The exploitation and utilization of the tour resources of tournament athletics, including skiling, boat sailing, archery, ice engraving, snow engrav ing, has become a new trend of the development of Chinese tourism. D...The exploitation and utilization of the tour resources of tournament athletics, including skiling, boat sailing, archery, ice engraving, snow engrav ing, has become a new trend of the development of Chinese tourism. Due to the un ique cold climate and superior geographic location,Harbin is a promising city f or developing tour resources of tournament athletics. Based on the analysis of t he superiority and peculiarity of Harbin,the speculation on development of tour resources of tournament athletics in Harbin is proposed as follows:1) Harbin s hould develop its special tour resources of tournament athletics associated with needs of market; 2) Harbin should take the advantages of rich resources and dev elop ice and snow entertainment in winter and travel for sight-seeing and spend ing summer; 3) the adjustment of the layout of ice and snow resources should be based on the idea of taking Harbin as the center and all-side opening at the la rge scale in the way of radiation; 4) tourism should be developed by the combine d efforts of various departments to make feasible plan, and the organizers shoul d pay much attention to ensuring the safety of tourists.展开更多
Extreme value theory provides methods to analyze the most extreme parts of data. We used the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to predict the ultimate 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 4 × 100 m relay, and long jum...Extreme value theory provides methods to analyze the most extreme parts of data. We used the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to predict the ultimate 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 4 × 100 m relay, and long jump records of male gold medalists at the Olympics. The diagnostic plots, which assessed the accuracy of the GEV model, were fitted to all event records, validating the model. The 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 4 × 100 m, and long jump records had negative shape parameters and calculated upper limits of 9.58 s, 19.18 s, 42.97 s, 36.71 s, and 9.03 m, respectively. The calculated upper limit in the 100 m (9.58 s) was equal to the record of Usain Bolt (August 16, 2009). The 100 m and 200 m world records were close to the calculated upper limits, and achieving the calculated limit was difficult. The 400 m and 4 × 100 m relay world records were almost equal to the calculated upper limits and the 500-year return level estimate, and slight improvement was possible in both. At the Tokyo Olympics in August 2021, in the 100 m, 200 m, and 4 × 100 m, in one year the probability of occurrence for a record was about 1/30. In the 400 m and long jump, it was about 1/20. In the 100 m, 200 m, and 4 × 100 m relay, more difficult records show that a fierce battle has taken place.展开更多
ON the evening of August 12, the 30th London Summer Olympic Games came to a close when the flame at the Olympic Stadium was extinguished as each country received one of the cauldrons 204 copper petals. In this year＇s...ON the evening of August 12, the 30th London Summer Olympic Games came to a close when the flame at the Olympic Stadium was extinguished as each country received one of the cauldrons 204 copper petals. In this year＇s Olympics, 10,500 athletes, including nearly 900 African athletes, participated in 302 medal events in all 26 sports.展开更多
In recent years, the NCAA student athlete population in the United States has surpassed 500,000, and is continuing to rise each year [1]. These student athletes work their entire lives academically and athletically to...In recent years, the NCAA student athlete population in the United States has surpassed 500,000, and is continuing to rise each year [1]. These student athletes work their entire lives academically and athletically to reach the ultimate goal: competing in university athletics. However, when these athletes reach university, they are met with non-stop training, homework, exams, and evolving social lives. We have conducted a study at the University of Evansville evaluating how participation in university athletics may impact mental health status among these student athletes, as well as measuring players’ awareness of accessible mental health resources. Over fifty percent of participants reported experiencing at least one mental health condition while competing in their sport;eighty percent reported having knowledge of the mental health resources available to them on campus, however, nearly thirty percent of those knowledgeable reported not knowing how to access these resources. This has indicated a gap in awareness and utilization of mental health resources among student athletes at the University of Evansville.展开更多
Purpose The aims of this study were to propose an alternative method to assess an optimal performance improvement rate(PIR)that would be used as a tool for coaches and elite athletes willing to reach their personal be...Purpose The aims of this study were to propose an alternative method to assess an optimal performance improvement rate(PIR)that would be used as a tool for coaches and elite athletes willing to reach their personal best,mainly those seeking for national,continental or even world record(WR)in middle-distance events.We further compared the improvement rate of women vs.men of the top-10 ranked athletes in the IAAF running these middle-distance events Method The top 10 athletes in the IAAF ranking of 800 m,1500 m,and 3000 m events for each sex were assessed for their history of race times before achieving their personal record(PR).The difference between PR(‘actual’season)and the best race time in the last season was defined as the 1st season improvement rate(1-SIR),whereas the average improvement rate in the last and preceding seasons was the multi-season improvement rate(M-SIR).1-SIR and M-SIR were calculated for each athlete.Result There were sex differences in the 1500 m with a large effect size(d=−0.746)in 1-SIR(P=0.001)and very large(d=−2.249)in M-SIR(P=0.001).Women improved more than men before the PR/WR achievements in the 800 m and 1500 m events(P=0.001)and had similar improvement rates before performing PR/WR in 3000 m events(P=0.533).Conclusion Women improve more before PR/WR achievement in 800 m and 1500 m races.However,in the 3000 m men and women have similar improvement rates in previous seasons before the PR/WR achievement.展开更多
Background Quantifying the potential benefits of advanced footwear technology(AFT)track shoes(i.e.,“spikes”)in middle-distance events is challenging,because repeated maximal effort trials(as in sprinting)or aerobic ...Background Quantifying the potential benefits of advanced footwear technology(AFT)track shoes(i.e.,“spikes”)in middle-distance events is challenging,because repeated maximal effort trials(as in sprinting)or aerobic running economy trials(as in long-distance running)are not feasible.Methods We introduce a novel approach to assess the benefits of AFT spikes,consisting of a series of 200-m runs at self-perceived middle-distance race pace with 10 min recovery,and conduct 4 experiments to evaluate its validity,sensitivity,reproducibility,and utility.Results In Experiment 1,participants ran 1.2%slower in spikes with 200 g added mass vs.control spikes,which is exactly equal to the known effects of shoe mass on running performance.In Experiment 2,participants ran significantly faster in AFT prototype spikes vs.traditional spikes.In Experiment 3,we compared 2 other AFT prototype spikes against traditional spikes on 3 separate days.Group-level results were consistent across days,but our data indicates that at least 2 separate sessions are needed to evaluate individual responses.In Experiment 4,participants ran significantly faster in 2 AFT spike models vs.traditional spikes(2.1%and 1.6%).Speed was similar between a third AFT spike model and the traditional spikes.These speed results were mirrored by changes in step length as participants took significantly longer steps in the 2 faster AFT spike models(2.3%and 1.9%),while step length was similar between the other spikes.Conclusion Our novel,interval-based approach is a valid and reliable method for quantifying differences between spikes at middle-distance running intensity.展开更多
BACKGROUND In pediatric and adolescent athletes,there is a lack of understanding about the impact of factors such as race on the structural or cardiovascular adaptations in response to exercise which may unnecessarily...BACKGROUND In pediatric and adolescent athletes,there is a lack of understanding about the impact of factors such as race on the structural or cardiovascular adaptations in response to exercise which may unnecessarily disqualify athletes from the competitive sport.We hypothesized that race has an impact on cardiac adaptions in non-adult athletes.AIM To explore the racial disparity in electrocardiographic(ECG)and echocardiographic(ECHO)parameters in healthy adolescent athletes.METHODS A comprehensive electronic systematic literature search using MEDLINE database was performed from inception to September 20,2024.Inclusion criteria included randomized or observational cohort studies that recruited adolescent competitive athletes in any sport discipline and compared between the Black and White races with an age range of 12-18 years.RESULTS Of 723 records that were identified by the literature search,seven studies(n=5036)were included.The mean age was 13.0-18.0 years old with male predominance.Black athletes had significantly longer PR interval[mean difference(MD)=17.49 millisecond,95% CI:11.70-23.29]and shorter QRS complex duration(MD=-7.35 millisecond,95% CI:-9.17 to-5.53)and corrected QT interval(MD=-4.95 millisecond,95% CI:-7.69 to-2.22)than the White athletes.Black athletes were approximately four times more likely to have first-degree atrioventricular(AV)block,inverted T wave,ST-segment elevation,and left atrium(LA)enlargement than their White counterparts.In terms of ECHO parameters,Black athletes had significantly greater septal wall thickness(MD=0.85 mm,95% CI:0.62-1.07),posterior wall thickness(MD=1.07 mm,95% CI:0.36-1.78),relative wall thickness(MD=0.03,95%CI:0.001-0.06),maximal wall thickness(MD=1.05 mm,95%CI:0.28-1.83),and LA diameter(MD=1.64 mm,95%CI:0.16-3.12).CONCLUSION Race has an impact on the ECG and ECHO parameters that reflect cardiac adaptations in adolescent athletes.Black athletes tend to have an increased prevalence of distinct ECG changes such as first-degree AV block and T-wave inversions compared with their White counterparts.Despite having thicker septal and posterior walls,the overall prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy did not differ between the races.展开更多
1.Background When searching for the term“muscle power”on Google Scholar,about 3.7 million hits come up in 60 ms,and for the past 3 years,there were approximately 225 yearly peer-reviewed publications dealing with mu...1.Background When searching for the term“muscle power”on Google Scholar,about 3.7 million hits come up in 60 ms,and for the past 3 years,there were approximately 225 yearly peer-reviewed publications dealing with muscle power.Muscle power has been used to assess and predict athletic performance,to determine muscle rehabilitation following injury or disease,to measure functional decline as occurs in aging,and many other topics.展开更多
Background:Preparticipation examinations(PPEs)are unstandardized screening tools routinely used to collect an athlete's baseline health information prior to the start of a new competitive season.However,many PPEs ...Background:Preparticipation examinations(PPEs)are unstandardized screening tools routinely used to collect an athlete's baseline health information prior to the start of a new competitive season.However,many PPEs include minimal and often nonspecific questions related to the health concerns of female athletes.A lack of female athlete specific health questions could result in missed red flags and subsequent injury or illness.As such,the objectives of this scoping review were to(a)determine what female athlete specific health questions currently exist in PPEs in the scientific literature to prevent injury and illness,and(b)map the results against the health domains outlined in the International Olympic Committee(IOC)consensus statement supplement on the female athlete.Methods:We searched Embase,Scopus,CINAHL,Medline Ovid,and SPORTDiscus from inception to December 2022.Any study with female athlete specific health PPE questions or recommendations for questions(i.e.,menstrual health,eating habits,musculoskeletal health,etc.)was included.Three reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts,followed by full text articles for eligibility and data extraction,with conflicts resolved by a third-party reviewer.Extracted data were summarized into 3 determined groupings.Results:Of the 1356 studies screened,41 were included in this study.Forty studies(98%)included questions/recommendations related to menstrual health.Thirty-one studies(76%)had questions/recommendations concerning disordered eating/eating habits.Twenty-four studies(59%)referred to body weight/image,and 16 studies(39%)referred to musculoskeletal health.No studies included questions on all IOC female athlete health domains.Conclusion:There is currently a gap in female athlete specific health content included in PPEs.A more comprehensive,standardized PPE with a focus on inclusion of female athlete specific health questions and considerations should be developed to improve health and optimal participation of female athletes around the world.展开更多
The athletic spirit goes beyond mere competition;it reflects the personal qualities that athletes embody both on and off the field.Central to this spirit is willpower,the inner strength that drives athletes to maintai...The athletic spirit goes beyond mere competition;it reflects the personal qualities that athletes embody both on and off the field.Central to this spirit is willpower,the inner strength that drives athletes to maintain rigorous training schedules and push their limits.This determination is essential for achieving excellence,especially when faced with challenges and setbacks.展开更多
Background:Ischemic preconditioning(IPC)is purported to have beneficial effects on athletic performance,although findings are inconsistent,with some studies reporting placebo effects.The majority of studies have inves...Background:Ischemic preconditioning(IPC)is purported to have beneficial effects on athletic performance,although findings are inconsistent,with some studies reporting placebo effects.The majority of studies have investigated IPC alongside a placebo condition,but without a control condition that was devoid of experimental manipulation,thereby limiting accurate determination of the IPC effects.Therefore,the aims of this study were to assess the impact of the IPC intervention,compared to both placebo and no intervention,on exercise capacity and athletic performance.Methods:A systematic search of PubMed,Embase,SPORTDiscus,Cochrane Library,and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature(LILACS)covering records from their inception until July 2023 was conducted.To qualify for inclusion,studies had to apply IPC as an acute intervention,comparing it with placebo and/or control conditions.Outcomes of interest were performance(force,number of repetitions,power,time to exhaustion,and time trial performance),physiological measurements(maximum oxygen consumption,and heart rate),or perceptual measurements(RPE).For each outcome measure,we conducted 3 independent meta-analyses(IPC vs.placebo,IPC vs.control,placebo vs.control)using an inverse-variance random-effects model.The between-treatment effects were quantified by the standardized mean difference(SMD),accompanied by their respective 95%confidence intervals.Additionally,we employed the Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE)approach to assess the level of certainty in the evidence.Results:Seventy-nine studies were included in the quantitative analysis.Overall,IPC demonstrates a comparable effect to the placebo condition(using a low-pressure tourniquet),irrespective of the subjects'training level(all outcomes presenting p>0.05),except for the outcome of time to exhaustion,which exhibits a small magnitude effect(SMD=0.37;p=0.002).Additionally,the placebo exhibited effects notably greater than the control condition(outcome:number of repetitions;SMD=0.45;p=0.03),suggesting a potential influence of participants'cognitive perception on the outcomes.However,the evidence is of moderate to low certainty,regardless of the comparison or outcome.Conclusion:IPC has significant effects compared to the control intervention,but it did not surpass the placebo condition.Its administration might be influenced by the cognitive perception of the receiving subject,and the efficacy of IPC as an ergogenic strategy for enhancing exercise capacity and athletic performance remains questionable.展开更多
Background:Iron facilitates key biological functions underpinning sports performance,and up to 60%of female athletes experience iron deficiency.However,the effects of iron deficiency on sports performance in female at...Background:Iron facilitates key biological functions underpinning sports performance,and up to 60%of female athletes experience iron deficiency.However,the effects of iron deficiency on sports performance in female athletes is unclear,as are the degree of benefits of iron supplementation(FeSup).This study characterizes the effects of iron deficiency and FeSup on sports performance in high-level female athletes.Methods:Searches of the electronic databases MEDLINE,SPORTDiscus,Web of Science,Scopus,and CINAHL were performed in July 2023.Studies were included that evaluated the effects of iron deficiency or FeSup on sports performance in high-level(maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)>45 mL/kg/min,or trained>5 h/week)iron deficient(ID)(serum ferritin(sFer)<40 mg/L)female athletes.Studies were assessed using a modified Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist.Results:A total of 23 studies comprising 669 athletes(age range:13-47 years)across 16 sports were included in the review.Iron deficiency negatively affects endurance performance by 3%-4%.However,endurance performance improved by 2%-20%when ID athletes were treated with 100 mg/day of elemental iron for up to 56 days via oral supplementation,or bi-daily via parenteral administration over 8-10 days.ID nonanemic athletes with low sFer stores may be predisposed to reduced maximal aerobic capacity.However,maximal aerobic capacity improved by 6%-15%following 16 mg/day-100 mg/day of elemental iron for 36-126 days.Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power performance may be impeded(-23%to+4%)among ID athletes,but the effect of FeSup on anaerobic power varied markedly(-5%to+9%)following 100 mg/day of elemental iron over 42-56 days,or 100 mg of elemental iron bi-daily over 8-10 days.The quality of studies was moderate(77%),ranging from low(57%)to high(100%).Moststudies(n=18)contained group sizes-20 athletes,thus limiting the likelihood of detecting significant effects(statistical power>0.80).Conclusion:High-level ID female athletes experience a negative impact on endurance performance,which can be improved by supplementing with»100 mg of elemental iron per day or bi-daily.The decrements in other performance parameters characterizing a range of sports coincide with the severity of iron deficiency.展开更多
Background:A greater prevalence of arrhythmias has been described in endurance athletes,but it remains unclear whether this risk persists after detraining.We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of arrhythmias and their r...Background:A greater prevalence of arrhythmias has been described in endurance athletes,but it remains unclear whether this risk persists after detraining.We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of arrhythmias and their relationship with cardiac remodeling in lifelong and retired master endurance athletes compared to non-athletic controls.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional analysis of observational studies that used echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance to detail cardiac structure and function,and Holter monitors to identify atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in 185 endurance athletes and 81 non-athletic controls aged≥40 years.Athletes were categorized as active lifelong(n=144)or retired(n=41)based on hours per week of high-intensity endurance exercise within 5 years of enrollment and validated by percentage of predicted maximal oxygen consumption(VO_(2max)).Athletes with overt cardiomyopathies,channelopathies,pre-excitation,and/or myocardial infarction were excluded.Results:Lifelong athletes(median age=55 years(interquartile range(IQR):46-62),79%male)were significantly fitter than retired athletes(median age=66 years(IQR:58-71),95%male)and controls(median age=53 years(IQR:48-60),96%male),respectively(predicted VO_(2max):131%±18%vs.99%±14%vs.98%±15%,p<0.001).Compared to controls,athletes in our cohort had a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation((AF):32%vs.0%,p<0.001)and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia((NSVT):9%vs.1%,p=0.007).There was no difference in prevalence of any arrhythmia between lifelong and retired athletes.Lifelong athletes had larger ventricular volumes than retired athletes,who had ventricular volumes similar to controls(left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area(LVEDVi):101±20 m L/m^(2)vs.86±16 mL/m^(2)vs.94±18 mL/m^(2),p<0.001;right ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area(RVEDVi):117±23 mL/m^(2)vs.101±19 mL/m^(2)vs.100±19 mL/m^(2),p<0.001).Athletes had more scar(40%vs.18%,p=0.002)and larger left atria(median volume=45m L/m^(2)(IQR:38-52)vs.31 mL/m^(2)(IQR:25-38),p<0.001)than controls,with no difference in atrial volumes and non-ischaemic scar between the athlete groups.Conclusion:Master endurance athletes have a higher prevalence of AF and NSVT than non-athletic controls.Whereas ventricular remodeling tends to reverse with detraining,the propensity to arrhythmias persists regardless of whether they are actively exercising or retired.展开更多
The VISA-P originally developed to assess patellar tendinopathy severity,is increasingly being applied to patellofemoral pain(PFP)assessment.This editorial examines the expanding role of VISA-P within the context of e...The VISA-P originally developed to assess patellar tendinopathy severity,is increasingly being applied to patellofemoral pain(PFP)assessment.This editorial examines the expanding role of VISA-P within the context of existing patientreported outcome measures(PROMs)for PFP,such as the Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Patellofemoral Pain and Osteoarthritis.While VISA-P offers advantages in brevity,readability,and temporal stability,its original design targeting athletic populations with patellar tendinopathy limits its specificity and comparability when applied broadly to heterogeneous PFP populations.Moreover,VISA-P currently lacks validated diagnostic thresholds to guide clinical decision-making.Although the recent validation of VISA-P in Spanish-speaking populations enhances accessibility,caution is advised in its widespread adoption without clear delineation of its role relative to other PROMs.The editorial argues for careful contextual use of VISA-P,emphasizing the need for tools that balance specificity,efficiency,and universality to capture the complex spectrum of PFP across diverse populations.展开更多
Background:Although there is growing evidence of the use of artificial intelligence(AI)techniques in sports,ethical issues surrounding AI use are being discussed at a minimal level.Thus,this systematic scoping review ...Background:Although there is growing evidence of the use of artificial intelligence(AI)techniques in sports,ethical issues surrounding AI use are being discussed at a minimal level.Thus,this systematic scoping review aimed to summarize the current ethical implications associated with using AI in sports.Methods:In this study,a total of 9 databases-MEDLINE/PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,ProQuest,EBSCOhost,IEEE Xplore,Web of Science,Scopus,and Google Scholar--were searched.The review protocol was registered(https://osfio/42a8q)before extracting data.The search yielded 397 studies,and 25 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results:The 25 studies were categorized into 4 primary ethical concerns:fairness and bias,transparency and explainability,privacy and data ethics,and accountability in AI's application in sports.These categorizations were derived based on the systematic review ofethical issues highlighted across the selected studies.Fifteen studies delved into fairness and bias,focusing on how AI can perpetuate existing inequalities in sports.Thirteen studies addressed the lack of transparency,emphasizing the challenges in interpretability and trust in AI-driven decisions.Privacy and data ethics emerged as significant in22 studies,highlighting risks related to the misuse of athletes’sensitive data.Finally,account-ability was examined in 8 studies,stressing the ethical obligations of AI developers and users in sports contexts.The thematic analysis revealed overlapping concerns,as some studies addressed multiple issues simultaneously.Conclusion:Future research should focus on developing ethical frameworks tailored to underrepresented sports contexts and creating global standards for AI regulation in sports.This includes investigating the implications of AI applications in amateur sports,enhancing diversity in AI training datasets,and exploring the integration of ethical AI practices across various sports governance structures.展开更多
Background: There are links between physical exercise, fine particles and the prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of exercise-induced bronch...Background: There are links between physical exercise, fine particles and the prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in students of sciences and techniques of physical activities and sports (STAPS) exercising in a hot, humid and relatively polluted environment. Methods: Twenty-two first-year undergraduate students, including 11 in PE and 11 in SPORT, aged 21.64 ± 1.80 years, participated in a football match. Resting spirometry was performed before and 5 minutes after the match. During the match, particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) was measured every 10 minutes around the football pitch. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded. The diagnosis of EIB was based on a decrease in FEV1 of at least 10% after the match. If there was a decrease, the participant was considered susceptible to EIB. Results: Five subjects were positive for exercise-induced bronchospasm, a percentage of 22%. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were 34.22˚C ± 1.38˚C and 52.2% ± 4.97%, respectively. Concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were between 53.3 - 115.5 µg/m3 and 75.5 - 168.2 µg/m3, respectively, exceeding WHO limits. Conclusion: These results show a high incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in students without a history of asthma but exercising in a hot, humid and environment polluted by fine particles.展开更多
IT took Han Zhong and his teammates over two hours to walk more than 9.5 kilometers along the Qingshangang,a watercourse that feeds a local steel manufacturing giant in Wuhan,central China’s Hubei Province,on a swelt...IT took Han Zhong and his teammates over two hours to walk more than 9.5 kilometers along the Qingshangang,a watercourse that feeds a local steel manufacturing giant in Wuhan,central China’s Hubei Province,on a sweltering summer day.They weren’t hiking enthusiasts nor seasoned athletes.They were exploring the city’s wetland landscape.展开更多
Background: Biological maturation refers to the progressive process through which individuals transition toward an adult state during growth and development. To address the challenges posed by differences in biologica...Background: Biological maturation refers to the progressive process through which individuals transition toward an adult state during growth and development. To address the challenges posed by differences in biological maturity and the limitations of existing testing methods, particularly in adolescent sports contexts, there is a pressing need for a non-invasive method that is convenient, accurate, and broadly applicable to monitor the biological maturity of adolescent athletes comprehensively. In response to this need, a maturity assessment method based on the smartphone application Maturo has been developed. This study evaluates the accuracy and validity of the Maturo software, an automated tool for estimating biological age and related maturation metrics.Methods: A sample of 103 actively training teenage athletes aged 9-17 years. The sample included 76 males(age = 11.74 ± 1.55 years, mean ±SD) and 27 females(age = 13.95 ± 1.40 years), all without medical conditions that might impact growth or development.Results: Compared to traditional expert evaluations, the intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs) and Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated reliable positive correlations and significant agreement between the Maturo software and expert methods across multiple metrics, such as biological age(ICC = 0.965, R = 0.97), corrected biological age(ICC = 0.973, R = 0.99), predicted adult height(ICC = 0.991, R = 0.99), and percentage of adult height achieved(ICC = 0.955, R = 0.97). The Bland-Altman plots provided additional evidence of the validity of the Maturo software estimations, showing low systematic error in most measures. The linear regression analysis produced excellent adjusted R2values: 0.95for biological age and 0.99 for anticipated adult height. The Maturo approach demonstrated a high level of dependability in classifying teenagers into groups based on their maturity status and timing. The κ coefficients of 0.93 for maturity status and 0.82 for maturity timing indicate a nearly perfect agreement with the expert technique.Conclusion: While the Maturo software's non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use could make it a potential tool for regular monitoring of growth and maturation in young athletes, its promising results in assessing maturation should be interpreted with caution due to limitations such as sample size and demographic constraints. Further longitude research with larger and more diverse populations is needed to validate these preliminary findings and strengthen the evidence for its broader applicability.展开更多
Background:Psychological stress from academic and athletic demands adversely affects college athletes’mental health,the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain insufficiently understood.Therefore,this study...Background:Psychological stress from academic and athletic demands adversely affects college athletes’mental health,the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain insufficiently understood.Therefore,this study focuses on the Chinese college athletes and explores the relationship among mindfulness,stress coping,burnout,and mental health.Methods:The study used a sample of 500 student athletes from five higher sports colleges in China,collected data on various variables using standardized psychometric instruments,and analyzed the path relationships and mediating effects among the variables using structural equation modeling(SEM)and bootstrap methods.Results:Mindfulness significantly improved stress coping ability(β=0.721,p<0.001),and stress coping significantly improved mental health(β=0.606,p=0.027)and reduced burnout levels(β=−0.225,p<0.001).Burnout had a significant negative impact on mental health(β=−0.113,p=0.015).Mediation effect analysis revealed that stress coping played a mediating role between mindfulness and mental health(β=0.797,p<0.001),while the mediating effect of burnout was not statistically significant.When stress coping and burnout were considered simultaneously,they mediated the relationship between mindfulness and mental health(β=0.033,95%CI:[0.004,0.104],p=0.026).Conclusions:Mindfulness indirectly affects the mental health of college athletes by enhancing stress coping ability.The findings highlight the importance of integrating mindfulness training and stress coping strategies in sports training.Future studies should consider differences among sports to clarify the relationships between mindfulness,stress coping,burnout,and mental health.展开更多
Background In light of growing concern over eating disorders among young athletes amid cultural and social pressures,this study aimed to assess the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa(ON)risk and evaluate body image perc...Background In light of growing concern over eating disorders among young athletes amid cultural and social pressures,this study aimed to assess the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa(ON)risk and evaluate body image perception and its predictive factors among young football players from Poland and Türkiye.Methods The study involved 171 players aged 15–18 years,recruited from football academies in Poland and Türkiye.The Polish and Turkish versions of the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults(BESAA)were administered to assess body image perception,while the Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale(DOS)was used to measure ON risk.Anthropometric measurements were taken to calculate Body Mass Index(BMI),which was then referenced to centile charts to determine nutritional status.Results Results indicated that 13%of participants exhibited characteristics of ON,with an additional 26%classified as at elevated risk.Comparative analysis revealed no significant differences in ON prevalence between Polish and Turkish players(p=0.938)and no age-related differences(p=0.694).Among Polish players,a significant positive association emerged between BMI(relative to centile charts)and overall appearance evaluation(BE-Appearance)(p=0.008,partialη^(2)=0.10).This relationship was not observed in Turkish players.Moreover,analysis of ON risk predictors—including age,nationality,nutritional status,and body image—did not identify any single variable as a definitive predictor(all p-values>0.05),with a low predictive capacity(McFadden’s R^(2)=0.03).Conclusion The study revealed a significant risk of ON among young footballers with no clear predictors.展开更多
文摘The exploitation and utilization of the tour resources of tournament athletics, including skiling, boat sailing, archery, ice engraving, snow engrav ing, has become a new trend of the development of Chinese tourism. Due to the un ique cold climate and superior geographic location,Harbin is a promising city f or developing tour resources of tournament athletics. Based on the analysis of t he superiority and peculiarity of Harbin,the speculation on development of tour resources of tournament athletics in Harbin is proposed as follows:1) Harbin s hould develop its special tour resources of tournament athletics associated with needs of market; 2) Harbin should take the advantages of rich resources and dev elop ice and snow entertainment in winter and travel for sight-seeing and spend ing summer; 3) the adjustment of the layout of ice and snow resources should be based on the idea of taking Harbin as the center and all-side opening at the la rge scale in the way of radiation; 4) tourism should be developed by the combine d efforts of various departments to make feasible plan, and the organizers shoul d pay much attention to ensuring the safety of tourists.
文摘Extreme value theory provides methods to analyze the most extreme parts of data. We used the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to predict the ultimate 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 4 × 100 m relay, and long jump records of male gold medalists at the Olympics. The diagnostic plots, which assessed the accuracy of the GEV model, were fitted to all event records, validating the model. The 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 4 × 100 m, and long jump records had negative shape parameters and calculated upper limits of 9.58 s, 19.18 s, 42.97 s, 36.71 s, and 9.03 m, respectively. The calculated upper limit in the 100 m (9.58 s) was equal to the record of Usain Bolt (August 16, 2009). The 100 m and 200 m world records were close to the calculated upper limits, and achieving the calculated limit was difficult. The 400 m and 4 × 100 m relay world records were almost equal to the calculated upper limits and the 500-year return level estimate, and slight improvement was possible in both. At the Tokyo Olympics in August 2021, in the 100 m, 200 m, and 4 × 100 m, in one year the probability of occurrence for a record was about 1/30. In the 400 m and long jump, it was about 1/20. In the 100 m, 200 m, and 4 × 100 m relay, more difficult records show that a fierce battle has taken place.
文摘ON the evening of August 12, the 30th London Summer Olympic Games came to a close when the flame at the Olympic Stadium was extinguished as each country received one of the cauldrons 204 copper petals. In this year＇s Olympics, 10,500 athletes, including nearly 900 African athletes, participated in 302 medal events in all 26 sports.
文摘In recent years, the NCAA student athlete population in the United States has surpassed 500,000, and is continuing to rise each year [1]. These student athletes work their entire lives academically and athletically to reach the ultimate goal: competing in university athletics. However, when these athletes reach university, they are met with non-stop training, homework, exams, and evolving social lives. We have conducted a study at the University of Evansville evaluating how participation in university athletics may impact mental health status among these student athletes, as well as measuring players’ awareness of accessible mental health resources. Over fifty percent of participants reported experiencing at least one mental health condition while competing in their sport;eighty percent reported having knowledge of the mental health resources available to them on campus, however, nearly thirty percent of those knowledgeable reported not knowing how to access these resources. This has indicated a gap in awareness and utilization of mental health resources among student athletes at the University of Evansville.
文摘Purpose The aims of this study were to propose an alternative method to assess an optimal performance improvement rate(PIR)that would be used as a tool for coaches and elite athletes willing to reach their personal best,mainly those seeking for national,continental or even world record(WR)in middle-distance events.We further compared the improvement rate of women vs.men of the top-10 ranked athletes in the IAAF running these middle-distance events Method The top 10 athletes in the IAAF ranking of 800 m,1500 m,and 3000 m events for each sex were assessed for their history of race times before achieving their personal record(PR).The difference between PR(‘actual’season)and the best race time in the last season was defined as the 1st season improvement rate(1-SIR),whereas the average improvement rate in the last and preceding seasons was the multi-season improvement rate(M-SIR).1-SIR and M-SIR were calculated for each athlete.Result There were sex differences in the 1500 m with a large effect size(d=−0.746)in 1-SIR(P=0.001)and very large(d=−2.249)in M-SIR(P=0.001).Women improved more than men before the PR/WR achievements in the 800 m and 1500 m events(P=0.001)and had similar improvement rates before performing PR/WR in 3000 m events(P=0.533).Conclusion Women improve more before PR/WR achievement in 800 m and 1500 m races.However,in the 3000 m men and women have similar improvement rates in previous seasons before the PR/WR achievement.
基金partly supported by a research contract from PUMA SE with the University of Massachusetts,Amherst.
文摘Background Quantifying the potential benefits of advanced footwear technology(AFT)track shoes(i.e.,“spikes”)in middle-distance events is challenging,because repeated maximal effort trials(as in sprinting)or aerobic running economy trials(as in long-distance running)are not feasible.Methods We introduce a novel approach to assess the benefits of AFT spikes,consisting of a series of 200-m runs at self-perceived middle-distance race pace with 10 min recovery,and conduct 4 experiments to evaluate its validity,sensitivity,reproducibility,and utility.Results In Experiment 1,participants ran 1.2%slower in spikes with 200 g added mass vs.control spikes,which is exactly equal to the known effects of shoe mass on running performance.In Experiment 2,participants ran significantly faster in AFT prototype spikes vs.traditional spikes.In Experiment 3,we compared 2 other AFT prototype spikes against traditional spikes on 3 separate days.Group-level results were consistent across days,but our data indicates that at least 2 separate sessions are needed to evaluate individual responses.In Experiment 4,participants ran significantly faster in 2 AFT spike models vs.traditional spikes(2.1%and 1.6%).Speed was similar between a third AFT spike model and the traditional spikes.These speed results were mirrored by changes in step length as participants took significantly longer steps in the 2 faster AFT spike models(2.3%and 1.9%),while step length was similar between the other spikes.Conclusion Our novel,interval-based approach is a valid and reliable method for quantifying differences between spikes at middle-distance running intensity.
文摘BACKGROUND In pediatric and adolescent athletes,there is a lack of understanding about the impact of factors such as race on the structural or cardiovascular adaptations in response to exercise which may unnecessarily disqualify athletes from the competitive sport.We hypothesized that race has an impact on cardiac adaptions in non-adult athletes.AIM To explore the racial disparity in electrocardiographic(ECG)and echocardiographic(ECHO)parameters in healthy adolescent athletes.METHODS A comprehensive electronic systematic literature search using MEDLINE database was performed from inception to September 20,2024.Inclusion criteria included randomized or observational cohort studies that recruited adolescent competitive athletes in any sport discipline and compared between the Black and White races with an age range of 12-18 years.RESULTS Of 723 records that were identified by the literature search,seven studies(n=5036)were included.The mean age was 13.0-18.0 years old with male predominance.Black athletes had significantly longer PR interval[mean difference(MD)=17.49 millisecond,95% CI:11.70-23.29]and shorter QRS complex duration(MD=-7.35 millisecond,95% CI:-9.17 to-5.53)and corrected QT interval(MD=-4.95 millisecond,95% CI:-7.69 to-2.22)than the White athletes.Black athletes were approximately four times more likely to have first-degree atrioventricular(AV)block,inverted T wave,ST-segment elevation,and left atrium(LA)enlargement than their White counterparts.In terms of ECHO parameters,Black athletes had significantly greater septal wall thickness(MD=0.85 mm,95% CI:0.62-1.07),posterior wall thickness(MD=1.07 mm,95% CI:0.36-1.78),relative wall thickness(MD=0.03,95%CI:0.001-0.06),maximal wall thickness(MD=1.05 mm,95%CI:0.28-1.83),and LA diameter(MD=1.64 mm,95%CI:0.16-3.12).CONCLUSION Race has an impact on the ECG and ECHO parameters that reflect cardiac adaptations in adolescent athletes.Black athletes tend to have an increased prevalence of distinct ECG changes such as first-degree AV block and T-wave inversions compared with their White counterparts.Despite having thicker septal and posterior walls,the overall prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy did not differ between the races.
文摘1.Background When searching for the term“muscle power”on Google Scholar,about 3.7 million hits come up in 60 ms,and for the past 3 years,there were approximately 225 yearly peer-reviewed publications dealing with muscle power.Muscle power has been used to assess and predict athletic performance,to determine muscle rehabilitation following injury or disease,to measure functional decline as occurs in aging,and many other topics.
基金supported by the Ontario Women's Health Scholars Postdoctoral awarda Western's Bone&Joint Institute Collaborative Training in Musculoskeletal Heath Program Trainee Award.
文摘Background:Preparticipation examinations(PPEs)are unstandardized screening tools routinely used to collect an athlete's baseline health information prior to the start of a new competitive season.However,many PPEs include minimal and often nonspecific questions related to the health concerns of female athletes.A lack of female athlete specific health questions could result in missed red flags and subsequent injury or illness.As such,the objectives of this scoping review were to(a)determine what female athlete specific health questions currently exist in PPEs in the scientific literature to prevent injury and illness,and(b)map the results against the health domains outlined in the International Olympic Committee(IOC)consensus statement supplement on the female athlete.Methods:We searched Embase,Scopus,CINAHL,Medline Ovid,and SPORTDiscus from inception to December 2022.Any study with female athlete specific health PPE questions or recommendations for questions(i.e.,menstrual health,eating habits,musculoskeletal health,etc.)was included.Three reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts,followed by full text articles for eligibility and data extraction,with conflicts resolved by a third-party reviewer.Extracted data were summarized into 3 determined groupings.Results:Of the 1356 studies screened,41 were included in this study.Forty studies(98%)included questions/recommendations related to menstrual health.Thirty-one studies(76%)had questions/recommendations concerning disordered eating/eating habits.Twenty-four studies(59%)referred to body weight/image,and 16 studies(39%)referred to musculoskeletal health.No studies included questions on all IOC female athlete health domains.Conclusion:There is currently a gap in female athlete specific health content included in PPEs.A more comprehensive,standardized PPE with a focus on inclusion of female athlete specific health questions and considerations should be developed to improve health and optimal participation of female athletes around the world.
文摘The athletic spirit goes beyond mere competition;it reflects the personal qualities that athletes embody both on and off the field.Central to this spirit is willpower,the inner strength that drives athletes to maintain rigorous training schedules and push their limits.This determination is essential for achieving excellence,especially when faced with challenges and setbacks.
基金partially supported by the State Funding Agency of Minas Gerais,Brazil(FAPEMIG),Process No.APQ-01811-21supported by Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung(AvH)/Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES)+1 种基金National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq(Process No.308138/2022-8)supported by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq(Process No.BPD-00905-22).
文摘Background:Ischemic preconditioning(IPC)is purported to have beneficial effects on athletic performance,although findings are inconsistent,with some studies reporting placebo effects.The majority of studies have investigated IPC alongside a placebo condition,but without a control condition that was devoid of experimental manipulation,thereby limiting accurate determination of the IPC effects.Therefore,the aims of this study were to assess the impact of the IPC intervention,compared to both placebo and no intervention,on exercise capacity and athletic performance.Methods:A systematic search of PubMed,Embase,SPORTDiscus,Cochrane Library,and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature(LILACS)covering records from their inception until July 2023 was conducted.To qualify for inclusion,studies had to apply IPC as an acute intervention,comparing it with placebo and/or control conditions.Outcomes of interest were performance(force,number of repetitions,power,time to exhaustion,and time trial performance),physiological measurements(maximum oxygen consumption,and heart rate),or perceptual measurements(RPE).For each outcome measure,we conducted 3 independent meta-analyses(IPC vs.placebo,IPC vs.control,placebo vs.control)using an inverse-variance random-effects model.The between-treatment effects were quantified by the standardized mean difference(SMD),accompanied by their respective 95%confidence intervals.Additionally,we employed the Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE)approach to assess the level of certainty in the evidence.Results:Seventy-nine studies were included in the quantitative analysis.Overall,IPC demonstrates a comparable effect to the placebo condition(using a low-pressure tourniquet),irrespective of the subjects'training level(all outcomes presenting p>0.05),except for the outcome of time to exhaustion,which exhibits a small magnitude effect(SMD=0.37;p=0.002).Additionally,the placebo exhibited effects notably greater than the control condition(outcome:number of repetitions;SMD=0.45;p=0.03),suggesting a potential influence of participants'cognitive perception on the outcomes.However,the evidence is of moderate to low certainty,regardless of the comparison or outcome.Conclusion:IPC has significant effects compared to the control intervention,but it did not surpass the placebo condition.Its administration might be influenced by the cognitive perception of the receiving subject,and the efficacy of IPC as an ergogenic strategy for enhancing exercise capacity and athletic performance remains questionable.
文摘Background:Iron facilitates key biological functions underpinning sports performance,and up to 60%of female athletes experience iron deficiency.However,the effects of iron deficiency on sports performance in female athletes is unclear,as are the degree of benefits of iron supplementation(FeSup).This study characterizes the effects of iron deficiency and FeSup on sports performance in high-level female athletes.Methods:Searches of the electronic databases MEDLINE,SPORTDiscus,Web of Science,Scopus,and CINAHL were performed in July 2023.Studies were included that evaluated the effects of iron deficiency or FeSup on sports performance in high-level(maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)>45 mL/kg/min,or trained>5 h/week)iron deficient(ID)(serum ferritin(sFer)<40 mg/L)female athletes.Studies were assessed using a modified Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist.Results:A total of 23 studies comprising 669 athletes(age range:13-47 years)across 16 sports were included in the review.Iron deficiency negatively affects endurance performance by 3%-4%.However,endurance performance improved by 2%-20%when ID athletes were treated with 100 mg/day of elemental iron for up to 56 days via oral supplementation,or bi-daily via parenteral administration over 8-10 days.ID nonanemic athletes with low sFer stores may be predisposed to reduced maximal aerobic capacity.However,maximal aerobic capacity improved by 6%-15%following 16 mg/day-100 mg/day of elemental iron for 36-126 days.Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power performance may be impeded(-23%to+4%)among ID athletes,but the effect of FeSup on anaerobic power varied markedly(-5%to+9%)following 100 mg/day of elemental iron over 42-56 days,or 100 mg of elemental iron bi-daily over 8-10 days.The quality of studies was moderate(77%),ranging from low(57%)to high(100%).Moststudies(n=18)contained group sizes-20 athletes,thus limiting the likelihood of detecting significant effects(statistical power>0.80).Conclusion:High-level ID female athletes experience a negative impact on endurance performance,which can be improved by supplementing with»100 mg of elemental iron per day or bi-daily.The decrements in other performance parameters characterizing a range of sports coincide with the severity of iron deficiency.
基金funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia(Grant No.APP1130353)supported by a Royal Australian College of Physicians Research Entry Scholarship(Grant No.2023RES00039)+4 种基金The National Health and Medical Research Council Postgraduate Scholarship(Grant No.2031119)a Heart Foundation PhD Scholarship(Grant No.107659)supported through an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarshipsupported as a postdoctoral clinical researcher by the Fund for Scientific Research Flanderssupported by a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Investigator Grant(Grant No.APP 2027105)。
文摘Background:A greater prevalence of arrhythmias has been described in endurance athletes,but it remains unclear whether this risk persists after detraining.We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of arrhythmias and their relationship with cardiac remodeling in lifelong and retired master endurance athletes compared to non-athletic controls.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional analysis of observational studies that used echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance to detail cardiac structure and function,and Holter monitors to identify atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in 185 endurance athletes and 81 non-athletic controls aged≥40 years.Athletes were categorized as active lifelong(n=144)or retired(n=41)based on hours per week of high-intensity endurance exercise within 5 years of enrollment and validated by percentage of predicted maximal oxygen consumption(VO_(2max)).Athletes with overt cardiomyopathies,channelopathies,pre-excitation,and/or myocardial infarction were excluded.Results:Lifelong athletes(median age=55 years(interquartile range(IQR):46-62),79%male)were significantly fitter than retired athletes(median age=66 years(IQR:58-71),95%male)and controls(median age=53 years(IQR:48-60),96%male),respectively(predicted VO_(2max):131%±18%vs.99%±14%vs.98%±15%,p<0.001).Compared to controls,athletes in our cohort had a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation((AF):32%vs.0%,p<0.001)and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia((NSVT):9%vs.1%,p=0.007).There was no difference in prevalence of any arrhythmia between lifelong and retired athletes.Lifelong athletes had larger ventricular volumes than retired athletes,who had ventricular volumes similar to controls(left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area(LVEDVi):101±20 m L/m^(2)vs.86±16 mL/m^(2)vs.94±18 mL/m^(2),p<0.001;right ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area(RVEDVi):117±23 mL/m^(2)vs.101±19 mL/m^(2)vs.100±19 mL/m^(2),p<0.001).Athletes had more scar(40%vs.18%,p=0.002)and larger left atria(median volume=45m L/m^(2)(IQR:38-52)vs.31 mL/m^(2)(IQR:25-38),p<0.001)than controls,with no difference in atrial volumes and non-ischaemic scar between the athlete groups.Conclusion:Master endurance athletes have a higher prevalence of AF and NSVT than non-athletic controls.Whereas ventricular remodeling tends to reverse with detraining,the propensity to arrhythmias persists regardless of whether they are actively exercising or retired.
文摘The VISA-P originally developed to assess patellar tendinopathy severity,is increasingly being applied to patellofemoral pain(PFP)assessment.This editorial examines the expanding role of VISA-P within the context of existing patientreported outcome measures(PROMs)for PFP,such as the Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Patellofemoral Pain and Osteoarthritis.While VISA-P offers advantages in brevity,readability,and temporal stability,its original design targeting athletic populations with patellar tendinopathy limits its specificity and comparability when applied broadly to heterogeneous PFP populations.Moreover,VISA-P currently lacks validated diagnostic thresholds to guide clinical decision-making.Although the recent validation of VISA-P in Spanish-speaking populations enhances accessibility,caution is advised in its widespread adoption without clear delineation of its role relative to other PROMs.The editorial argues for careful contextual use of VISA-P,emphasizing the need for tools that balance specificity,efficiency,and universality to capture the complex spectrum of PFP across diverse populations.
文摘Background:Although there is growing evidence of the use of artificial intelligence(AI)techniques in sports,ethical issues surrounding AI use are being discussed at a minimal level.Thus,this systematic scoping review aimed to summarize the current ethical implications associated with using AI in sports.Methods:In this study,a total of 9 databases-MEDLINE/PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,ProQuest,EBSCOhost,IEEE Xplore,Web of Science,Scopus,and Google Scholar--were searched.The review protocol was registered(https://osfio/42a8q)before extracting data.The search yielded 397 studies,and 25 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results:The 25 studies were categorized into 4 primary ethical concerns:fairness and bias,transparency and explainability,privacy and data ethics,and accountability in AI's application in sports.These categorizations were derived based on the systematic review ofethical issues highlighted across the selected studies.Fifteen studies delved into fairness and bias,focusing on how AI can perpetuate existing inequalities in sports.Thirteen studies addressed the lack of transparency,emphasizing the challenges in interpretability and trust in AI-driven decisions.Privacy and data ethics emerged as significant in22 studies,highlighting risks related to the misuse of athletes’sensitive data.Finally,account-ability was examined in 8 studies,stressing the ethical obligations of AI developers and users in sports contexts.The thematic analysis revealed overlapping concerns,as some studies addressed multiple issues simultaneously.Conclusion:Future research should focus on developing ethical frameworks tailored to underrepresented sports contexts and creating global standards for AI regulation in sports.This includes investigating the implications of AI applications in amateur sports,enhancing diversity in AI training datasets,and exploring the integration of ethical AI practices across various sports governance structures.
文摘Background: There are links between physical exercise, fine particles and the prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in students of sciences and techniques of physical activities and sports (STAPS) exercising in a hot, humid and relatively polluted environment. Methods: Twenty-two first-year undergraduate students, including 11 in PE and 11 in SPORT, aged 21.64 ± 1.80 years, participated in a football match. Resting spirometry was performed before and 5 minutes after the match. During the match, particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) was measured every 10 minutes around the football pitch. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded. The diagnosis of EIB was based on a decrease in FEV1 of at least 10% after the match. If there was a decrease, the participant was considered susceptible to EIB. Results: Five subjects were positive for exercise-induced bronchospasm, a percentage of 22%. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were 34.22˚C ± 1.38˚C and 52.2% ± 4.97%, respectively. Concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were between 53.3 - 115.5 µg/m3 and 75.5 - 168.2 µg/m3, respectively, exceeding WHO limits. Conclusion: These results show a high incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in students without a history of asthma but exercising in a hot, humid and environment polluted by fine particles.
文摘IT took Han Zhong and his teammates over two hours to walk more than 9.5 kilometers along the Qingshangang,a watercourse that feeds a local steel manufacturing giant in Wuhan,central China’s Hubei Province,on a sweltering summer day.They weren’t hiking enthusiasts nor seasoned athletes.They were exploring the city’s wetland landscape.
文摘Background: Biological maturation refers to the progressive process through which individuals transition toward an adult state during growth and development. To address the challenges posed by differences in biological maturity and the limitations of existing testing methods, particularly in adolescent sports contexts, there is a pressing need for a non-invasive method that is convenient, accurate, and broadly applicable to monitor the biological maturity of adolescent athletes comprehensively. In response to this need, a maturity assessment method based on the smartphone application Maturo has been developed. This study evaluates the accuracy and validity of the Maturo software, an automated tool for estimating biological age and related maturation metrics.Methods: A sample of 103 actively training teenage athletes aged 9-17 years. The sample included 76 males(age = 11.74 ± 1.55 years, mean ±SD) and 27 females(age = 13.95 ± 1.40 years), all without medical conditions that might impact growth or development.Results: Compared to traditional expert evaluations, the intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs) and Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated reliable positive correlations and significant agreement between the Maturo software and expert methods across multiple metrics, such as biological age(ICC = 0.965, R = 0.97), corrected biological age(ICC = 0.973, R = 0.99), predicted adult height(ICC = 0.991, R = 0.99), and percentage of adult height achieved(ICC = 0.955, R = 0.97). The Bland-Altman plots provided additional evidence of the validity of the Maturo software estimations, showing low systematic error in most measures. The linear regression analysis produced excellent adjusted R2values: 0.95for biological age and 0.99 for anticipated adult height. The Maturo approach demonstrated a high level of dependability in classifying teenagers into groups based on their maturity status and timing. The κ coefficients of 0.93 for maturity status and 0.82 for maturity timing indicate a nearly perfect agreement with the expert technique.Conclusion: While the Maturo software's non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use could make it a potential tool for regular monitoring of growth and maturation in young athletes, its promising results in assessing maturation should be interpreted with caution due to limitations such as sample size and demographic constraints. Further longitude research with larger and more diverse populations is needed to validate these preliminary findings and strengthen the evidence for its broader applicability.
文摘Background:Psychological stress from academic and athletic demands adversely affects college athletes’mental health,the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain insufficiently understood.Therefore,this study focuses on the Chinese college athletes and explores the relationship among mindfulness,stress coping,burnout,and mental health.Methods:The study used a sample of 500 student athletes from five higher sports colleges in China,collected data on various variables using standardized psychometric instruments,and analyzed the path relationships and mediating effects among the variables using structural equation modeling(SEM)and bootstrap methods.Results:Mindfulness significantly improved stress coping ability(β=0.721,p<0.001),and stress coping significantly improved mental health(β=0.606,p=0.027)and reduced burnout levels(β=−0.225,p<0.001).Burnout had a significant negative impact on mental health(β=−0.113,p=0.015).Mediation effect analysis revealed that stress coping played a mediating role between mindfulness and mental health(β=0.797,p<0.001),while the mediating effect of burnout was not statistically significant.When stress coping and burnout were considered simultaneously,they mediated the relationship between mindfulness and mental health(β=0.033,95%CI:[0.004,0.104],p=0.026).Conclusions:Mindfulness indirectly affects the mental health of college athletes by enhancing stress coping ability.The findings highlight the importance of integrating mindfulness training and stress coping strategies in sports training.Future studies should consider differences among sports to clarify the relationships between mindfulness,stress coping,burnout,and mental health.
文摘Background In light of growing concern over eating disorders among young athletes amid cultural and social pressures,this study aimed to assess the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa(ON)risk and evaluate body image perception and its predictive factors among young football players from Poland and Türkiye.Methods The study involved 171 players aged 15–18 years,recruited from football academies in Poland and Türkiye.The Polish and Turkish versions of the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults(BESAA)were administered to assess body image perception,while the Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale(DOS)was used to measure ON risk.Anthropometric measurements were taken to calculate Body Mass Index(BMI),which was then referenced to centile charts to determine nutritional status.Results Results indicated that 13%of participants exhibited characteristics of ON,with an additional 26%classified as at elevated risk.Comparative analysis revealed no significant differences in ON prevalence between Polish and Turkish players(p=0.938)and no age-related differences(p=0.694).Among Polish players,a significant positive association emerged between BMI(relative to centile charts)and overall appearance evaluation(BE-Appearance)(p=0.008,partialη^(2)=0.10).This relationship was not observed in Turkish players.Moreover,analysis of ON risk predictors—including age,nationality,nutritional status,and body image—did not identify any single variable as a definitive predictor(all p-values>0.05),with a low predictive capacity(McFadden’s R^(2)=0.03).Conclusion The study revealed a significant risk of ON among young footballers with no clear predictors.
