Based on structural surface normal vector spherical distance and the pole stereographic projection Euclidean distance,two distance functions were established.The cluster analysis of structure surface was conducted by ...Based on structural surface normal vector spherical distance and the pole stereographic projection Euclidean distance,two distance functions were established.The cluster analysis of structure surface was conducted by the use of ATTA clustering methods based on ant colony piles,and Silhouette index was introduced to evaluate the clustering effect.The clustering analysis of the measured data of Sanshandao Gold Mine shows that ant colony ATTA-based clustering method does better than K-mean clustering analysis.Meanwhile,clustering results of ATTA method based on pole Euclidean distance and ATTA method based on normal vector spherical distance have a great consistence.The clustering results are most close to the pole isopycnic graph.It can efficiently realize grouping of structural plane and determination of the dominant structural surface direction.It is made up for the defects of subjectivity and inaccuracy in icon measurement approach and has great engineering value.展开更多
In the areas of Viminacium and Nais four rare and unusual votive dedications were identified.These are the dedications Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,Hero(Viminacium),and Atta(Naissus).The dedications Deus Aeternus and Dii ...In the areas of Viminacium and Nais four rare and unusual votive dedications were identified.These are the dedications Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,Hero(Viminacium),and Atta(Naissus).The dedications Deus Aeternus and Dii Angeli may perhaps indicate Christianity,while the dedications Hero and Atta may indicate settlers of Greek origin.The dedication to goddess Atta could have been made by a freed man,since her cult was to an extent related to the cult of Heracles who,thanks to his loyal service to Omphale,where he was to repent his sins,was freed from slavery,and thus was also a protector of freed man.Main methodological approach in this paper is the analysis of cults as well as their backgrounds as conditions for their realisation.Until now for the territory of Serbia there was not corpus of analyzing cults.There is only corpus of grave and votive monuments for the territory of Serbia with very rare and sporadic comments of cult.So,the main topic of this article is analyzing of cults.It includes the main meaning of the cult,dateing of monuments and historical and archeological backgrounds of the cults.At the same time it was the main method in the analyzing of the mentioned votive monuments.By this method as the result appeared the dateing of the monuments and improvement of existing Greek settlers.At the same time there were the main research questions which should be ensolved.For ensolved the dateing of the monuments was used the system of analyzing syllabic formulae and for the improvement of existing Greek settlers the method of“healty mind”and connections of analogies.As a result the dateing of monuments of Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,and Hero was early 2-nd century,and for Atta from the beginning of 2-nd to the end of 3-rd century.展开更多
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is especially difficult to treat due to its rapid mutation rate. There are currently eleven different genomic subtypes of HIV-1, as well as a number of recombinant subtypes. An area ...Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is especially difficult to treat due to its rapid mutation rate. There are currently eleven different genomic subtypes of HIV-1, as well as a number of recombinant subtypes. An area of study in bioinformatics is the development of algorithms to identify the subtypes of HIV-1 genomes. Ant-based algorithms have the ability to find global solutions in optimizations problems, and are also able to process complex data efficiently. We proposed a new technique named Ant Colony Anchor Algorithm (ACAA), using anchors of training data on a topographic map to categorize HIV-1 sequences based on ant-based clustering. We used three sets of sequences from the POL region of the HIV-1 genome. We categorized these three dataset with the Subtype Analyzer (STAR), a current HIV-1 categorization algorithm, and the ACAA. We found that the ACAA returned higher accuracy values of 83.2%, 67.1%, and 53.5% for our three datasets respectively, than the STAR’s 47.3%, 49.4% and 18%. The results of the ACAA are the average results of 20 runs of the algorithm. We also observed the performance of the algorithm on specific subtypes, and observed that while the STAR and ACAA performed with similar accuracy on several subtypes (A, B, and C in particular), the ACAA had a significant advantage over the STAR in others, especially in categorizing recombinant subtypes.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of physical and chemical factors on transport and use of substrate for Atta sexdens rubropilosa workers. Three types of rectangular fragments were used to study th...The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of physical and chemical factors on transport and use of substrate for Atta sexdens rubropilosa workers. Three types of rectangular fragments were used to study the physical influence factors： filter paper with paraffin, filter paper without paraffin and polyester film. To study the chemical factors, some fragments were impregnated with organic extract of orange albedo, others were soaked with soybean oil and for the remaining ones nothing was applied. The fonowing parameters were evaluated： （i） attractiveness of substrate for transport and number of loading workers per treatment; （ii） foraged material incorporation; （iii） rejection by numbers of fragments deposited in the garbage or beside the fungus garden. All the polyester film fragments carried out to the fungus garden were subsequently rejected. We verified that chemical factors of the substrate were more quickly detected by the workers, whereas physical factors were used as a criterion in the decision-making to reject or accept the substrate collected.展开更多
Ants in the tribe Attini(Hymenoptera,Formicidae)maintain a 50 million-year-old lifestyle of co-evolution with symbiotic basidiomycetous fungi which they cultivate as essential source of nutrition.However,other microor...Ants in the tribe Attini(Hymenoptera,Formicidae)maintain a 50 million-year-old lifestyle of co-evolution with symbiotic basidiomycetous fungi which they cultivate as essential source of nutrition.However,other microorganisms have been reported from ant habitats indicating a higher diversity of consistently associated species than established to date.Recently,black yeast-like fungi have been reported as a possible symbiont,like a competitor of the actinomycete bacteria that grow in the integument of the insects.During the mating season,gynes of Atta capiguara and A.laevigata were collected from nests located in Botucatu,SP,Brazil and sampled using flotation technique.Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS,partial 28S(LSU)andβ-tubulin sequences revealed the occurrence of two novel species of Phialophora among the melanized fungi isolated.展开更多
Seed dispersal and subsequent recruitment is the template on which forest regeneration takes place.Hence,considering the scale over which ecological processes occur is key for understanding the overall impact of vario...Seed dispersal and subsequent recruitment is the template on which forest regeneration takes place.Hence,considering the scale over which ecological processes occur is key for understanding the overall impact of various dispersal agents.To explore leafcutter ant(Atta colombica)dispersal effectiveness in space and time,seed movement and subsequent recruitment of a large-seeded predominately vertebrate-dispersed tree,Simarouba amara(Aubl.Simaroubaceae),was investigated on Barro Colorado Island,Panama.At each of 218 reproductive-sized adults(>20 cm diameter at breast height),presence or absence of a leafcutter ant colony was noted,with extensive checks for Atta activity taking place at or in close proximity to seed and seedling transects,which extended 4 cardinal directions for 30 m from each reproductive female tree(n=74).Only at 2 S.amara trees were nests observed,and in these areas a dense S.amara seedling carpet was observed.Although nearby nest and dump sites might increase local S.amara recruitment in the short term,mortality at these sites is complete or nearly so.Hence,the seed dispersal effectiveness by leafcutter ants appears to be ephemeral and likely contributes inconsequentially to the long-term recruitment and distribution patterns of the species.This finding highlights the importance of evaluating disperser effectiveness at ecologically relevant spatiotemporal scales.展开更多
基金Project(41272304)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(51074177)jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation and Shanghai Baosteel Group Corporation,ChinaProject(CX2012B070)supported by Hunan Provincial Innovation Fund for Postgraduated Students,China
文摘Based on structural surface normal vector spherical distance and the pole stereographic projection Euclidean distance,two distance functions were established.The cluster analysis of structure surface was conducted by the use of ATTA clustering methods based on ant colony piles,and Silhouette index was introduced to evaluate the clustering effect.The clustering analysis of the measured data of Sanshandao Gold Mine shows that ant colony ATTA-based clustering method does better than K-mean clustering analysis.Meanwhile,clustering results of ATTA method based on pole Euclidean distance and ATTA method based on normal vector spherical distance have a great consistence.The clustering results are most close to the pole isopycnic graph.It can efficiently realize grouping of structural plane and determination of the dominant structural surface direction.It is made up for the defects of subjectivity and inaccuracy in icon measurement approach and has great engineering value.
文摘In the areas of Viminacium and Nais four rare and unusual votive dedications were identified.These are the dedications Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,Hero(Viminacium),and Atta(Naissus).The dedications Deus Aeternus and Dii Angeli may perhaps indicate Christianity,while the dedications Hero and Atta may indicate settlers of Greek origin.The dedication to goddess Atta could have been made by a freed man,since her cult was to an extent related to the cult of Heracles who,thanks to his loyal service to Omphale,where he was to repent his sins,was freed from slavery,and thus was also a protector of freed man.Main methodological approach in this paper is the analysis of cults as well as their backgrounds as conditions for their realisation.Until now for the territory of Serbia there was not corpus of analyzing cults.There is only corpus of grave and votive monuments for the territory of Serbia with very rare and sporadic comments of cult.So,the main topic of this article is analyzing of cults.It includes the main meaning of the cult,dateing of monuments and historical and archeological backgrounds of the cults.At the same time it was the main method in the analyzing of the mentioned votive monuments.By this method as the result appeared the dateing of the monuments and improvement of existing Greek settlers.At the same time there were the main research questions which should be ensolved.For ensolved the dateing of the monuments was used the system of analyzing syllabic formulae and for the improvement of existing Greek settlers the method of“healty mind”and connections of analogies.As a result the dateing of monuments of Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,and Hero was early 2-nd century,and for Atta from the beginning of 2-nd to the end of 3-rd century.
文摘Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is especially difficult to treat due to its rapid mutation rate. There are currently eleven different genomic subtypes of HIV-1, as well as a number of recombinant subtypes. An area of study in bioinformatics is the development of algorithms to identify the subtypes of HIV-1 genomes. Ant-based algorithms have the ability to find global solutions in optimizations problems, and are also able to process complex data efficiently. We proposed a new technique named Ant Colony Anchor Algorithm (ACAA), using anchors of training data on a topographic map to categorize HIV-1 sequences based on ant-based clustering. We used three sets of sequences from the POL region of the HIV-1 genome. We categorized these three dataset with the Subtype Analyzer (STAR), a current HIV-1 categorization algorithm, and the ACAA. We found that the ACAA returned higher accuracy values of 83.2%, 67.1%, and 53.5% for our three datasets respectively, than the STAR’s 47.3%, 49.4% and 18%. The results of the ACAA are the average results of 20 runs of the algorithm. We also observed the performance of the algorithm on specific subtypes, and observed that while the STAR and ACAA performed with similar accuracy on several subtypes (A, B, and C in particular), the ACAA had a significant advantage over the STAR in others, especially in categorizing recombinant subtypes.
文摘The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of physical and chemical factors on transport and use of substrate for Atta sexdens rubropilosa workers. Three types of rectangular fragments were used to study the physical influence factors： filter paper with paraffin, filter paper without paraffin and polyester film. To study the chemical factors, some fragments were impregnated with organic extract of orange albedo, others were soaked with soybean oil and for the remaining ones nothing was applied. The fonowing parameters were evaluated： （i） attractiveness of substrate for transport and number of loading workers per treatment; （ii） foraged material incorporation; （iii） rejection by numbers of fragments deposited in the garbage or beside the fungus garden. All the polyester film fragments carried out to the fungus garden were subsequently rejected. We verified that chemical factors of the substrate were more quickly detected by the workers, whereas physical factors were used as a criterion in the decision-making to reject or accept the substrate collected.
基金The authors would like to thank D.Smith and G.Omer for technical support with DNA purification,PCR and sequencing.Laboratory work at the CBS was financed by the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Science(KNAW)the Fonds voor Economische Stuctuurversterking(FES)with the grant‘Barcoding the CBS collections’.Laboratory work at UNESP was financed by CNPq(proc.305.457/2001-0 and 560.682/2010-7).
文摘Ants in the tribe Attini(Hymenoptera,Formicidae)maintain a 50 million-year-old lifestyle of co-evolution with symbiotic basidiomycetous fungi which they cultivate as essential source of nutrition.However,other microorganisms have been reported from ant habitats indicating a higher diversity of consistently associated species than established to date.Recently,black yeast-like fungi have been reported as a possible symbiont,like a competitor of the actinomycete bacteria that grow in the integument of the insects.During the mating season,gynes of Atta capiguara and A.laevigata were collected from nests located in Botucatu,SP,Brazil and sampled using flotation technique.Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS,partial 28S(LSU)andβ-tubulin sequences revealed the occurrence of two novel species of Phialophora among the melanized fungi isolated.
文摘Seed dispersal and subsequent recruitment is the template on which forest regeneration takes place.Hence,considering the scale over which ecological processes occur is key for understanding the overall impact of various dispersal agents.To explore leafcutter ant(Atta colombica)dispersal effectiveness in space and time,seed movement and subsequent recruitment of a large-seeded predominately vertebrate-dispersed tree,Simarouba amara(Aubl.Simaroubaceae),was investigated on Barro Colorado Island,Panama.At each of 218 reproductive-sized adults(>20 cm diameter at breast height),presence or absence of a leafcutter ant colony was noted,with extensive checks for Atta activity taking place at or in close proximity to seed and seedling transects,which extended 4 cardinal directions for 30 m from each reproductive female tree(n=74).Only at 2 S.amara trees were nests observed,and in these areas a dense S.amara seedling carpet was observed.Although nearby nest and dump sites might increase local S.amara recruitment in the short term,mortality at these sites is complete or nearly so.Hence,the seed dispersal effectiveness by leafcutter ants appears to be ephemeral and likely contributes inconsequentially to the long-term recruitment and distribution patterns of the species.This finding highlights the importance of evaluating disperser effectiveness at ecologically relevant spatiotemporal scales.
