BACKGROUND In pediatric and adolescent athletes,there is a lack of understanding about the impact of factors such as race on the structural or cardiovascular adaptations in response to exercise which may unnecessarily...BACKGROUND In pediatric and adolescent athletes,there is a lack of understanding about the impact of factors such as race on the structural or cardiovascular adaptations in response to exercise which may unnecessarily disqualify athletes from the competitive sport.We hypothesized that race has an impact on cardiac adaptions in non-adult athletes.AIM To explore the racial disparity in electrocardiographic(ECG)and echocardiographic(ECHO)parameters in healthy adolescent athletes.METHODS A comprehensive electronic systematic literature search using MEDLINE database was performed from inception to September 20,2024.Inclusion criteria included randomized or observational cohort studies that recruited adolescent competitive athletes in any sport discipline and compared between the Black and White races with an age range of 12-18 years.RESULTS Of 723 records that were identified by the literature search,seven studies(n=5036)were included.The mean age was 13.0-18.0 years old with male predominance.Black athletes had significantly longer PR interval[mean difference(MD)=17.49 millisecond,95% CI:11.70-23.29]and shorter QRS complex duration(MD=-7.35 millisecond,95% CI:-9.17 to-5.53)and corrected QT interval(MD=-4.95 millisecond,95% CI:-7.69 to-2.22)than the White athletes.Black athletes were approximately four times more likely to have first-degree atrioventricular(AV)block,inverted T wave,ST-segment elevation,and left atrium(LA)enlargement than their White counterparts.In terms of ECHO parameters,Black athletes had significantly greater septal wall thickness(MD=0.85 mm,95% CI:0.62-1.07),posterior wall thickness(MD=1.07 mm,95% CI:0.36-1.78),relative wall thickness(MD=0.03,95%CI:0.001-0.06),maximal wall thickness(MD=1.05 mm,95%CI:0.28-1.83),and LA diameter(MD=1.64 mm,95%CI:0.16-3.12).CONCLUSION Race has an impact on the ECG and ECHO parameters that reflect cardiac adaptations in adolescent athletes.Black athletes tend to have an increased prevalence of distinct ECG changes such as first-degree AV block and T-wave inversions compared with their White counterparts.Despite having thicker septal and posterior walls,the overall prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy did not differ between the races.展开更多
Background:Preparticipation examinations(PPEs)are unstandardized screening tools routinely used to collect an athlete's baseline health information prior to the start of a new competitive season.However,many PPEs ...Background:Preparticipation examinations(PPEs)are unstandardized screening tools routinely used to collect an athlete's baseline health information prior to the start of a new competitive season.However,many PPEs include minimal and often nonspecific questions related to the health concerns of female athletes.A lack of female athlete specific health questions could result in missed red flags and subsequent injury or illness.As such,the objectives of this scoping review were to(a)determine what female athlete specific health questions currently exist in PPEs in the scientific literature to prevent injury and illness,and(b)map the results against the health domains outlined in the International Olympic Committee(IOC)consensus statement supplement on the female athlete.Methods:We searched Embase,Scopus,CINAHL,Medline Ovid,and SPORTDiscus from inception to December 2022.Any study with female athlete specific health PPE questions or recommendations for questions(i.e.,menstrual health,eating habits,musculoskeletal health,etc.)was included.Three reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts,followed by full text articles for eligibility and data extraction,with conflicts resolved by a third-party reviewer.Extracted data were summarized into 3 determined groupings.Results:Of the 1356 studies screened,41 were included in this study.Forty studies(98%)included questions/recommendations related to menstrual health.Thirty-one studies(76%)had questions/recommendations concerning disordered eating/eating habits.Twenty-four studies(59%)referred to body weight/image,and 16 studies(39%)referred to musculoskeletal health.No studies included questions on all IOC female athlete health domains.Conclusion:There is currently a gap in female athlete specific health content included in PPEs.A more comprehensive,standardized PPE with a focus on inclusion of female athlete specific health questions and considerations should be developed to improve health and optimal participation of female athletes around the world.展开更多
BACKGROUND Fixed esotropia in high myopia,characterized by irreversible inward ocular deviation and abduction limitation,presents unique therapeutic challenges for athletes requiring precise binocular coordination.The...BACKGROUND Fixed esotropia in high myopia,characterized by irreversible inward ocular deviation and abduction limitation,presents unique therapeutic challenges for athletes requiring precise binocular coordination.The combination of Yokoyama surgery and medial rectus muscle recession has been proposed as an advanced technique addresses both myopia-induced globe displacement and muscular imbalance offering potential advantages over conventional strabismus surgery in this population.AIM To investigate the effects of the modified Yokoyama surgery coupled with medial rectus muscle recession in restoring ocular motility and correcting esotropia among athletes with high myopia and fixed esotropia.METHODS A retrospective study analyzed 30 highly myopia athletes(57 eyes)with fixed esotropia treated at our hospital from January 2022 to April 2024.The participants were allocated into two groups based on the surgical method:The traditional group(n=15,29 eyes)received conventional strabismus surgery,and the combined group(n=15,28 eyes)underwent modified Yokoyama surgery in combination with medial rectus muscle recession.Eye movement improvement,esotropia alleviation,and complications were compared preoperatively and at 1,3,and 6 months post-treatment.RESULTS Both surgical groups exhibited similar baseline scores(traditional:-4.04±0.38 vs combined:-4.12±0.45,P>0.05),showing severe preoperative limitations in ocular motility.Following the intervention,the combined group achieved significantly better outcomes at both 1 month(combined:-2.25±0.28 vs traditional:-2.67±0.32)and 3 months(combined:-1.48±0.28 vs traditional:-1.76±0.43),with statistically significant improvements(P<0.05).However,by 6 months,no significant difference was observed between the two groups(combined:-0.93±0.13;traditional:-1.03±0.18;P>0.05).Prior to treatment,all patients in both groups exhibited a compensatory head posture(CHP).Following treatment,the incidence of CHP decreased to 6.67%in the combined group and 20.00%in the traditional group,both reductions being significant compared to pretreatment levels(P<0.05).Nevertheless,the difference in CHP incidence between the two groups after treatment was not significant(P>0.05).The rates of improvement in esotropia showed an increasing trend in both groups at 1 month(46.43%vs 34.48%),3 months(78.57%vs 51.728%),and 6 months(100.00%vs 89.66%)post-treatment.Notably,the combined group had a significantly higher improvement rate than the traditional group at the 3-month follow-up(P<0.05).No significant difference was observed in the esotropia improvement rates between the two groups at 1 and 6 months post-treatment(P>0.05).The combined group experienced slightly lower but not significant(combined group:0.00%vs traditional:3.45%)as opposed to the traditional group(3.45%;P>0.05).CONCLUSION The combination of modified Yokoyama surgery and medial rectus muscle recession provides effective and safe approach to improving in eye movement and esotropia in athletes with high myopia and fixed esotropia,offering reliable clinical benefits.展开更多
Background:Iron facilitates key biological functions underpinning sports performance,and up to 60%of female athletes experience iron deficiency.However,the effects of iron deficiency on sports performance in female at...Background:Iron facilitates key biological functions underpinning sports performance,and up to 60%of female athletes experience iron deficiency.However,the effects of iron deficiency on sports performance in female athletes is unclear,as are the degree of benefits of iron supplementation(FeSup).This study characterizes the effects of iron deficiency and FeSup on sports performance in high-level female athletes.Methods:Searches of the electronic databases MEDLINE,SPORTDiscus,Web of Science,Scopus,and CINAHL were performed in July 2023.Studies were included that evaluated the effects of iron deficiency or FeSup on sports performance in high-level(maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)>45 mL/kg/min,or trained>5 h/week)iron deficient(ID)(serum ferritin(sFer)<40 mg/L)female athletes.Studies were assessed using a modified Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist.Results:A total of 23 studies comprising 669 athletes(age range:13-47 years)across 16 sports were included in the review.Iron deficiency negatively affects endurance performance by 3%-4%.However,endurance performance improved by 2%-20%when ID athletes were treated with 100 mg/day of elemental iron for up to 56 days via oral supplementation,or bi-daily via parenteral administration over 8-10 days.ID nonanemic athletes with low sFer stores may be predisposed to reduced maximal aerobic capacity.However,maximal aerobic capacity improved by 6%-15%following 16 mg/day-100 mg/day of elemental iron for 36-126 days.Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power performance may be impeded(-23%to+4%)among ID athletes,but the effect of FeSup on anaerobic power varied markedly(-5%to+9%)following 100 mg/day of elemental iron over 42-56 days,or 100 mg of elemental iron bi-daily over 8-10 days.The quality of studies was moderate(77%),ranging from low(57%)to high(100%).Moststudies(n=18)contained group sizes-20 athletes,thus limiting the likelihood of detecting significant effects(statistical power>0.80).Conclusion:High-level ID female athletes experience a negative impact on endurance performance,which can be improved by supplementing with»100 mg of elemental iron per day or bi-daily.The decrements in other performance parameters characterizing a range of sports coincide with the severity of iron deficiency.展开更多
Background:A greater prevalence of arrhythmias has been described in endurance athletes,but it remains unclear whether this risk persists after detraining.We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of arrhythmias and their r...Background:A greater prevalence of arrhythmias has been described in endurance athletes,but it remains unclear whether this risk persists after detraining.We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of arrhythmias and their relationship with cardiac remodeling in lifelong and retired master endurance athletes compared to non-athletic controls.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional analysis of observational studies that used echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance to detail cardiac structure and function,and Holter monitors to identify atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in 185 endurance athletes and 81 non-athletic controls aged≥40 years.Athletes were categorized as active lifelong(n=144)or retired(n=41)based on hours per week of high-intensity endurance exercise within 5 years of enrollment and validated by percentage of predicted maximal oxygen consumption(VO_(2max)).Athletes with overt cardiomyopathies,channelopathies,pre-excitation,and/or myocardial infarction were excluded.Results:Lifelong athletes(median age=55 years(interquartile range(IQR):46-62),79%male)were significantly fitter than retired athletes(median age=66 years(IQR:58-71),95%male)and controls(median age=53 years(IQR:48-60),96%male),respectively(predicted VO_(2max):131%±18%vs.99%±14%vs.98%±15%,p<0.001).Compared to controls,athletes in our cohort had a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation((AF):32%vs.0%,p<0.001)and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia((NSVT):9%vs.1%,p=0.007).There was no difference in prevalence of any arrhythmia between lifelong and retired athletes.Lifelong athletes had larger ventricular volumes than retired athletes,who had ventricular volumes similar to controls(left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area(LVEDVi):101±20 m L/m^(2)vs.86±16 mL/m^(2)vs.94±18 mL/m^(2),p<0.001;right ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area(RVEDVi):117±23 mL/m^(2)vs.101±19 mL/m^(2)vs.100±19 mL/m^(2),p<0.001).Athletes had more scar(40%vs.18%,p=0.002)and larger left atria(median volume=45m L/m^(2)(IQR:38-52)vs.31 mL/m^(2)(IQR:25-38),p<0.001)than controls,with no difference in atrial volumes and non-ischaemic scar between the athlete groups.Conclusion:Master endurance athletes have a higher prevalence of AF and NSVT than non-athletic controls.Whereas ventricular remodeling tends to reverse with detraining,the propensity to arrhythmias persists regardless of whether they are actively exercising or retired.展开更多
Background: Biological maturation refers to the progressive process through which individuals transition toward an adult state during growth and development. To address the challenges posed by differences in biologica...Background: Biological maturation refers to the progressive process through which individuals transition toward an adult state during growth and development. To address the challenges posed by differences in biological maturity and the limitations of existing testing methods, particularly in adolescent sports contexts, there is a pressing need for a non-invasive method that is convenient, accurate, and broadly applicable to monitor the biological maturity of adolescent athletes comprehensively. In response to this need, a maturity assessment method based on the smartphone application Maturo has been developed. This study evaluates the accuracy and validity of the Maturo software, an automated tool for estimating biological age and related maturation metrics.Methods: A sample of 103 actively training teenage athletes aged 9-17 years. The sample included 76 males(age = 11.74 ± 1.55 years, mean ±SD) and 27 females(age = 13.95 ± 1.40 years), all without medical conditions that might impact growth or development.Results: Compared to traditional expert evaluations, the intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs) and Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated reliable positive correlations and significant agreement between the Maturo software and expert methods across multiple metrics, such as biological age(ICC = 0.965, R = 0.97), corrected biological age(ICC = 0.973, R = 0.99), predicted adult height(ICC = 0.991, R = 0.99), and percentage of adult height achieved(ICC = 0.955, R = 0.97). The Bland-Altman plots provided additional evidence of the validity of the Maturo software estimations, showing low systematic error in most measures. The linear regression analysis produced excellent adjusted R2values: 0.95for biological age and 0.99 for anticipated adult height. The Maturo approach demonstrated a high level of dependability in classifying teenagers into groups based on their maturity status and timing. The κ coefficients of 0.93 for maturity status and 0.82 for maturity timing indicate a nearly perfect agreement with the expert technique.Conclusion: While the Maturo software's non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use could make it a potential tool for regular monitoring of growth and maturation in young athletes, its promising results in assessing maturation should be interpreted with caution due to limitations such as sample size and demographic constraints. Further longitude research with larger and more diverse populations is needed to validate these preliminary findings and strengthen the evidence for its broader applicability.展开更多
High-intensity interval training(HIIT),a highly efficient and distinctive exercise format,has sparked growing academic interest in sports performance training.This article synthesizes theoretical and applied evidence ...High-intensity interval training(HIIT),a highly efficient and distinctive exercise format,has sparked growing academic interest in sports performance training.This article synthesizes theoretical and applied evidence to analyze mechanisms of HIIT in neuromuscular activation,hormonal responses,muscle fiber adaptation,and metabolic pathway effects.It focuses on its effectiveness in enhancing explosive power,maximum strength,and strength endurance,while also examining the integration of HIIT with traditional resistance training,periodized programming,and personalized prescription.Scientific implementation of HIIT can effectively diversify or even replace conventional strength training,not only offering positive directional changes for strength development but also introducing innovative approaches to sports performance training practices.展开更多
In order to help athletes optimize their performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries,it is important to develop science-based strategies for optimally designing training pr...In order to help athletes optimize their performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries,it is important to develop science-based strategies for optimally designing training programs.The purpose of the present study is to develop a novel method by the combined use of optimal control theory and a training-performance model for designing optimal training programs,with the hope of helping athletes achieve the best performance exactly on the competition day while properly manage training load during the training course for preventing overtraining.The training-performance model used in the proposed optimal control framework is a conceptual extension of the Banister impulse-response model that describes the dynamics of performance,training load(served as the control variable),fitness(the overall positive effects on performance),and fatigue(the overall negative effects on performance).The objective functional of the proposed optimal control framework is to maximize the fitness and minimize the fatigue on the competition day with the goal of maximizing the performance on the competition day while minimizing the cumulative training load during the training course.The Forward-Backward Sweep Method is used to solve the proposed optimal control framework to obtain the optimal solutions of performance,training load,fitness,and fatigue.The simulation results show that the performance on the competition day is higher while the cumulative training load during the training course is lower with using optimal control theory than those without,successfully showing the feasibility and benefits of using the proposed optimal control framework to design optimal training programs for helping athletes achieve the best performance exactly on the competition day while properly manage training load during the training course for preventing overtraining.The present feasibility study lays the foundation of the combined use of optimal control theory and training-performance models to design personalized optimal training programs in real applications in athletic training and sports science for helping athletes achieve the best performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries.展开更多
Background:Determining the incidence and prevalence of injury and illness in short-course triathletes would improve understanding of their etiologies and therefore assist in the development and implementation of preve...Background:Determining the incidence and prevalence of injury and illness in short-course triathletes would improve understanding of their etiologies and therefore assist in the development and implementation of prevention strategies.This study synthesizes the existing evidence on the incidence and prevalence of injury and illness and summarizes reported injury or illness etiology and risk factors affecting short-course triathletes.Methods:This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Studies reporting health problems(injury and illness)in triathletes(all sexes,ages,and experience levels)training and/or competing in short-course distances were included.Six electronic databases(Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,MEDLINE,Embase,APA PsychINFO,Web of Science Core Collection,and SPORTDiscus)were searched.Risk of bias was independently assessed by 2 reviewers using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.Two authors independently completed data extraction.Results:The search yielded 7998 studies,with 42 studies eligible for inclusion.Twenty-three studies investigated injuries,24 studies investigated illnesses,and 5 studies investigated both injuries and illnesses.The injury incidence rate ranged 15.7-24.3 per 1000 athlete exposures,and the illness incidence rate ranged 1.8-13.1 per 1000 athlete days.Injury and illness prevalence ranged between 2%-15%and 6%-84%,respectively.Most injuries reported occurred during running(45%-92%),and the most frequently reported illnesses affected the gastrointestinal(7%-70%),cardiovascular(14%-59%),and respiratory systems(5%-60%).Conclusion:The most frequently reported health problems in short-course triathletes were:overuse and lower limb injuries associated with running;gastrointestinal illnesses and altered cardiac function,primarily attributable to environmental factors;and respiratory illness mostly caused by infection.展开更多
Purpose The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with prolonged time to return to full performance(RTFP)in athletes with recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection.Metho...Purpose The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with prolonged time to return to full performance(RTFP)in athletes with recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection.Methods Prospective cohort study with cross sectional analysis.A total of 84 athletes with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection assessed at a coronavirus disease 2019 recovery clinic gave a history of age,sex,type/level of sport,co-morbidities,pre-infection training hours,and 26 acute SARS-CoV-2 symptoms from 3 categories(“nose and throat”,“chest and neck”,and“whole body”/systemic).Data on days to RTFP were obtained by structured interviews.Factors associated with RTFP were demographics,sport participation,history of co-morbidities,pre-infection training history,and acute symptoms(type,number).Outcomes were:(a)days to RTFP(median,interquartile range(IQR))in asymptomatic(n=7)and symptomatic athletes(n=77),and(b)hazard ratios(HRs;95%confidence interval)for symptomatic athletes with vs.without a factor(univariate,multiple models).HR<1 was predictive of higher percentage chance of prolonged RTFP.Significance was p<0.05.Results Days to RTFP were 30 days(IQR:23–40)for asymptomatic and 64 days(IQR:42–91)for symptomatic participants(p>0.05).Factors associated with prolonged RTFP(univariate models)were:females(HR=0.57;p=0.014),endurance athletes(HR=0.41;p<0.0001),co-morbidity number(HR=0.75;p=0.001),and respiratory disease history(HR=0.54;p=0.026).In symptomatic athletes,prolonged RTFP(multiple models)was significantly associated with increased“chest and neck”(HR=0.85;p=0.017)and“nose and throat”(HR=0.84;p=0.013)symptoms,but the association was more profound between prolonged RFTP and increased total number of“all symptoms”(HR=0.91;p=0.001)and“whole body”/systemic(HR=0.82;p=0.007)symptoms.Conclusion A larger number of total symptoms and specifically“whole body”/systemic symptoms during the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in athletes is associated with prolonged RTFP.展开更多
Triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries are common in amateur and professional sports.These injuries are mainly caused by acute or chronic repetitive axial loads on the wrist,particularly on the ulnar side and in a...Triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries are common in amateur and professional sports.These injuries are mainly caused by acute or chronic repetitive axial loads on the wrist,particularly on the ulnar side and in association with rotations or radial/ulnar deviations.In order to treat professional athletes,a detailed specific knowledge of the pathology is needed.Moreover,the clinician should fully understand the specific and unique environment and needs of the athletes,their priorities and goals,the type of sport,the time of the season,and the position played.An early diagnosis and appropriate management with the quickest possible recovery time are the uppermost goals for both the athlete and the surgeon.A compromise between conservative vs surgical indications,athletes’needs and expectations,and financial implications should be achieved.Arthroscopic procedures should be timely planned when indicated as they could allow early diagnosis and treatment at the same time.Conservative measures are often used as first line treatment when possible.Peripheral lesions are treated by arthroscopic repair,whilst central lesions are treated by arthroscopic debridement.Further procedures(such as the Wafer procedure,ulnar osteotomies,etc.)have specific indications and great implications with regard to rehabilitation.展开更多
In recent years, the NCAA student athlete population in the United States has surpassed 500,000, and is continuing to rise each year [1]. These student athletes work their entire lives academically and athletically to...In recent years, the NCAA student athlete population in the United States has surpassed 500,000, and is continuing to rise each year [1]. These student athletes work their entire lives academically and athletically to reach the ultimate goal: competing in university athletics. However, when these athletes reach university, they are met with non-stop training, homework, exams, and evolving social lives. We have conducted a study at the University of Evansville evaluating how participation in university athletics may impact mental health status among these student athletes, as well as measuring players’ awareness of accessible mental health resources. Over fifty percent of participants reported experiencing at least one mental health condition while competing in their sport;eighty percent reported having knowledge of the mental health resources available to them on campus, however, nearly thirty percent of those knowledgeable reported not knowing how to access these resources. This has indicated a gap in awareness and utilization of mental health resources among student athletes at the University of Evansville.展开更多
Many young elite athletes do not meet their daily energy and nutrient requirements. However, little research has been done on why these athletes do not meet their daily needs. The aim was to research the barriers and ...Many young elite athletes do not meet their daily energy and nutrient requirements. However, little research has been done on why these athletes do not meet their daily needs. The aim was to research the barriers and motivators of young Dutch elite athletes to optimize their nutritional intake. Quantitative and qualitative research was conducted among 8 handball and 4 volleyball players at the Dutch National Sports Center (17.2 ± 0.8 years). First, the nutritional intake was tracked through food diaries and analyzed in Nutritics. Thereupon, five semi-structured interviews based on the COM-B model were carried out. The interviews were transcribed and coded. The athletes had a reduced intake of energy, carbohydrates, vitamins A, C, E, D, calcium, potassium, zinc, and iron compared to their requirements. Seven themes for optimizing their nutritional intake emerged in the interviews: needs assessment, practical translation, portion size, lack of time, involvement, individuality, and food distribution. Barriers that the athletes experienced were that they did not know what their total daily nutritional needs were and how this translates into practice. In addition, the portion size at dinner was too small. They also had little time to eat a full meal due to time pressure from training and school. On the other hand, motivators were receiving meal options to translate their needs into practice with a distribution of moments when they need to eat. Covering these topics in nutritional workshops where athletes actively participate with more individual focus, could contribute to the optimization of their nutritional intake.展开更多
Objective:This study aims to explore the effect of swimming athletes’burnout on their sports motivation in Hunan University,China.It seeks to understand how burnout influences various motivational factors,providing i...Objective:This study aims to explore the effect of swimming athletes’burnout on their sports motivation in Hunan University,China.It seeks to understand how burnout influences various motivational factors,providing insights for optimizing swimming sports courses and enhancing student participation.Method:Employing random sampling,the study surveyed 260 swimming athletes from Hunan University.The research utilized a questionnaire divided into three parts:demographic information,the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire(ABQ),and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory(IMI).Pearson’s r correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS to examine the relationships between burnout dimensions and motivational factors.Results:The study found significant correlations between a reduced sense of accomplishment and various motivational dimensions,including“interest/enjoyment,”“perceived competence,”“perceived choice,”and particularly“perceived tension.”Physical exhaustion showed a significant correlation only with“perceived tension,”indicating a strong link between psychological stress and physical fatigue.Sports devaluation was significantly correlated with“perceived tension,”suggesting that psychological stress impacts athletes’valuation of their sport.Conclusion:The findings highlight the complex interplay between burnout and motivation in swimming athletes.Psychological stress,as indicated by“perceived tension,”emerges as a key factor influencing both the physical and emotional aspects of burnout.The study underscores the need for holistic training approaches that balance physical training with psychological well-being,personalized coaching,and supportive environments to enhance intrinsic motivation and manage stress effectively.展开更多
Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of applying anodal tDCS(2 mA for 20 min)over the scalp from T3(anodal-tDCS)to Fp2(cathodal-tDCS)on the perceptual,physiological and performance responses ...Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of applying anodal tDCS(2 mA for 20 min)over the scalp from T3(anodal-tDCS)to Fp2(cathodal-tDCS)on the perceptual,physiological and performance responses during maximal incremental and constant-load exercise(CLE)in trained cyclists.Methods Eleven male cyclists performed maximal incremental exercise(MIE)on a cycle ergometer under either tDCS or sham,with power output,heart rate(HR),oxygen uptake(V̇O_(2)),ratings of perceived exertion(RPE)assessed throughout,and blood samples collected before and after MIE.On two separate occasions,nine subjects performed CLE at 62%of the peak power output followed by a 15 km time trial under either tDCS or sham(n=8 for the time trial).Results HR,V̇O_(2),RPE and blood samples were collected at regular intervals.There were no differences between tDCS and sham in any variable during the MIE.tDCS elicited a decreased HR(F_(4,8)=9.232;p=0.016;η_(p)^(2)=0.54),increased V̇O_(2)(F_(4,8)=8.920;p=0.015;η_(p)^(2)=0.50)and increased blood non-esterified fatty acids(F_(6,8)=11.754;p=0.009;η_(p)^(2)=0.60)and glycerol(F_(6,8)=6.603;p=0.037;η_(p)^(2)=0.49)concentrations during the CLE when compared to sham.tDCS also improved 15 km time trial performance by 3.6%(p=0.02;d=0.47)without affecting RPE,HR and blood lactate.Conclusions The application of tDCS over the temporal cortex in trained cyclists improved cycling performance during a self-paced time trial but did not enhance performance during maximal incremental exercise.These results are encouraging and merit further investigation of the ergogenic effects of tDCS in trained athletes.展开更多
Objectives Assessing physical activity and cardiometabolic risk in masters athletes as an example of very high physical activity at old age.Methods Forty-three men were studied in full factorial design,either as sprin...Objectives Assessing physical activity and cardiometabolic risk in masters athletes as an example of very high physical activity at old age.Methods Forty-three men were studied in full factorial design,either as sprint or jump-trained masters athletes(MA,n=10,age 60–75 years),as young sprint or jump-trained athletes(YA,n=10,age 20–35 years),older control participants(OC,n=11,age 60–75 years)or as young control participants(AC,n=12,age 20–35 years).We performed bio-electrical impedance analysis and assessed serum markers of lipids and glucose metabolism and C-reactive protein,structured training hours,and habitual activity via mobile actimetry.Results Body fat was greater in OC than in MA(23.9[SD 4.2]%vs.14.0[SD 5.7]%,p<0.001),and also greater than in YA and YC(both p<0.001).Weekly training hours were comparable between MA and YA(7.9[SD3.3]hours vs.11.1[SD 4.8]hours,p=0.69).Habitual walking distance was greater in MA than in OC(7,387[SD 4,923]m/day vs.4,110[SD 1,772]m/day,p=0.039),and so was habitual running distance(667[SD690]m/day vs.132[427]m/day,p<0.001).HOMA-index was greater in OC than in MA(2.07[SD 1.39]vs.0.80[SD 0.41],p=0.0039),and so was C-reactive protein(1.35[SD 1.74]mg/l vs.0.58[SD 0.27]mg/ml,p=0.018),whereas serum lipids showed only moderate or no effect(all p between 0.036 and 0.07).Conclusions Improved body composition and physical activity levels in MA are associated with lower cardiometabolic risk,which seems more pronounced for insulin sensitivity and inflammaging than for lipid metabolism.展开更多
AIM:To analyze stress fractures in athletes based on experience from our sports medicine clinic.METHODS:We investigated the association between stress fractures and age,sex,sports level,sports activity,and skeletal si...AIM:To analyze stress fractures in athletes based on experience from our sports medicine clinic.METHODS:We investigated the association between stress fractures and age,sex,sports level,sports activity,and skeletal site in athletes seen at our sports medicine clinic between September 1991 and April 2009.Stress fractures of the pars interarticularis were excluded from this analysis.RESULTS:During this period(18 years and 8 mo),14276 patients(9215 males and 5061 females)consulted our clinic because of sports-related injuries,and 263 patients(1.8%)[171 males(1.9%)and 92 females(1.8%)]sustained stress fractures.The average age of the patients with stress fractures was 20.2 years(range 10-46 years);112 patients(42.6%)were 15-19 years of age and 90(34.2%)were 20-24 years of age.Altogether,90 patients(34.2%)were active at a high recreational level and 173(65.8%)at a competitive level.The highest proportion of stress fractures was seen in basketball athletes(21.3%),followed by baseball(13.7%),track and field(11.4%),rowing(9.5%),soccer(8.4%),aerobics(5.3%),and classical ballet(4.9%).The most common sites of stress fractures in these patients were the tibia(44.1%),followed by the rib(14.1%),metatarsal bone(12.9%),ulnar olecranon(8.7%)and pelvis(8.4%).The sites of the stress fractures varied from sport to sport.The ulnar olecranon was the most common stress fracture site in baseball players,and the rib was the most common in rowers.Basketball and classical ballet athletes predominantly sustained stress fractures of the tibia and metatarsal bone.Track and field and soccer athletes predominantly sustained stress fractures of the tibia and pubic bone.Aerobics athletes predominantly sustained stress fractures of the tibia.Middle and long distance female runners who sustained multiple stress fractures had the female athlete triad.CONCLUSION:The results of this analysis showed that stress fractures were seen in high-level young athletes,with similar proportions for males and females,and that particular sports were associated with specific sites for stress fractures.Middle and long distance female runners who suffered from multiple stress fractures had the female athlete triad.展开更多
Purpose:The purposes of this study were to examine the trajectories of athlete burnout across a 2-month period characterized by high physical,psychological,and social demands to explore(1)whether several subgroups of ...Purpose:The purposes of this study were to examine the trajectories of athlete burnout across a 2-month period characterized by high physical,psychological,and social demands to explore(1)whether several subgroups of athletes representing distinct burnout trajectories emerged from the analyses and(2)whether athlete burnout symptoms(reduced accomplishment,sport devaluation,and exhaustion)developed in tandem or whether some burnout dimensions predicted downstream changes in other dimensions(causal ordering model).Methods:One hundred and fifty-nine table tennis players in intensive training centers completed a self-reported athlete burnout measure across 3 time points within a 2-month period characterized by high demands.Data were analyzed through latent class growth analysis.Results:Results of latent class growth analysis showed 3 distinct trajectories for each athlete burnout dimension,indicating not only linear or quadratic change but also stability in longitudinal athlete burnout perceptions.Results also suggested that the 3 dimensions of athlete burnout did not develop in tandem.Rather,the likelihood of belonging to particular emerging trajectories of sport devaluation and physical/emotional exhaustion was significantly influenced by the athletes’perception of reduced accomplishment assessed at Time 1.Thus,reduced accomplishment predicted downstream changes in the 2 other athlete burnout dimensions.Conclusion:As a whole,these results highlighted that the multinomial heterogeneity in longitudinal athlete burnout symptoms needs to be accounted for in future research.展开更多
AIM：To compare visual efficiency,specifically accommodation,vergence,and oculomotor functions among athletes and non-athletes.METHODS：A cross-sectional study on sports vision screening was used to evaluate the visua...AIM：To compare visual efficiency,specifically accommodation,vergence,and oculomotor functions among athletes and non-athletes.METHODS：A cross-sectional study on sports vision screening was used to evaluate the visual skills of 214elementary students（107 athletes,107 non-athletes）,aged between 13 and 16y.The visual screening assessed visual parameters such as ocular motor alignment,accommodation,and vergence functions.RESULTS：Mean visual parameters were compared between age-group matched athletes（mean age14.82±0.98y）and non-athletes（mean age 15.00±1.04y）.The refractive errors of all participants were corrected to maximal attainable best corrected visual acuity of log MAR0.0.Accommodation function assessment evaluated amplitude of accommodation and accommodation facility.Vergence functions measured the near point of convergence,vergence facility,and distance fusional vergence at break and recovery point.Ocular motor alignment was not statistically significant between both groups.Athletes had a statistically significant amplitude of accommodation for both the right eye（t=2.30,P=0.02）and the left eye（t=1.99,P=0.05）.Conversely,non-athletes had better accommodation facility（t=-2.54,P=0.01）and nearpoint of convergence（t=4.39,P〈0.001）when compared to athletes.Vergence facility was found to be better among athletes（t=2.47,P=0.01）.Nevertheless,non-athletes were significantly better for both distance negative and positive fusional vergence.CONCLUSION：Although the findings are still inconclusive as to whether athletes had superior visual skills as compared to non-athletes,it remains important to identify and elucidate the key visual skills needed by athletes in order for them to achieve higher performance in their sports.展开更多
We assessed 16 student-athletes in their first year of college on several dimensions, including severity of psychological and physical symptoms, mental health upset, academic concerns, suicidal tendencies, depressive ...We assessed 16 student-athletes in their first year of college on several dimensions, including severity of psychological and physical symptoms, mental health upset, academic concerns, suicidal tendencies, depressive outlook, anxiety and tension, attention difficulties, and alcohol abuse. We assessed half during their sports’ competition season and half during their off-season. Results pointed to increased perceived stress during the down time of off season. It may be that for student-athletes, the structure of competition season offsets the stress of competition, such that when the structure is removed or lessened, perceived stress increases. Implications of these data are discussed as well as plans for developing follow-up studies.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND In pediatric and adolescent athletes,there is a lack of understanding about the impact of factors such as race on the structural or cardiovascular adaptations in response to exercise which may unnecessarily disqualify athletes from the competitive sport.We hypothesized that race has an impact on cardiac adaptions in non-adult athletes.AIM To explore the racial disparity in electrocardiographic(ECG)and echocardiographic(ECHO)parameters in healthy adolescent athletes.METHODS A comprehensive electronic systematic literature search using MEDLINE database was performed from inception to September 20,2024.Inclusion criteria included randomized or observational cohort studies that recruited adolescent competitive athletes in any sport discipline and compared between the Black and White races with an age range of 12-18 years.RESULTS Of 723 records that were identified by the literature search,seven studies(n=5036)were included.The mean age was 13.0-18.0 years old with male predominance.Black athletes had significantly longer PR interval[mean difference(MD)=17.49 millisecond,95% CI:11.70-23.29]and shorter QRS complex duration(MD=-7.35 millisecond,95% CI:-9.17 to-5.53)and corrected QT interval(MD=-4.95 millisecond,95% CI:-7.69 to-2.22)than the White athletes.Black athletes were approximately four times more likely to have first-degree atrioventricular(AV)block,inverted T wave,ST-segment elevation,and left atrium(LA)enlargement than their White counterparts.In terms of ECHO parameters,Black athletes had significantly greater septal wall thickness(MD=0.85 mm,95% CI:0.62-1.07),posterior wall thickness(MD=1.07 mm,95% CI:0.36-1.78),relative wall thickness(MD=0.03,95%CI:0.001-0.06),maximal wall thickness(MD=1.05 mm,95%CI:0.28-1.83),and LA diameter(MD=1.64 mm,95%CI:0.16-3.12).CONCLUSION Race has an impact on the ECG and ECHO parameters that reflect cardiac adaptations in adolescent athletes.Black athletes tend to have an increased prevalence of distinct ECG changes such as first-degree AV block and T-wave inversions compared with their White counterparts.Despite having thicker septal and posterior walls,the overall prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy did not differ between the races.
基金supported by the Ontario Women's Health Scholars Postdoctoral awarda Western's Bone&Joint Institute Collaborative Training in Musculoskeletal Heath Program Trainee Award.
文摘Background:Preparticipation examinations(PPEs)are unstandardized screening tools routinely used to collect an athlete's baseline health information prior to the start of a new competitive season.However,many PPEs include minimal and often nonspecific questions related to the health concerns of female athletes.A lack of female athlete specific health questions could result in missed red flags and subsequent injury or illness.As such,the objectives of this scoping review were to(a)determine what female athlete specific health questions currently exist in PPEs in the scientific literature to prevent injury and illness,and(b)map the results against the health domains outlined in the International Olympic Committee(IOC)consensus statement supplement on the female athlete.Methods:We searched Embase,Scopus,CINAHL,Medline Ovid,and SPORTDiscus from inception to December 2022.Any study with female athlete specific health PPE questions or recommendations for questions(i.e.,menstrual health,eating habits,musculoskeletal health,etc.)was included.Three reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts,followed by full text articles for eligibility and data extraction,with conflicts resolved by a third-party reviewer.Extracted data were summarized into 3 determined groupings.Results:Of the 1356 studies screened,41 were included in this study.Forty studies(98%)included questions/recommendations related to menstrual health.Thirty-one studies(76%)had questions/recommendations concerning disordered eating/eating habits.Twenty-four studies(59%)referred to body weight/image,and 16 studies(39%)referred to musculoskeletal health.No studies included questions on all IOC female athlete health domains.Conclusion:There is currently a gap in female athlete specific health content included in PPEs.A more comprehensive,standardized PPE with a focus on inclusion of female athlete specific health questions and considerations should be developed to improve health and optimal participation of female athletes around the world.
文摘BACKGROUND Fixed esotropia in high myopia,characterized by irreversible inward ocular deviation and abduction limitation,presents unique therapeutic challenges for athletes requiring precise binocular coordination.The combination of Yokoyama surgery and medial rectus muscle recession has been proposed as an advanced technique addresses both myopia-induced globe displacement and muscular imbalance offering potential advantages over conventional strabismus surgery in this population.AIM To investigate the effects of the modified Yokoyama surgery coupled with medial rectus muscle recession in restoring ocular motility and correcting esotropia among athletes with high myopia and fixed esotropia.METHODS A retrospective study analyzed 30 highly myopia athletes(57 eyes)with fixed esotropia treated at our hospital from January 2022 to April 2024.The participants were allocated into two groups based on the surgical method:The traditional group(n=15,29 eyes)received conventional strabismus surgery,and the combined group(n=15,28 eyes)underwent modified Yokoyama surgery in combination with medial rectus muscle recession.Eye movement improvement,esotropia alleviation,and complications were compared preoperatively and at 1,3,and 6 months post-treatment.RESULTS Both surgical groups exhibited similar baseline scores(traditional:-4.04±0.38 vs combined:-4.12±0.45,P>0.05),showing severe preoperative limitations in ocular motility.Following the intervention,the combined group achieved significantly better outcomes at both 1 month(combined:-2.25±0.28 vs traditional:-2.67±0.32)and 3 months(combined:-1.48±0.28 vs traditional:-1.76±0.43),with statistically significant improvements(P<0.05).However,by 6 months,no significant difference was observed between the two groups(combined:-0.93±0.13;traditional:-1.03±0.18;P>0.05).Prior to treatment,all patients in both groups exhibited a compensatory head posture(CHP).Following treatment,the incidence of CHP decreased to 6.67%in the combined group and 20.00%in the traditional group,both reductions being significant compared to pretreatment levels(P<0.05).Nevertheless,the difference in CHP incidence between the two groups after treatment was not significant(P>0.05).The rates of improvement in esotropia showed an increasing trend in both groups at 1 month(46.43%vs 34.48%),3 months(78.57%vs 51.728%),and 6 months(100.00%vs 89.66%)post-treatment.Notably,the combined group had a significantly higher improvement rate than the traditional group at the 3-month follow-up(P<0.05).No significant difference was observed in the esotropia improvement rates between the two groups at 1 and 6 months post-treatment(P>0.05).The combined group experienced slightly lower but not significant(combined group:0.00%vs traditional:3.45%)as opposed to the traditional group(3.45%;P>0.05).CONCLUSION The combination of modified Yokoyama surgery and medial rectus muscle recession provides effective and safe approach to improving in eye movement and esotropia in athletes with high myopia and fixed esotropia,offering reliable clinical benefits.
文摘Background:Iron facilitates key biological functions underpinning sports performance,and up to 60%of female athletes experience iron deficiency.However,the effects of iron deficiency on sports performance in female athletes is unclear,as are the degree of benefits of iron supplementation(FeSup).This study characterizes the effects of iron deficiency and FeSup on sports performance in high-level female athletes.Methods:Searches of the electronic databases MEDLINE,SPORTDiscus,Web of Science,Scopus,and CINAHL were performed in July 2023.Studies were included that evaluated the effects of iron deficiency or FeSup on sports performance in high-level(maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)>45 mL/kg/min,or trained>5 h/week)iron deficient(ID)(serum ferritin(sFer)<40 mg/L)female athletes.Studies were assessed using a modified Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist.Results:A total of 23 studies comprising 669 athletes(age range:13-47 years)across 16 sports were included in the review.Iron deficiency negatively affects endurance performance by 3%-4%.However,endurance performance improved by 2%-20%when ID athletes were treated with 100 mg/day of elemental iron for up to 56 days via oral supplementation,or bi-daily via parenteral administration over 8-10 days.ID nonanemic athletes with low sFer stores may be predisposed to reduced maximal aerobic capacity.However,maximal aerobic capacity improved by 6%-15%following 16 mg/day-100 mg/day of elemental iron for 36-126 days.Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power performance may be impeded(-23%to+4%)among ID athletes,but the effect of FeSup on anaerobic power varied markedly(-5%to+9%)following 100 mg/day of elemental iron over 42-56 days,or 100 mg of elemental iron bi-daily over 8-10 days.The quality of studies was moderate(77%),ranging from low(57%)to high(100%).Moststudies(n=18)contained group sizes-20 athletes,thus limiting the likelihood of detecting significant effects(statistical power>0.80).Conclusion:High-level ID female athletes experience a negative impact on endurance performance,which can be improved by supplementing with»100 mg of elemental iron per day or bi-daily.The decrements in other performance parameters characterizing a range of sports coincide with the severity of iron deficiency.
基金funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia(Grant No.APP1130353)supported by a Royal Australian College of Physicians Research Entry Scholarship(Grant No.2023RES00039)+4 种基金The National Health and Medical Research Council Postgraduate Scholarship(Grant No.2031119)a Heart Foundation PhD Scholarship(Grant No.107659)supported through an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarshipsupported as a postdoctoral clinical researcher by the Fund for Scientific Research Flanderssupported by a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Investigator Grant(Grant No.APP 2027105)。
文摘Background:A greater prevalence of arrhythmias has been described in endurance athletes,but it remains unclear whether this risk persists after detraining.We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of arrhythmias and their relationship with cardiac remodeling in lifelong and retired master endurance athletes compared to non-athletic controls.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional analysis of observational studies that used echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance to detail cardiac structure and function,and Holter monitors to identify atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in 185 endurance athletes and 81 non-athletic controls aged≥40 years.Athletes were categorized as active lifelong(n=144)or retired(n=41)based on hours per week of high-intensity endurance exercise within 5 years of enrollment and validated by percentage of predicted maximal oxygen consumption(VO_(2max)).Athletes with overt cardiomyopathies,channelopathies,pre-excitation,and/or myocardial infarction were excluded.Results:Lifelong athletes(median age=55 years(interquartile range(IQR):46-62),79%male)were significantly fitter than retired athletes(median age=66 years(IQR:58-71),95%male)and controls(median age=53 years(IQR:48-60),96%male),respectively(predicted VO_(2max):131%±18%vs.99%±14%vs.98%±15%,p<0.001).Compared to controls,athletes in our cohort had a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation((AF):32%vs.0%,p<0.001)and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia((NSVT):9%vs.1%,p=0.007).There was no difference in prevalence of any arrhythmia between lifelong and retired athletes.Lifelong athletes had larger ventricular volumes than retired athletes,who had ventricular volumes similar to controls(left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area(LVEDVi):101±20 m L/m^(2)vs.86±16 mL/m^(2)vs.94±18 mL/m^(2),p<0.001;right ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area(RVEDVi):117±23 mL/m^(2)vs.101±19 mL/m^(2)vs.100±19 mL/m^(2),p<0.001).Athletes had more scar(40%vs.18%,p=0.002)and larger left atria(median volume=45m L/m^(2)(IQR:38-52)vs.31 mL/m^(2)(IQR:25-38),p<0.001)than controls,with no difference in atrial volumes and non-ischaemic scar between the athlete groups.Conclusion:Master endurance athletes have a higher prevalence of AF and NSVT than non-athletic controls.Whereas ventricular remodeling tends to reverse with detraining,the propensity to arrhythmias persists regardless of whether they are actively exercising or retired.
文摘Background: Biological maturation refers to the progressive process through which individuals transition toward an adult state during growth and development. To address the challenges posed by differences in biological maturity and the limitations of existing testing methods, particularly in adolescent sports contexts, there is a pressing need for a non-invasive method that is convenient, accurate, and broadly applicable to monitor the biological maturity of adolescent athletes comprehensively. In response to this need, a maturity assessment method based on the smartphone application Maturo has been developed. This study evaluates the accuracy and validity of the Maturo software, an automated tool for estimating biological age and related maturation metrics.Methods: A sample of 103 actively training teenage athletes aged 9-17 years. The sample included 76 males(age = 11.74 ± 1.55 years, mean ±SD) and 27 females(age = 13.95 ± 1.40 years), all without medical conditions that might impact growth or development.Results: Compared to traditional expert evaluations, the intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs) and Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated reliable positive correlations and significant agreement between the Maturo software and expert methods across multiple metrics, such as biological age(ICC = 0.965, R = 0.97), corrected biological age(ICC = 0.973, R = 0.99), predicted adult height(ICC = 0.991, R = 0.99), and percentage of adult height achieved(ICC = 0.955, R = 0.97). The Bland-Altman plots provided additional evidence of the validity of the Maturo software estimations, showing low systematic error in most measures. The linear regression analysis produced excellent adjusted R2values: 0.95for biological age and 0.99 for anticipated adult height. The Maturo approach demonstrated a high level of dependability in classifying teenagers into groups based on their maturity status and timing. The κ coefficients of 0.93 for maturity status and 0.82 for maturity timing indicate a nearly perfect agreement with the expert technique.Conclusion: While the Maturo software's non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use could make it a potential tool for regular monitoring of growth and maturation in young athletes, its promising results in assessing maturation should be interpreted with caution due to limitations such as sample size and demographic constraints. Further longitude research with larger and more diverse populations is needed to validate these preliminary findings and strengthen the evidence for its broader applicability.
文摘High-intensity interval training(HIIT),a highly efficient and distinctive exercise format,has sparked growing academic interest in sports performance training.This article synthesizes theoretical and applied evidence to analyze mechanisms of HIIT in neuromuscular activation,hormonal responses,muscle fiber adaptation,and metabolic pathway effects.It focuses on its effectiveness in enhancing explosive power,maximum strength,and strength endurance,while also examining the integration of HIIT with traditional resistance training,periodized programming,and personalized prescription.Scientific implementation of HIIT can effectively diversify or even replace conventional strength training,not only offering positive directional changes for strength development but also introducing innovative approaches to sports performance training practices.
基金funded by the National Science and Technology Council,grant number NSTC 113-2221-E-002-136-.
文摘In order to help athletes optimize their performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries,it is important to develop science-based strategies for optimally designing training programs.The purpose of the present study is to develop a novel method by the combined use of optimal control theory and a training-performance model for designing optimal training programs,with the hope of helping athletes achieve the best performance exactly on the competition day while properly manage training load during the training course for preventing overtraining.The training-performance model used in the proposed optimal control framework is a conceptual extension of the Banister impulse-response model that describes the dynamics of performance,training load(served as the control variable),fitness(the overall positive effects on performance),and fatigue(the overall negative effects on performance).The objective functional of the proposed optimal control framework is to maximize the fitness and minimize the fatigue on the competition day with the goal of maximizing the performance on the competition day while minimizing the cumulative training load during the training course.The Forward-Backward Sweep Method is used to solve the proposed optimal control framework to obtain the optimal solutions of performance,training load,fitness,and fatigue.The simulation results show that the performance on the competition day is higher while the cumulative training load during the training course is lower with using optimal control theory than those without,successfully showing the feasibility and benefits of using the proposed optimal control framework to design optimal training programs for helping athletes achieve the best performance exactly on the competition day while properly manage training load during the training course for preventing overtraining.The present feasibility study lays the foundation of the combined use of optimal control theory and training-performance models to design personalized optimal training programs in real applications in athletic training and sports science for helping athletes achieve the best performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries.
文摘Background:Determining the incidence and prevalence of injury and illness in short-course triathletes would improve understanding of their etiologies and therefore assist in the development and implementation of prevention strategies.This study synthesizes the existing evidence on the incidence and prevalence of injury and illness and summarizes reported injury or illness etiology and risk factors affecting short-course triathletes.Methods:This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Studies reporting health problems(injury and illness)in triathletes(all sexes,ages,and experience levels)training and/or competing in short-course distances were included.Six electronic databases(Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,MEDLINE,Embase,APA PsychINFO,Web of Science Core Collection,and SPORTDiscus)were searched.Risk of bias was independently assessed by 2 reviewers using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.Two authors independently completed data extraction.Results:The search yielded 7998 studies,with 42 studies eligible for inclusion.Twenty-three studies investigated injuries,24 studies investigated illnesses,and 5 studies investigated both injuries and illnesses.The injury incidence rate ranged 15.7-24.3 per 1000 athlete exposures,and the illness incidence rate ranged 1.8-13.1 per 1000 athlete days.Injury and illness prevalence ranged between 2%-15%and 6%-84%,respectively.Most injuries reported occurred during running(45%-92%),and the most frequently reported illnesses affected the gastrointestinal(7%-70%),cardiovascular(14%-59%),and respiratory systems(5%-60%).Conclusion:The most frequently reported health problems in short-course triathletes were:overuse and lower limb injuries associated with running;gastrointestinal illnesses and altered cardiac function,primarily attributable to environmental factors;and respiratory illness mostly caused by infection.
基金supported by funding from the International Olympic Committee(IOC)CS received a scholarship made possible through funding by the South African Medical Research Council(SAMRC)through its Division of Research Capacity Development under the SAMRC Clinician Researcher ProgrammeResearch reported in this publication was also supported by the SAMRC under a Self-Initiated Research Grant to MS.
文摘Purpose The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with prolonged time to return to full performance(RTFP)in athletes with recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection.Methods Prospective cohort study with cross sectional analysis.A total of 84 athletes with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection assessed at a coronavirus disease 2019 recovery clinic gave a history of age,sex,type/level of sport,co-morbidities,pre-infection training hours,and 26 acute SARS-CoV-2 symptoms from 3 categories(“nose and throat”,“chest and neck”,and“whole body”/systemic).Data on days to RTFP were obtained by structured interviews.Factors associated with RTFP were demographics,sport participation,history of co-morbidities,pre-infection training history,and acute symptoms(type,number).Outcomes were:(a)days to RTFP(median,interquartile range(IQR))in asymptomatic(n=7)and symptomatic athletes(n=77),and(b)hazard ratios(HRs;95%confidence interval)for symptomatic athletes with vs.without a factor(univariate,multiple models).HR<1 was predictive of higher percentage chance of prolonged RTFP.Significance was p<0.05.Results Days to RTFP were 30 days(IQR:23–40)for asymptomatic and 64 days(IQR:42–91)for symptomatic participants(p>0.05).Factors associated with prolonged RTFP(univariate models)were:females(HR=0.57;p=0.014),endurance athletes(HR=0.41;p<0.0001),co-morbidity number(HR=0.75;p=0.001),and respiratory disease history(HR=0.54;p=0.026).In symptomatic athletes,prolonged RTFP(multiple models)was significantly associated with increased“chest and neck”(HR=0.85;p=0.017)and“nose and throat”(HR=0.84;p=0.013)symptoms,but the association was more profound between prolonged RFTP and increased total number of“all symptoms”(HR=0.91;p=0.001)and“whole body”/systemic(HR=0.82;p=0.007)symptoms.Conclusion A larger number of total symptoms and specifically“whole body”/systemic symptoms during the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in athletes is associated with prolonged RTFP.
文摘Triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries are common in amateur and professional sports.These injuries are mainly caused by acute or chronic repetitive axial loads on the wrist,particularly on the ulnar side and in association with rotations or radial/ulnar deviations.In order to treat professional athletes,a detailed specific knowledge of the pathology is needed.Moreover,the clinician should fully understand the specific and unique environment and needs of the athletes,their priorities and goals,the type of sport,the time of the season,and the position played.An early diagnosis and appropriate management with the quickest possible recovery time are the uppermost goals for both the athlete and the surgeon.A compromise between conservative vs surgical indications,athletes’needs and expectations,and financial implications should be achieved.Arthroscopic procedures should be timely planned when indicated as they could allow early diagnosis and treatment at the same time.Conservative measures are often used as first line treatment when possible.Peripheral lesions are treated by arthroscopic repair,whilst central lesions are treated by arthroscopic debridement.Further procedures(such as the Wafer procedure,ulnar osteotomies,etc.)have specific indications and great implications with regard to rehabilitation.
文摘In recent years, the NCAA student athlete population in the United States has surpassed 500,000, and is continuing to rise each year [1]. These student athletes work their entire lives academically and athletically to reach the ultimate goal: competing in university athletics. However, when these athletes reach university, they are met with non-stop training, homework, exams, and evolving social lives. We have conducted a study at the University of Evansville evaluating how participation in university athletics may impact mental health status among these student athletes, as well as measuring players’ awareness of accessible mental health resources. Over fifty percent of participants reported experiencing at least one mental health condition while competing in their sport;eighty percent reported having knowledge of the mental health resources available to them on campus, however, nearly thirty percent of those knowledgeable reported not knowing how to access these resources. This has indicated a gap in awareness and utilization of mental health resources among student athletes at the University of Evansville.
文摘Many young elite athletes do not meet their daily energy and nutrient requirements. However, little research has been done on why these athletes do not meet their daily needs. The aim was to research the barriers and motivators of young Dutch elite athletes to optimize their nutritional intake. Quantitative and qualitative research was conducted among 8 handball and 4 volleyball players at the Dutch National Sports Center (17.2 ± 0.8 years). First, the nutritional intake was tracked through food diaries and analyzed in Nutritics. Thereupon, five semi-structured interviews based on the COM-B model were carried out. The interviews were transcribed and coded. The athletes had a reduced intake of energy, carbohydrates, vitamins A, C, E, D, calcium, potassium, zinc, and iron compared to their requirements. Seven themes for optimizing their nutritional intake emerged in the interviews: needs assessment, practical translation, portion size, lack of time, involvement, individuality, and food distribution. Barriers that the athletes experienced were that they did not know what their total daily nutritional needs were and how this translates into practice. In addition, the portion size at dinner was too small. They also had little time to eat a full meal due to time pressure from training and school. On the other hand, motivators were receiving meal options to translate their needs into practice with a distribution of moments when they need to eat. Covering these topics in nutritional workshops where athletes actively participate with more individual focus, could contribute to the optimization of their nutritional intake.
文摘Objective:This study aims to explore the effect of swimming athletes’burnout on their sports motivation in Hunan University,China.It seeks to understand how burnout influences various motivational factors,providing insights for optimizing swimming sports courses and enhancing student participation.Method:Employing random sampling,the study surveyed 260 swimming athletes from Hunan University.The research utilized a questionnaire divided into three parts:demographic information,the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire(ABQ),and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory(IMI).Pearson’s r correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS to examine the relationships between burnout dimensions and motivational factors.Results:The study found significant correlations between a reduced sense of accomplishment and various motivational dimensions,including“interest/enjoyment,”“perceived competence,”“perceived choice,”and particularly“perceived tension.”Physical exhaustion showed a significant correlation only with“perceived tension,”indicating a strong link between psychological stress and physical fatigue.Sports devaluation was significantly correlated with“perceived tension,”suggesting that psychological stress impacts athletes’valuation of their sport.Conclusion:The findings highlight the complex interplay between burnout and motivation in swimming athletes.Psychological stress,as indicated by“perceived tension,”emerges as a key factor influencing both the physical and emotional aspects of burnout.The study underscores the need for holistic training approaches that balance physical training with psychological well-being,personalized coaching,and supportive environments to enhance intrinsic motivation and manage stress effectively.
文摘Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of applying anodal tDCS(2 mA for 20 min)over the scalp from T3(anodal-tDCS)to Fp2(cathodal-tDCS)on the perceptual,physiological and performance responses during maximal incremental and constant-load exercise(CLE)in trained cyclists.Methods Eleven male cyclists performed maximal incremental exercise(MIE)on a cycle ergometer under either tDCS or sham,with power output,heart rate(HR),oxygen uptake(V̇O_(2)),ratings of perceived exertion(RPE)assessed throughout,and blood samples collected before and after MIE.On two separate occasions,nine subjects performed CLE at 62%of the peak power output followed by a 15 km time trial under either tDCS or sham(n=8 for the time trial).Results HR,V̇O_(2),RPE and blood samples were collected at regular intervals.There were no differences between tDCS and sham in any variable during the MIE.tDCS elicited a decreased HR(F_(4,8)=9.232;p=0.016;η_(p)^(2)=0.54),increased V̇O_(2)(F_(4,8)=8.920;p=0.015;η_(p)^(2)=0.50)and increased blood non-esterified fatty acids(F_(6,8)=11.754;p=0.009;η_(p)^(2)=0.60)and glycerol(F_(6,8)=6.603;p=0.037;η_(p)^(2)=0.49)concentrations during the CLE when compared to sham.tDCS also improved 15 km time trial performance by 3.6%(p=0.02;d=0.47)without affecting RPE,HR and blood lactate.Conclusions The application of tDCS over the temporal cortex in trained cyclists improved cycling performance during a self-paced time trial but did not enhance performance during maximal incremental exercise.These results are encouraging and merit further investigation of the ergogenic effects of tDCS in trained athletes.
文摘Objectives Assessing physical activity and cardiometabolic risk in masters athletes as an example of very high physical activity at old age.Methods Forty-three men were studied in full factorial design,either as sprint or jump-trained masters athletes(MA,n=10,age 60–75 years),as young sprint or jump-trained athletes(YA,n=10,age 20–35 years),older control participants(OC,n=11,age 60–75 years)or as young control participants(AC,n=12,age 20–35 years).We performed bio-electrical impedance analysis and assessed serum markers of lipids and glucose metabolism and C-reactive protein,structured training hours,and habitual activity via mobile actimetry.Results Body fat was greater in OC than in MA(23.9[SD 4.2]%vs.14.0[SD 5.7]%,p<0.001),and also greater than in YA and YC(both p<0.001).Weekly training hours were comparable between MA and YA(7.9[SD3.3]hours vs.11.1[SD 4.8]hours,p=0.69).Habitual walking distance was greater in MA than in OC(7,387[SD 4,923]m/day vs.4,110[SD 1,772]m/day,p=0.039),and so was habitual running distance(667[SD690]m/day vs.132[427]m/day,p<0.001).HOMA-index was greater in OC than in MA(2.07[SD 1.39]vs.0.80[SD 0.41],p=0.0039),and so was C-reactive protein(1.35[SD 1.74]mg/l vs.0.58[SD 0.27]mg/ml,p=0.018),whereas serum lipids showed only moderate or no effect(all p between 0.036 and 0.07).Conclusions Improved body composition and physical activity levels in MA are associated with lower cardiometabolic risk,which seems more pronounced for insulin sensitivity and inflammaging than for lipid metabolism.
文摘AIM:To analyze stress fractures in athletes based on experience from our sports medicine clinic.METHODS:We investigated the association between stress fractures and age,sex,sports level,sports activity,and skeletal site in athletes seen at our sports medicine clinic between September 1991 and April 2009.Stress fractures of the pars interarticularis were excluded from this analysis.RESULTS:During this period(18 years and 8 mo),14276 patients(9215 males and 5061 females)consulted our clinic because of sports-related injuries,and 263 patients(1.8%)[171 males(1.9%)and 92 females(1.8%)]sustained stress fractures.The average age of the patients with stress fractures was 20.2 years(range 10-46 years);112 patients(42.6%)were 15-19 years of age and 90(34.2%)were 20-24 years of age.Altogether,90 patients(34.2%)were active at a high recreational level and 173(65.8%)at a competitive level.The highest proportion of stress fractures was seen in basketball athletes(21.3%),followed by baseball(13.7%),track and field(11.4%),rowing(9.5%),soccer(8.4%),aerobics(5.3%),and classical ballet(4.9%).The most common sites of stress fractures in these patients were the tibia(44.1%),followed by the rib(14.1%),metatarsal bone(12.9%),ulnar olecranon(8.7%)and pelvis(8.4%).The sites of the stress fractures varied from sport to sport.The ulnar olecranon was the most common stress fracture site in baseball players,and the rib was the most common in rowers.Basketball and classical ballet athletes predominantly sustained stress fractures of the tibia and metatarsal bone.Track and field and soccer athletes predominantly sustained stress fractures of the tibia and pubic bone.Aerobics athletes predominantly sustained stress fractures of the tibia.Middle and long distance female runners who sustained multiple stress fractures had the female athlete triad.CONCLUSION:The results of this analysis showed that stress fractures were seen in high-level young athletes,with similar proportions for males and females,and that particular sports were associated with specific sites for stress fractures.Middle and long distance female runners who suffered from multiple stress fractures had the female athlete triad.
基金supported by the French Federation of Table Tennis.
文摘Purpose:The purposes of this study were to examine the trajectories of athlete burnout across a 2-month period characterized by high physical,psychological,and social demands to explore(1)whether several subgroups of athletes representing distinct burnout trajectories emerged from the analyses and(2)whether athlete burnout symptoms(reduced accomplishment,sport devaluation,and exhaustion)developed in tandem or whether some burnout dimensions predicted downstream changes in other dimensions(causal ordering model).Methods:One hundred and fifty-nine table tennis players in intensive training centers completed a self-reported athlete burnout measure across 3 time points within a 2-month period characterized by high demands.Data were analyzed through latent class growth analysis.Results:Results of latent class growth analysis showed 3 distinct trajectories for each athlete burnout dimension,indicating not only linear or quadratic change but also stability in longitudinal athlete burnout perceptions.Results also suggested that the 3 dimensions of athlete burnout did not develop in tandem.Rather,the likelihood of belonging to particular emerging trajectories of sport devaluation and physical/emotional exhaustion was significantly influenced by the athletes’perception of reduced accomplishment assessed at Time 1.Thus,reduced accomplishment predicted downstream changes in the 2 other athlete burnout dimensions.Conclusion:As a whole,these results highlighted that the multinomial heterogeneity in longitudinal athlete burnout symptoms needs to be accounted for in future research.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia Sports Grant[No.KPT.N.660-7 Jld 7(3)]UKM Research Code NN-2013-069
文摘AIM：To compare visual efficiency,specifically accommodation,vergence,and oculomotor functions among athletes and non-athletes.METHODS：A cross-sectional study on sports vision screening was used to evaluate the visual skills of 214elementary students（107 athletes,107 non-athletes）,aged between 13 and 16y.The visual screening assessed visual parameters such as ocular motor alignment,accommodation,and vergence functions.RESULTS：Mean visual parameters were compared between age-group matched athletes（mean age14.82±0.98y）and non-athletes（mean age 15.00±1.04y）.The refractive errors of all participants were corrected to maximal attainable best corrected visual acuity of log MAR0.0.Accommodation function assessment evaluated amplitude of accommodation and accommodation facility.Vergence functions measured the near point of convergence,vergence facility,and distance fusional vergence at break and recovery point.Ocular motor alignment was not statistically significant between both groups.Athletes had a statistically significant amplitude of accommodation for both the right eye（t=2.30,P=0.02）and the left eye（t=1.99,P=0.05）.Conversely,non-athletes had better accommodation facility（t=-2.54,P=0.01）and nearpoint of convergence（t=4.39,P〈0.001）when compared to athletes.Vergence facility was found to be better among athletes（t=2.47,P=0.01）.Nevertheless,non-athletes were significantly better for both distance negative and positive fusional vergence.CONCLUSION：Although the findings are still inconclusive as to whether athletes had superior visual skills as compared to non-athletes,it remains important to identify and elucidate the key visual skills needed by athletes in order for them to achieve higher performance in their sports.
文摘We assessed 16 student-athletes in their first year of college on several dimensions, including severity of psychological and physical symptoms, mental health upset, academic concerns, suicidal tendencies, depressive outlook, anxiety and tension, attention difficulties, and alcohol abuse. We assessed half during their sports’ competition season and half during their off-season. Results pointed to increased perceived stress during the down time of off season. It may be that for student-athletes, the structure of competition season offsets the stress of competition, such that when the structure is removed or lessened, perceived stress increases. Implications of these data are discussed as well as plans for developing follow-up studies.
