Citrus aurantium was effective in reducing anxiety and stress levels in patients undergoing coronary angiography.展开更多
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites from aromatic plants and one of the most present classes in the vegetable kingdom.This is thanks to its antioxidant properties but also through its benefits on the human body that ...Flavonoids are secondary metabolites from aromatic plants and one of the most present classes in the vegetable kingdom.This is thanks to its antioxidant properties but also through its benefits on the human body that these molecules have become the center of interest of many researchers in recent years.They are found in large quantities in citrus species.The aim of this study is展开更多
Citrus aurantium L.(CAL)was a potential low-cost source of soluble dietary fiber(SDF).To make full use of this resource,a considerable efficiency cellulose degrading strain(Penicillium griseofulvum)was screened from s...Citrus aurantium L.(CAL)was a potential low-cost source of soluble dietary fiber(SDF).To make full use of this resource,a considerable efficiency cellulose degrading strain(Penicillium griseofulvum)was screened from soil humus and used in the modification of CAL-SDF.After fermentation by Penicillium griseofulvum,the structure characteristics and adsorption properties of CAL-SDF were improved.Under the optimum fermentation conditions,the yield of SDF enlarged from 5.47% to 20.0%.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)and Fourier infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)analysis showed that the microstructure became loose and porous after fermentation,unfermented SDF(U-SDF)and fermented SDF(F-SDF)had characteristic intake peaks of polysaccharide.The results of X-ray diffraction(XRD)and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)showed that the crystallization degree(from 16.50% to 23.15%)of SDF was improved by fermentation,which increased the thermal stability of SDF.The monosaccharide composition and average molecular weight(Mw)results showed that fermentation altered the monosaccharide percentage of SDF as well as significantly reduced the molecular weight(from 576,914 to 112,977 Da).Together,these alterations reduced the water holding capacity(from 11.31 to 1.31 g/g)and oil holding capacity(from 14.24 to 12.86 g/g)of SDF,but significant(P<0.05)increased water solubility(from 89.35% to 92.09%),the glucose dialysis retardation index(GDRI),cholesterol adsorption capacity(CAC)and nitrite adsorption capacity(NIAC).In summary,Penicillium griseofulvum could be used as a potential strain for the modification of the CAL-SDF.Moreover,F-SDF may be used as a functional food component,which will increase CAL’s value proposition.展开更多
基金supported by the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China (2012DFA30610)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30571291)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201203075-07)
文摘The Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) uses 3 silencing suppressor genes, p20, p23 and p25, to resist the attacks from its Citrus hosts. Inactivating these genes is therefore obviously a potential defensive option in addition to the current control strat-egies including aphid management and the use of mild strain cross protection. In this study, we cloned partial DNA frag-ments from the three genes, and used them to construct vectors for expressing hairpin RNAs (hpRNAs). To facilitate the formation of hpRNAs, the constructs were introduced in a loop structure. Fol owing transformation of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) with these constructs, 8 p20 hpRNA (hp20) and 1 p25 hpRNA (hp25) expressing lines were obtained. The 7 hp20 transgenic lines were further characterized. Their reactions to CTV were tested fol owing inoculation with CT14A and/or TR-L514, both of which are severe strains. Results showed that 3 lines (hp20-5, hp20-6 and hp20-8) were completely resistant to TR-L514 under greenhouse conditions for no detectable viral load was found in their leaves by PCR. However, they exhibited only partial suppression of TR-L514 under screen house conditions since the virus was detected in their leaves, though 2 months later compared to non-transgenic controls. Further tests showed that hp20-5 was tolerant also to CT14A under screen house conditions. The growth of hp20-5 was much better than others including the controls that were concurrently chal enged with CT14A. These results showed that expressing p20 hpRNA was sufifcient to confer sour orange with CTV resistance/tolerance.
文摘Anxiety is a very common mental disorder among neurological diseases. Some herbs have soothing effects and play an important role in reducing anxiety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interference with serotonergic pathway. Sixty male mice were assigned into control, sham (saline and olive oil), and experimental groups. Intraperitoneal injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil was applied at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent for 5 days. In another set of experiments, after intraperitoneal injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent for 5 days, on the 5th day, 30 minutes before applying essential oil, fluoxetine (2 mg/kg) was injected. Then, the anxiety-related behavior was assessed using elevated plus maze test. The results revealed that injection of essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. alone or along with fluoxetine led to increasing the number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in open arms that was significantly different compared with control and sham groups (P?< 0.001). Besides, further effects revealed when fluoxetine added to essential oils, however no more effects obtained when compared to fluoxetine alone. It is concluded that Citrus aurantium L. essential oil can reduce the anxiety in male mice and due to fluoxetin potentiation and maximum response observed, the herb may express its anxiolytic effects in part, via serotonergic system.
基金supported by‘Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science&Technology Development’(No.PJ01132001)funded by Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea
文摘Objective:To evaluate the possible protective effect of Citrus aurantium peel extract(CAE)against apoptosis in cholestatic liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation in mice.Methods:Male ICR mice were divided to 5 groups:1)Control group(Sham-operated mice),2)Cholestatic liver injury group induced by bile duct ligation(BDL),3)BDL mice treated with silymarin(200 mg/kg)for 4 weeks,4)BDL mice treated with 50 mg/kg CAE for 4 weeks,5)BDL mice treated with 200 mg/kg CAE for 4 weeks.Mice were sacrificed and liver fibrosis was evaluated by serum and hepatic tissue biochemistry tests and liver histopathological examination.Effects of CAE on inflammation and apoptosis gene regulation were investigated through real-time PCR.CAE effect on lipid metabolism related signaling was determined by western blot analysis.Results:In BDL mice,administration of CAE for 4 weeks markedly attenuated liver fibrosis based on histopathological alteration.Serum and hepatic tissue biochemistry results revealed that CAE(50 and 200 mg/kg)decreased the levels of alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminase,gamma glutamyl transferase,total bilirubin,nitric oxide,and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.Real-time PCR and western blot analysis showed that CAE regulated inflammation,apoptosis,and lipid metabolism factors increased by BDL.Interleukin family,tumor necrosis factorα,and related apoptosis factors m RNA levels were increased by BDL treatment.However,these increases were suppressed by CAE administration.In addition,CAE effectively increased phosphorylation of AMPactivated protein kinase,nuclear factor E2-related factor 2,and related cytoprotective proteins.Conclusions:CAE can efficiently regulate BDL-induced liver injury with antioxidant,antiinflammatory,and antiapoptotic activities.
基金supported by Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(SRFDP No.20112134120006)
文摘The present study was designed to investigate the chemical constituents of the fruit of Citrus aurantium L.. The compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. Two new phenolic glycosides(compounds 1 and 2) were obtained and identified as 1-O-3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl-(6-O-4-hydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(1) and 1-O-3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl-(6-O-3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(2), respectively.
文摘Background: Conscious patients admitted to intensive care units(ICUs) suffer from pain for various reasons, which can affect their recovery process.Objective: The present study compared the effects of aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium and lavender essential oils against placebo for reducing pain in conscious intensive care patients.Design, setting, participants and interventions: This study was a parallel randomized placebo-controlled trial. The ICUs of two educational hospitals in Kerman in Southeastern Iran were the study setting.One hundred and fifty conscious intensive care patients were randomly divided into three groups using a stratified block randomization method. Two groups received aromatherapy with essential oils: one with lavender and the other with C. aurantium;these patients received a 30-minute therapy session using their assigned essential oil on the second day of their intensive care stay. The placebo group used 5 drops of normal saline instead of essential oil during their session.Main outcome measures: Patient’s pain was assessed using a visual analog scale before the aromatherapy intervention, as well as immediately after and one and three hours after intervention.Results: The mean pain score of the lavender group was 40.01 before the aromatherapy intervention and fell to 39.40, 30.60 and 23.68 immediately after the intervention, and at hour one and three postintervention, respectively. The mean pain score of the C. aurantium group was 45.48 before the intervention and was reduced to 32.34 at three hours after the intervention. The mean pain of the placebo group decreased from 42.80 before the intervention to 35.20 at three hours after the intervention. Pain scores of all groups decreased during the study(P < 0.001). The mean pain of the lavender group was significantly lower than that of the placebo group at three hours after the intervention.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that aromatherapy with lavender essential oil reduced pain in conscious ICU patients. Our data could not justify the use of C. aurantium for reducing pain in this population.
文摘Anxiety is among the most common disorders affecting a great number of people. Different neurotransmitter systems, such as GABAergic system, play an important role in emergence of anxiety-related behaviors. In this study, we have investigated the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interaction with GABAergic pathways. Male mice were assigned into control, sham, and experimental groups. Intraperitoneal injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil was applied at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent for 5 days. Diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) was injected on the fifth day, thirty minutes before applying Citrus aurantium L. essential oil. The anxiety-related behavior of mice was then assessed using elevated plus-maze test. In groups receiving Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5 and 5 percent, the percent time spent in the open arms increased significantly (P Citrus aurantium L. essential oil resulted in increasing in the number of entries to the open arms and the percent time spent in the open arms (P Citrus aurantium L. essential oil can reduce anxiety-related behaviors in male mice thah may act via GABAergic system.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2100804)the Natural Science Foundation of ChangSha(kq2202334)+1 种基金Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund project of Hunan Province(2022CX02,2023CX23)Science and Technology Innovation&Entrepreneur Team of Hunan Kanglu Bio-medicine.
文摘Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of depression.This study aimed to explore the antidepressant effect of mature whole Citrus aurantium fruit extract(FEMC)in the chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)model.The behavioral tests were applied to assess antidepressant effect and 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the changes of gut microbiota.The results showed that the major components of FEMC were naringin and neohesperidin and significantly increased the sucrose preference index of the mice.FEMC also could reduce the feeding latency in an open field test and the rest time in a novelty suppressed feeding test.In addition,FEMC could increase CUMS-induced reduction in the levels of BDNF,PSD95,and SYN in the hippocampus.Moreover,FEMC intervention slightly decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota.Meanwhile,FEMC reduced the abundance of the Prevotellaceae_Ga6A1_group,[Ruminococcus]_torques_group,which have been reported to be closely related to inflammation.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis were involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of FEMC in the CUMS animal model.Finally,the ELISA results showed that FEMC could significantly reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-αin the serum of depressive mice.Our results suggest FEMC can am eliorate depressive behavior by i nhibiting gut microbiota-mediated inflammation in mice.
文摘Relationship between sociability and the amount of brain’s dopamine is very well known. In this study, we have examined the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interaction with dopaminergic pathways. 70 male mice were assigned into experimental, control, and sham groups. Essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. was injected intraperitonealy at doses of 0.5%, 2.5% and 5% for 5 days. Subcutaneous injection of haloperidol was administered on the fifth day, 30 minutes before the injection of the essential oil. The anxiety-related behavior of mice was then assessed by elevated plus-maze test. The result of this study showed that the injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5% and 5% increased significantly the time spent in the open arms (OAT) (p < 0.001), also there was a significant increase in the number of entries into the open arms (OAE). Injection of different doses of the essential oil along with haloperidol significantly increased OAT (p < 0.001(. The results demonstrate that the essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. along with haloperidol medication reduces anxiety-related behaviors.
文摘Due to our previous findings about the role of GABAegic neurotransmission in anxiolytic effects of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil, we are now presenting flomazenil interaction with this herb, as an antagonist of benzodiazepines at GABA receptor. The study was performed on 84 male albino mice assigned to 14 groups of six. The animals were injected intraperitoneally with the Citrus aurantium L. essential oil for 5 days. On the fifth day, either normal saline or flomazenil (0.1 mg/kg) was injected to the experimental groups. Thirty minutes after the injection, all the groups were assessed for anxiety-related behavior by elevated plus-maze test. In groups receiving Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5 and 5 percent, the time spent in the open arms increased significantly (P aurantium L. essential oil regarding the increment in the number of entries to the open arms and the time spent in the open arms (P aurantium L. essential oil induces its anxiolytic effects like benzodiazepines, in the same site at GABA receptor.
文摘To study the neuro protective effect of flavonoids extracts from immature bitter orange(Citrus aurantium L.),the PC12 cells treated with 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)were used as the Parkinson’s disease(PD)model.To determine the optimal dose of 6-OHDA for constructing a PD model,PC12 cells were incubated with different concentrations of 6-OHDA for 24 h.After 24 h incubation,PC12 cells of drug groups were added 6-OHDA and different concentrations of flavonoids extracts were measured cell viability by CCK8 for selecting effective concentration of flavonoids extracts;the ROS level was determined using flow cytometry;the levels of MDA,CAT,SOD and GSH-Px were assayed by Colorimetric kit for oxidative stress investigation.Compared with the model group,PC12 cell viability was significantly enhanced(P<0.05),the levels of ROS and MDA were reduced significantly(P<0.05),and the activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px were significantly enhanced(P<0.05)in drug groups.In conclusion,immature bitter orange flavonoids extracts could protect PC12 cells against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201960,32073020,32330084)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2022RC1150)+3 种基金Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2023JJ40364)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Hunan(2023CX49,2023CX30)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2100804)Science and Technology Innovation&Entrepreneur Team of Hunan Kanglu Bio-medicine.
文摘Obesity is a global pandemic and public health crisis over decades.Except for physical activity,dietary ad-justments,pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions,prebiotics,which are believed to relieve obesity by modulating the host gut microbiota,have been a hot research area in recent years.Thus,in this study,our objective was to investigate the effects of Citrus aurantium L.’Daidai’physiological premature fruit drop(DDPD)on obesity,and further explore whether the anti-obesity effects of DDPD relies on alterations in gut microbiota.Our findings revealed that supplementation with DDPD effectively alleviated HFD-induced obesity in mice,concomitantly reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.Moreover,DDPD reversed the imbalance of gut microbiota induced by HFD,enhancing beneficial bacteria associated with improved obesity,such as Bifido-bacterium,Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group,Ruminococcus,and Muribaculaceae.Fecal microbiota transplantation demonstrated that DDPD-induced alterations in microbiota effectively mitigated weight gain and lipid abnor-malities induced by HFD,while reshaping the microbiota composition of recipient mice to resemble that of donor mice.Notably,beneficial lipid metabolism bacterium Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group identified in donor mice successfully colonized in recipient mice.Additionally,transcriptomic analysis indicated that DDPD modulated lipid metabolism through regulating the expression of genes linked to Cpt1a,Agpat1,and Pnpla3.In conclusion,DDPD demonstrated promising anti-obesity properties,offering potential solutions to the global obesity epidemic.
基金Funded by Beijing Technology and Business University 2024 Graduate Research Ability Improvement Plan(19008024042).
文摘Despite the growing interest in natural products for skin health,the potential of fermented Citrus aurantium L.var.amara Engl.Extracts remain underexplored.This study investigates,for the first time,the strain-specific effects of fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on the bioactive compo-sition and functional properties of this botanically significant material.The findings revealed that fermentation differentially enhanced bioactive constituents:S.cerevisiae significantly increased polypeptide and polyphenol levels,while L.plantarum notably elevated protein,polysaccharide,and flavonoid contents.Critically,fermented extracts demonstrated markedly improved anti-inflammatory performance.Both fermented products inhibited cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)expression,with S.cerevisiae fermentation exhibiting the strongest suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS).Furthermore,fermented samples(D2:L.plantarum;D3:S.cerevisiae)significantly reduced key pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α.For antioxidant capacity,the L.plantarum-fermented sample(D2)displayed superior scavenging abilities against ABTS and DPPH radicals.These results underscore that microbial fermentation-particularly in a strain-dependent manner-effectively enhances the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of C.aurantium var.amara.This study provides a foundational basis for developing novel natural ingredients aimed at skin-health applications in cosmetics,functional foods,and pharmaceuticals.
文摘Objective To determine the effectiveness and safety of essential oil from Citrus aurantium on anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography.Methods A single-blind,randomized controlled trial was conducted in 80 patients experiencing coronary angiography in Imam Ali Hospital in Kermanshah,Iran from April to November in 2016.All patients were randomly divided into intervention and control groups by a random number table,40 cases in each group.The patients in the intervention group inhaled Citrus aurantium essential oil for 15–20 min about 60 min before angiography.Following the same procedure,distilled water was used instead of Citrus aurantium in the control group.Spielbergers State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI)was filled in and vital signs including systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),respiratory and pulse rate were recorded before and 20 min after the intervention.Adverse reactions after intervention were observed.Results In the intervention group,the mean scores of STAI,SBP,DBP,respiratory and pulse rate were 53.30±10.13,134.82±11.75 mm Hg,84.49±6.99 mm Hg,17.87±1.73 times/min,and 76.48±12.55 beats/min at baseline and significantly decreased to 42.37±10.15,124.49±10.48 mm Hg,79.23±6.62 mm Hg,14.54±1.43 times/min,and 70.03±13.66 beats/min respectively 20 min after intervention(all P<0.05);however,in the control group,neither anxiety scores nor vital signs changed significantly(P>0.05).All subjects reported no adverse reactions.Conclusion Inhalation of the essential oil from Citrus aurantium was effective in reducing anxiety and stress levels in patients undergoing coronary angiography.
文摘Flavonoids are secondary metabolites from aromatic plants and one of the most present classes in the vegetable kingdom.This is thanks to its antioxidant properties but also through its benefits on the human body that these molecules have become the center of interest of many researchers in recent years.They are found in large quantities in citrus species.The aim of this study is
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province of China(2022B020202003).
文摘Citrus aurantium L.(CAL)was a potential low-cost source of soluble dietary fiber(SDF).To make full use of this resource,a considerable efficiency cellulose degrading strain(Penicillium griseofulvum)was screened from soil humus and used in the modification of CAL-SDF.After fermentation by Penicillium griseofulvum,the structure characteristics and adsorption properties of CAL-SDF were improved.Under the optimum fermentation conditions,the yield of SDF enlarged from 5.47% to 20.0%.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)and Fourier infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)analysis showed that the microstructure became loose and porous after fermentation,unfermented SDF(U-SDF)and fermented SDF(F-SDF)had characteristic intake peaks of polysaccharide.The results of X-ray diffraction(XRD)and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)showed that the crystallization degree(from 16.50% to 23.15%)of SDF was improved by fermentation,which increased the thermal stability of SDF.The monosaccharide composition and average molecular weight(Mw)results showed that fermentation altered the monosaccharide percentage of SDF as well as significantly reduced the molecular weight(from 576,914 to 112,977 Da).Together,these alterations reduced the water holding capacity(from 11.31 to 1.31 g/g)and oil holding capacity(from 14.24 to 12.86 g/g)of SDF,but significant(P<0.05)increased water solubility(from 89.35% to 92.09%),the glucose dialysis retardation index(GDRI),cholesterol adsorption capacity(CAC)and nitrite adsorption capacity(NIAC).In summary,Penicillium griseofulvum could be used as a potential strain for the modification of the CAL-SDF.Moreover,F-SDF may be used as a functional food component,which will increase CAL’s value proposition.
