The Milan-Cortina Winter Olympics,in Italy,concluded on February 22,after 17 days of competitions that witnessed broad participation and historic breakthroughs.China-which fielded 126 athletes in 91 events across 15 d...The Milan-Cortina Winter Olympics,in Italy,concluded on February 22,after 17 days of competitions that witnessed broad participation and historic breakthroughs.China-which fielded 126 athletes in 91 events across 15 disciplines--sent its largest-ever delegation to an overseas Winter Olympics.展开更多
Purpose:ATLAS is a cross-sectional study aiming to investigate environmental and genetic determinants of athletic performance in healthy Greek competitive athletes(CA).This article presents the study design,investigat...Purpose:ATLAS is a cross-sectional study aiming to investigate environmental and genetic determinants of athletic performance in healthy Greek competitive athletes(CA).This article presents the study design,investigates the muscle strength performance(MSP)of 289 adult and teenage CA,exercisers,and physically inactive individuals(PI),and proposes predictive models of MSP for adults.Methods:Muscle maximal,speed,and explosive strength(MMS/MSS/MES)at unilateral maximal concentric flexion and extension contraction(FC/EC)were evaluated using Biodex System 3 PRO^(TM)at 60°/s,180°/s,and 300°/s,while additional performance markers were assessed through field ergometric testing.Participants were interviewed about their lifestyle,dietary habits,physical activity,injury,and medical history.Body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance.gDNA was extracted from biochemical samples and then genotyped.Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics v21.0 and R.Results:Age,fitness,and sex impacted correlations of MSP with body composition and anthropometric measurements(p<0.05).Among CA,females outperformed males in accuracy(p<0.001)while,males outperformed females in anaerobic power,MSP,speed,and endurance(p<0.001).Adult CA outperformed exercisers and PI in MMS,MSS,and MES(p<0.05).Multiple linear regression models,with predictors age,FFM,body extremity,training load explained the majority of variation in MMS(R^(2)_(adj):71.4%–88.9%),MSS(R^(2)_(adj):64.8%–78.4%),and MES(R^(2)_(adj):52.7%–68.4%)at EC,FC,and their mean(p<0.001).Conclusions:Muscle-strengthening strategies should be customized according to individual fitness levels,body composition,and anthropometric measurements.The innovative sex-specific regression models assessing MMS,MSS,and MES at EC and FC provide a framework for personalizing rehabilitation and skill-specific training strategies.展开更多
BACKGROUND In pediatric and adolescent athletes,there is a lack of understanding about the impact of factors such as race on the structural or cardiovascular adaptations in response to exercise which may unnecessarily...BACKGROUND In pediatric and adolescent athletes,there is a lack of understanding about the impact of factors such as race on the structural or cardiovascular adaptations in response to exercise which may unnecessarily disqualify athletes from the competitive sport.We hypothesized that race has an impact on cardiac adaptions in non-adult athletes.AIM To explore the racial disparity in electrocardiographic(ECG)and echocardiographic(ECHO)parameters in healthy adolescent athletes.METHODS A comprehensive electronic systematic literature search using MEDLINE database was performed from inception to September 20,2024.Inclusion criteria included randomized or observational cohort studies that recruited adolescent competitive athletes in any sport discipline and compared between the Black and White races with an age range of 12-18 years.RESULTS Of 723 records that were identified by the literature search,seven studies(n=5036)were included.The mean age was 13.0-18.0 years old with male predominance.Black athletes had significantly longer PR interval[mean difference(MD)=17.49 millisecond,95% CI:11.70-23.29]and shorter QRS complex duration(MD=-7.35 millisecond,95% CI:-9.17 to-5.53)and corrected QT interval(MD=-4.95 millisecond,95% CI:-7.69 to-2.22)than the White athletes.Black athletes were approximately four times more likely to have first-degree atrioventricular(AV)block,inverted T wave,ST-segment elevation,and left atrium(LA)enlargement than their White counterparts.In terms of ECHO parameters,Black athletes had significantly greater septal wall thickness(MD=0.85 mm,95% CI:0.62-1.07),posterior wall thickness(MD=1.07 mm,95% CI:0.36-1.78),relative wall thickness(MD=0.03,95%CI:0.001-0.06),maximal wall thickness(MD=1.05 mm,95%CI:0.28-1.83),and LA diameter(MD=1.64 mm,95%CI:0.16-3.12).CONCLUSION Race has an impact on the ECG and ECHO parameters that reflect cardiac adaptations in adolescent athletes.Black athletes tend to have an increased prevalence of distinct ECG changes such as first-degree AV block and T-wave inversions compared with their White counterparts.Despite having thicker septal and posterior walls,the overall prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy did not differ between the races.展开更多
Background:Preparticipation examinations(PPEs)are unstandardized screening tools routinely used to collect an athlete's baseline health information prior to the start of a new competitive season.However,many PPEs ...Background:Preparticipation examinations(PPEs)are unstandardized screening tools routinely used to collect an athlete's baseline health information prior to the start of a new competitive season.However,many PPEs include minimal and often nonspecific questions related to the health concerns of female athletes.A lack of female athlete specific health questions could result in missed red flags and subsequent injury or illness.As such,the objectives of this scoping review were to(a)determine what female athlete specific health questions currently exist in PPEs in the scientific literature to prevent injury and illness,and(b)map the results against the health domains outlined in the International Olympic Committee(IOC)consensus statement supplement on the female athlete.Methods:We searched Embase,Scopus,CINAHL,Medline Ovid,and SPORTDiscus from inception to December 2022.Any study with female athlete specific health PPE questions or recommendations for questions(i.e.,menstrual health,eating habits,musculoskeletal health,etc.)was included.Three reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts,followed by full text articles for eligibility and data extraction,with conflicts resolved by a third-party reviewer.Extracted data were summarized into 3 determined groupings.Results:Of the 1356 studies screened,41 were included in this study.Forty studies(98%)included questions/recommendations related to menstrual health.Thirty-one studies(76%)had questions/recommendations concerning disordered eating/eating habits.Twenty-four studies(59%)referred to body weight/image,and 16 studies(39%)referred to musculoskeletal health.No studies included questions on all IOC female athlete health domains.Conclusion:There is currently a gap in female athlete specific health content included in PPEs.A more comprehensive,standardized PPE with a focus on inclusion of female athlete specific health questions and considerations should be developed to improve health and optimal participation of female athletes around the world.展开更多
The athletic spirit goes beyond mere competition;it reflects the personal qualities that athletes embody both on and off the field.Central to this spirit is willpower,the inner strength that drives athletes to maintai...The athletic spirit goes beyond mere competition;it reflects the personal qualities that athletes embody both on and off the field.Central to this spirit is willpower,the inner strength that drives athletes to maintain rigorous training schedules and push their limits.This determination is essential for achieving excellence,especially when faced with challenges and setbacks.展开更多
Background:Iron facilitates key biological functions underpinning sports performance,and up to 60%of female athletes experience iron deficiency.However,the effects of iron deficiency on sports performance in female at...Background:Iron facilitates key biological functions underpinning sports performance,and up to 60%of female athletes experience iron deficiency.However,the effects of iron deficiency on sports performance in female athletes is unclear,as are the degree of benefits of iron supplementation(FeSup).This study characterizes the effects of iron deficiency and FeSup on sports performance in high-level female athletes.Methods:Searches of the electronic databases MEDLINE,SPORTDiscus,Web of Science,Scopus,and CINAHL were performed in July 2023.Studies were included that evaluated the effects of iron deficiency or FeSup on sports performance in high-level(maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)>45 mL/kg/min,or trained>5 h/week)iron deficient(ID)(serum ferritin(sFer)<40 mg/L)female athletes.Studies were assessed using a modified Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist.Results:A total of 23 studies comprising 669 athletes(age range:13-47 years)across 16 sports were included in the review.Iron deficiency negatively affects endurance performance by 3%-4%.However,endurance performance improved by 2%-20%when ID athletes were treated with 100 mg/day of elemental iron for up to 56 days via oral supplementation,or bi-daily via parenteral administration over 8-10 days.ID nonanemic athletes with low sFer stores may be predisposed to reduced maximal aerobic capacity.However,maximal aerobic capacity improved by 6%-15%following 16 mg/day-100 mg/day of elemental iron for 36-126 days.Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power performance may be impeded(-23%to+4%)among ID athletes,but the effect of FeSup on anaerobic power varied markedly(-5%to+9%)following 100 mg/day of elemental iron over 42-56 days,or 100 mg of elemental iron bi-daily over 8-10 days.The quality of studies was moderate(77%),ranging from low(57%)to high(100%).Moststudies(n=18)contained group sizes-20 athletes,thus limiting the likelihood of detecting significant effects(statistical power>0.80).Conclusion:High-level ID female athletes experience a negative impact on endurance performance,which can be improved by supplementing with»100 mg of elemental iron per day or bi-daily.The decrements in other performance parameters characterizing a range of sports coincide with the severity of iron deficiency.展开更多
Background:A greater prevalence of arrhythmias has been described in endurance athletes,but it remains unclear whether this risk persists after detraining.We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of arrhythmias and their r...Background:A greater prevalence of arrhythmias has been described in endurance athletes,but it remains unclear whether this risk persists after detraining.We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of arrhythmias and their relationship with cardiac remodeling in lifelong and retired master endurance athletes compared to non-athletic controls.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional analysis of observational studies that used echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance to detail cardiac structure and function,and Holter monitors to identify atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in 185 endurance athletes and 81 non-athletic controls aged≥40 years.Athletes were categorized as active lifelong(n=144)or retired(n=41)based on hours per week of high-intensity endurance exercise within 5 years of enrollment and validated by percentage of predicted maximal oxygen consumption(VO_(2max)).Athletes with overt cardiomyopathies,channelopathies,pre-excitation,and/or myocardial infarction were excluded.Results:Lifelong athletes(median age=55 years(interquartile range(IQR):46-62),79%male)were significantly fitter than retired athletes(median age=66 years(IQR:58-71),95%male)and controls(median age=53 years(IQR:48-60),96%male),respectively(predicted VO_(2max):131%±18%vs.99%±14%vs.98%±15%,p<0.001).Compared to controls,athletes in our cohort had a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation((AF):32%vs.0%,p<0.001)and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia((NSVT):9%vs.1%,p=0.007).There was no difference in prevalence of any arrhythmia between lifelong and retired athletes.Lifelong athletes had larger ventricular volumes than retired athletes,who had ventricular volumes similar to controls(left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area(LVEDVi):101±20 m L/m^(2)vs.86±16 mL/m^(2)vs.94±18 mL/m^(2),p<0.001;right ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area(RVEDVi):117±23 mL/m^(2)vs.101±19 mL/m^(2)vs.100±19 mL/m^(2),p<0.001).Athletes had more scar(40%vs.18%,p=0.002)and larger left atria(median volume=45m L/m^(2)(IQR:38-52)vs.31 mL/m^(2)(IQR:25-38),p<0.001)than controls,with no difference in atrial volumes and non-ischaemic scar between the athlete groups.Conclusion:Master endurance athletes have a higher prevalence of AF and NSVT than non-athletic controls.Whereas ventricular remodeling tends to reverse with detraining,the propensity to arrhythmias persists regardless of whether they are actively exercising or retired.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the energy supply of athletes,who had a mild form of coronavirus infection(COVID-19)under cycling ergometric load(CEL)to substantiate the timing of recovery,as well as to determine the ...This study aimed to investigate the energy supply of athletes,who had a mild form of coronavirus infection(COVID-19)under cycling ergometric load(CEL)to substantiate the timing of recovery,as well as to determine the volume and intensity of physical activity.Eighty-seven athletes aged from 18 to 28 years old,involved in cyclic sports,were examined.Group I consisted of 52 athletes with COVID-19,and group Ⅱ consisted of 37 healthy self-isolating athletes.In addition to the comprehensive examination,the tested athletes underwent special examinations:the study of diagnostic material using methods of nucleic acid amplification,spirography and spiroergometry,electrocardiography(ECG),and CEL.The results of athletes from both groups did not differ significantly(p>0.5)in the 1^(st),2^(nd),and 3^(rd) examinations.The second examination revealed a discrepancy between functional reserves and the load performed,as evidenced by the difference in the recovery rate of most indicators,the results of the third examination in the long-term period(6 months)showed that the athletes of the first group did not have any violations of the parameters of the respiratory function(RF)and cardiovascular system at rest,after performing CEL,as well as in the recovery period.The results suggest that the full resumption of training loads and participation in competitions are possible only with the complete normalization of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system.The most informative indicators are:minute ventilation(V E),heart rate(HR),oxygen pulse(OP),and coefficient of oxygen utilization(COU).展开更多
Purpose This study aimed to describe athlete workload over the course of a four-year collegiate lacrosse career.Methods Workload was evaluated each day of training and games using global positioning system microtechno...Purpose This study aimed to describe athlete workload over the course of a four-year collegiate lacrosse career.Methods Workload was evaluated each day of training and games using global positioning system microtechnology.Total workload for each athlete was calculated for each season of each year for total distance,high-intensity distance,accelerations,decelerations,and sprints.Data were tabulated as absolute and relative workloads with absolute workload representing an individual athlete and relative workload representing that athlete’s percentage of team mean workload.Results The workload of the entire lacrosse team was collected over four years containing the full career of six athletes.Across the five workload variables analyzed,athletes either maintained a workload near team mean workload or demonstrated an increase in workload towards the end of their careers.Conclusion As careers progressed,the variation in athlete workload decreased,and athletes approached the team’s average workload.Microtechnology may be useful in monitoring athlete workload over the course of a career.展开更多
Background: Biological maturation refers to the progressive process through which individuals transition toward an adult state during growth and development. To address the challenges posed by differences in biologica...Background: Biological maturation refers to the progressive process through which individuals transition toward an adult state during growth and development. To address the challenges posed by differences in biological maturity and the limitations of existing testing methods, particularly in adolescent sports contexts, there is a pressing need for a non-invasive method that is convenient, accurate, and broadly applicable to monitor the biological maturity of adolescent athletes comprehensively. In response to this need, a maturity assessment method based on the smartphone application Maturo has been developed. This study evaluates the accuracy and validity of the Maturo software, an automated tool for estimating biological age and related maturation metrics.Methods: A sample of 103 actively training teenage athletes aged 9-17 years. The sample included 76 males(age = 11.74 ± 1.55 years, mean ±SD) and 27 females(age = 13.95 ± 1.40 years), all without medical conditions that might impact growth or development.Results: Compared to traditional expert evaluations, the intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs) and Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated reliable positive correlations and significant agreement between the Maturo software and expert methods across multiple metrics, such as biological age(ICC = 0.965, R = 0.97), corrected biological age(ICC = 0.973, R = 0.99), predicted adult height(ICC = 0.991, R = 0.99), and percentage of adult height achieved(ICC = 0.955, R = 0.97). The Bland-Altman plots provided additional evidence of the validity of the Maturo software estimations, showing low systematic error in most measures. The linear regression analysis produced excellent adjusted R2values: 0.95for biological age and 0.99 for anticipated adult height. The Maturo approach demonstrated a high level of dependability in classifying teenagers into groups based on their maturity status and timing. The κ coefficients of 0.93 for maturity status and 0.82 for maturity timing indicate a nearly perfect agreement with the expert technique.Conclusion: While the Maturo software's non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use could make it a potential tool for regular monitoring of growth and maturation in young athletes, its promising results in assessing maturation should be interpreted with caution due to limitations such as sample size and demographic constraints. Further longitude research with larger and more diverse populations is needed to validate these preliminary findings and strengthen the evidence for its broader applicability.展开更多
Background:Psychological stress from academic and athletic demands adversely affects college athletes’mental health,the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain insufficiently understood.Therefore,this study...Background:Psychological stress from academic and athletic demands adversely affects college athletes’mental health,the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain insufficiently understood.Therefore,this study focuses on the Chinese college athletes and explores the relationship among mindfulness,stress coping,burnout,and mental health.Methods:The study used a sample of 500 student athletes from five higher sports colleges in China,collected data on various variables using standardized psychometric instruments,and analyzed the path relationships and mediating effects among the variables using structural equation modeling(SEM)and bootstrap methods.Results:Mindfulness significantly improved stress coping ability(β=0.721,p<0.001),and stress coping significantly improved mental health(β=0.606,p=0.027)and reduced burnout levels(β=−0.225,p<0.001).Burnout had a significant negative impact on mental health(β=−0.113,p=0.015).Mediation effect analysis revealed that stress coping played a mediating role between mindfulness and mental health(β=0.797,p<0.001),while the mediating effect of burnout was not statistically significant.When stress coping and burnout were considered simultaneously,they mediated the relationship between mindfulness and mental health(β=0.033,95%CI:[0.004,0.104],p=0.026).Conclusions:Mindfulness indirectly affects the mental health of college athletes by enhancing stress coping ability.The findings highlight the importance of integrating mindfulness training and stress coping strategies in sports training.Future studies should consider differences among sports to clarify the relationships between mindfulness,stress coping,burnout,and mental health.展开更多
Purpose Athletes have presented a deficiency in relative energy in recent years,which calls for appropriate nutritional guid-ance based on the estimated energy requirement(EER)-the target amount of daily energy intake...Purpose Athletes have presented a deficiency in relative energy in recent years,which calls for appropriate nutritional guid-ance based on the estimated energy requirement(EER)-the target amount of daily energy intake(EI).The calculation of EER requires longitudinal physical activity level(PAL)data,which has received insufficient attention.Therefore,this study aimed to clarify the changes in PAL by training periodization using the doubly labeled water(DLW)method,combined with the current status of EI by competition characteristics.Methods The participants comprised four male sprint athletes and five male endurance athletes at the national level.The experimental periods were normal training(NT)and tapering training(TT)periods.PAL was measured using the DLW method,and EI was measured by the dietary record method.Results PAL of the sprint athletes in the NT periods was significantly higher than in TT periods.EI had no significant differ-ences between the two periods.PAL and EI of the endurance athletes had no significant differences beteen the two periods.Conclusions These findings indicated that in sprint athletes,different PAL was observed between the two periods,with the TT period suggesting a lower value than the NT period.In endurance athletes,it had similar PAL values between the two periods.This suggests that the degree of influence of the training period on PAL may vary depending on the athletic events.Furthermore,the EI was not adjusted for changes in PAL,and the participants observed the status of energy-deficient regardless of discipline or training period.展开更多
High-intensity interval training(HIIT),a highly efficient and distinctive exercise format,has sparked growing academic interest in sports performance training.This article synthesizes theoretical and applied evidence ...High-intensity interval training(HIIT),a highly efficient and distinctive exercise format,has sparked growing academic interest in sports performance training.This article synthesizes theoretical and applied evidence to analyze mechanisms of HIIT in neuromuscular activation,hormonal responses,muscle fiber adaptation,and metabolic pathway effects.It focuses on its effectiveness in enhancing explosive power,maximum strength,and strength endurance,while also examining the integration of HIIT with traditional resistance training,periodized programming,and personalized prescription.Scientific implementation of HIIT can effectively diversify or even replace conventional strength training,not only offering positive directional changes for strength development but also introducing innovative approaches to sports performance training practices.展开更多
1|Goalie Phenomenon The goalie phenomenon describes a group of health issues that may become apparent in children who prefer playing as goalkeepers.This preference might not only be about the excitement of the role bu...1|Goalie Phenomenon The goalie phenomenon describes a group of health issues that may become apparent in children who prefer playing as goalkeepers.This preference might not only be about the excitement of the role but also as a coping mechanism for underlying health issues that make continuous running and high physical exertion challenging.The term highlights how certain positions in sports can sometimes obscure or reveal hidden health conditions,particularly among young athletes[1–3].To our knowledge,this is the first paper to formally introduce the term“Goalie phenomenon”in the literature exploring exerciseinduced asthma and sports role preferences in children.展开更多
BACKGROUND Fixed esotropia in high myopia,characterized by irreversible inward ocular deviation and abduction limitation,presents unique therapeutic challenges for athletes requiring precise binocular coordination.The...BACKGROUND Fixed esotropia in high myopia,characterized by irreversible inward ocular deviation and abduction limitation,presents unique therapeutic challenges for athletes requiring precise binocular coordination.The combination of Yokoyama surgery and medial rectus muscle recession has been proposed as an advanced technique addresses both myopia-induced globe displacement and muscular imbalance offering potential advantages over conventional strabismus surgery in this population.AIM To investigate the effects of the modified Yokoyama surgery coupled with medial rectus muscle recession in restoring ocular motility and correcting esotropia among athletes with high myopia and fixed esotropia.METHODS A retrospective study analyzed 30 highly myopia athletes(57 eyes)with fixed esotropia treated at our hospital from January 2022 to April 2024.The participants were allocated into two groups based on the surgical method:The traditional group(n=15,29 eyes)received conventional strabismus surgery,and the combined group(n=15,28 eyes)underwent modified Yokoyama surgery in combination with medial rectus muscle recession.Eye movement improvement,esotropia alleviation,and complications were compared preoperatively and at 1,3,and 6 months post-treatment.RESULTS Both surgical groups exhibited similar baseline scores(traditional:-4.04±0.38 vs combined:-4.12±0.45,P>0.05),showing severe preoperative limitations in ocular motility.Following the intervention,the combined group achieved significantly better outcomes at both 1 month(combined:-2.25±0.28 vs traditional:-2.67±0.32)and 3 months(combined:-1.48±0.28 vs traditional:-1.76±0.43),with statistically significant improvements(P<0.05).However,by 6 months,no significant difference was observed between the two groups(combined:-0.93±0.13;traditional:-1.03±0.18;P>0.05).Prior to treatment,all patients in both groups exhibited a compensatory head posture(CHP).Following treatment,the incidence of CHP decreased to 6.67%in the combined group and 20.00%in the traditional group,both reductions being significant compared to pretreatment levels(P<0.05).Nevertheless,the difference in CHP incidence between the two groups after treatment was not significant(P>0.05).The rates of improvement in esotropia showed an increasing trend in both groups at 1 month(46.43%vs 34.48%),3 months(78.57%vs 51.728%),and 6 months(100.00%vs 89.66%)post-treatment.Notably,the combined group had a significantly higher improvement rate than the traditional group at the 3-month follow-up(P<0.05).No significant difference was observed in the esotropia improvement rates between the two groups at 1 and 6 months post-treatment(P>0.05).The combined group experienced slightly lower but not significant(combined group:0.00%vs traditional:3.45%)as opposed to the traditional group(3.45%;P>0.05).CONCLUSION The combination of modified Yokoyama surgery and medial rectus muscle recession provides effective and safe approach to improving in eye movement and esotropia in athletes with high myopia and fixed esotropia,offering reliable clinical benefits.展开更多
In order to help athletes optimize their performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries,it is important to develop science-based strategies for optimally designing training pr...In order to help athletes optimize their performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries,it is important to develop science-based strategies for optimally designing training programs.The purpose of the present study is to develop a novel method by the combined use of optimal control theory and a training-performance model for designing optimal training programs,with the hope of helping athletes achieve the best performance exactly on the competition day while properly manage training load during the training course for preventing overtraining.The training-performance model used in the proposed optimal control framework is a conceptual extension of the Banister impulse-response model that describes the dynamics of performance,training load(served as the control variable),fitness(the overall positive effects on performance),and fatigue(the overall negative effects on performance).The objective functional of the proposed optimal control framework is to maximize the fitness and minimize the fatigue on the competition day with the goal of maximizing the performance on the competition day while minimizing the cumulative training load during the training course.The Forward-Backward Sweep Method is used to solve the proposed optimal control framework to obtain the optimal solutions of performance,training load,fitness,and fatigue.The simulation results show that the performance on the competition day is higher while the cumulative training load during the training course is lower with using optimal control theory than those without,successfully showing the feasibility and benefits of using the proposed optimal control framework to design optimal training programs for helping athletes achieve the best performance exactly on the competition day while properly manage training load during the training course for preventing overtraining.The present feasibility study lays the foundation of the combined use of optimal control theory and training-performance models to design personalized optimal training programs in real applications in athletic training and sports science for helping athletes achieve the best performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries.展开更多
We assessed 16 student-athletes in their first year of college on several dimensions, including severity of psychological and physical symptoms, mental health upset, academic concerns, suicidal tendencies, depressive ...We assessed 16 student-athletes in their first year of college on several dimensions, including severity of psychological and physical symptoms, mental health upset, academic concerns, suicidal tendencies, depressive outlook, anxiety and tension, attention difficulties, and alcohol abuse. We assessed half during their sports’ competition season and half during their off-season. Results pointed to increased perceived stress during the down time of off season. It may be that for student-athletes, the structure of competition season offsets the stress of competition, such that when the structure is removed or lessened, perceived stress increases. Implications of these data are discussed as well as plans for developing follow-up studies.展开更多
文摘The Milan-Cortina Winter Olympics,in Italy,concluded on February 22,after 17 days of competitions that witnessed broad participation and historic breakthroughs.China-which fielded 126 athletes in 91 events across 15 disciplines--sent its largest-ever delegation to an overseas Winter Olympics.
文摘Purpose:ATLAS is a cross-sectional study aiming to investigate environmental and genetic determinants of athletic performance in healthy Greek competitive athletes(CA).This article presents the study design,investigates the muscle strength performance(MSP)of 289 adult and teenage CA,exercisers,and physically inactive individuals(PI),and proposes predictive models of MSP for adults.Methods:Muscle maximal,speed,and explosive strength(MMS/MSS/MES)at unilateral maximal concentric flexion and extension contraction(FC/EC)were evaluated using Biodex System 3 PRO^(TM)at 60°/s,180°/s,and 300°/s,while additional performance markers were assessed through field ergometric testing.Participants were interviewed about their lifestyle,dietary habits,physical activity,injury,and medical history.Body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance.gDNA was extracted from biochemical samples and then genotyped.Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics v21.0 and R.Results:Age,fitness,and sex impacted correlations of MSP with body composition and anthropometric measurements(p<0.05).Among CA,females outperformed males in accuracy(p<0.001)while,males outperformed females in anaerobic power,MSP,speed,and endurance(p<0.001).Adult CA outperformed exercisers and PI in MMS,MSS,and MES(p<0.05).Multiple linear regression models,with predictors age,FFM,body extremity,training load explained the majority of variation in MMS(R^(2)_(adj):71.4%–88.9%),MSS(R^(2)_(adj):64.8%–78.4%),and MES(R^(2)_(adj):52.7%–68.4%)at EC,FC,and their mean(p<0.001).Conclusions:Muscle-strengthening strategies should be customized according to individual fitness levels,body composition,and anthropometric measurements.The innovative sex-specific regression models assessing MMS,MSS,and MES at EC and FC provide a framework for personalizing rehabilitation and skill-specific training strategies.
文摘BACKGROUND In pediatric and adolescent athletes,there is a lack of understanding about the impact of factors such as race on the structural or cardiovascular adaptations in response to exercise which may unnecessarily disqualify athletes from the competitive sport.We hypothesized that race has an impact on cardiac adaptions in non-adult athletes.AIM To explore the racial disparity in electrocardiographic(ECG)and echocardiographic(ECHO)parameters in healthy adolescent athletes.METHODS A comprehensive electronic systematic literature search using MEDLINE database was performed from inception to September 20,2024.Inclusion criteria included randomized or observational cohort studies that recruited adolescent competitive athletes in any sport discipline and compared between the Black and White races with an age range of 12-18 years.RESULTS Of 723 records that were identified by the literature search,seven studies(n=5036)were included.The mean age was 13.0-18.0 years old with male predominance.Black athletes had significantly longer PR interval[mean difference(MD)=17.49 millisecond,95% CI:11.70-23.29]and shorter QRS complex duration(MD=-7.35 millisecond,95% CI:-9.17 to-5.53)and corrected QT interval(MD=-4.95 millisecond,95% CI:-7.69 to-2.22)than the White athletes.Black athletes were approximately four times more likely to have first-degree atrioventricular(AV)block,inverted T wave,ST-segment elevation,and left atrium(LA)enlargement than their White counterparts.In terms of ECHO parameters,Black athletes had significantly greater septal wall thickness(MD=0.85 mm,95% CI:0.62-1.07),posterior wall thickness(MD=1.07 mm,95% CI:0.36-1.78),relative wall thickness(MD=0.03,95%CI:0.001-0.06),maximal wall thickness(MD=1.05 mm,95%CI:0.28-1.83),and LA diameter(MD=1.64 mm,95%CI:0.16-3.12).CONCLUSION Race has an impact on the ECG and ECHO parameters that reflect cardiac adaptations in adolescent athletes.Black athletes tend to have an increased prevalence of distinct ECG changes such as first-degree AV block and T-wave inversions compared with their White counterparts.Despite having thicker septal and posterior walls,the overall prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy did not differ between the races.
基金supported by the Ontario Women's Health Scholars Postdoctoral awarda Western's Bone&Joint Institute Collaborative Training in Musculoskeletal Heath Program Trainee Award.
文摘Background:Preparticipation examinations(PPEs)are unstandardized screening tools routinely used to collect an athlete's baseline health information prior to the start of a new competitive season.However,many PPEs include minimal and often nonspecific questions related to the health concerns of female athletes.A lack of female athlete specific health questions could result in missed red flags and subsequent injury or illness.As such,the objectives of this scoping review were to(a)determine what female athlete specific health questions currently exist in PPEs in the scientific literature to prevent injury and illness,and(b)map the results against the health domains outlined in the International Olympic Committee(IOC)consensus statement supplement on the female athlete.Methods:We searched Embase,Scopus,CINAHL,Medline Ovid,and SPORTDiscus from inception to December 2022.Any study with female athlete specific health PPE questions or recommendations for questions(i.e.,menstrual health,eating habits,musculoskeletal health,etc.)was included.Three reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts,followed by full text articles for eligibility and data extraction,with conflicts resolved by a third-party reviewer.Extracted data were summarized into 3 determined groupings.Results:Of the 1356 studies screened,41 were included in this study.Forty studies(98%)included questions/recommendations related to menstrual health.Thirty-one studies(76%)had questions/recommendations concerning disordered eating/eating habits.Twenty-four studies(59%)referred to body weight/image,and 16 studies(39%)referred to musculoskeletal health.No studies included questions on all IOC female athlete health domains.Conclusion:There is currently a gap in female athlete specific health content included in PPEs.A more comprehensive,standardized PPE with a focus on inclusion of female athlete specific health questions and considerations should be developed to improve health and optimal participation of female athletes around the world.
文摘The athletic spirit goes beyond mere competition;it reflects the personal qualities that athletes embody both on and off the field.Central to this spirit is willpower,the inner strength that drives athletes to maintain rigorous training schedules and push their limits.This determination is essential for achieving excellence,especially when faced with challenges and setbacks.
文摘Background:Iron facilitates key biological functions underpinning sports performance,and up to 60%of female athletes experience iron deficiency.However,the effects of iron deficiency on sports performance in female athletes is unclear,as are the degree of benefits of iron supplementation(FeSup).This study characterizes the effects of iron deficiency and FeSup on sports performance in high-level female athletes.Methods:Searches of the electronic databases MEDLINE,SPORTDiscus,Web of Science,Scopus,and CINAHL were performed in July 2023.Studies were included that evaluated the effects of iron deficiency or FeSup on sports performance in high-level(maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)>45 mL/kg/min,or trained>5 h/week)iron deficient(ID)(serum ferritin(sFer)<40 mg/L)female athletes.Studies were assessed using a modified Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist.Results:A total of 23 studies comprising 669 athletes(age range:13-47 years)across 16 sports were included in the review.Iron deficiency negatively affects endurance performance by 3%-4%.However,endurance performance improved by 2%-20%when ID athletes were treated with 100 mg/day of elemental iron for up to 56 days via oral supplementation,or bi-daily via parenteral administration over 8-10 days.ID nonanemic athletes with low sFer stores may be predisposed to reduced maximal aerobic capacity.However,maximal aerobic capacity improved by 6%-15%following 16 mg/day-100 mg/day of elemental iron for 36-126 days.Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power performance may be impeded(-23%to+4%)among ID athletes,but the effect of FeSup on anaerobic power varied markedly(-5%to+9%)following 100 mg/day of elemental iron over 42-56 days,or 100 mg of elemental iron bi-daily over 8-10 days.The quality of studies was moderate(77%),ranging from low(57%)to high(100%).Moststudies(n=18)contained group sizes-20 athletes,thus limiting the likelihood of detecting significant effects(statistical power>0.80).Conclusion:High-level ID female athletes experience a negative impact on endurance performance,which can be improved by supplementing with»100 mg of elemental iron per day or bi-daily.The decrements in other performance parameters characterizing a range of sports coincide with the severity of iron deficiency.
基金funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia(Grant No.APP1130353)supported by a Royal Australian College of Physicians Research Entry Scholarship(Grant No.2023RES00039)+4 种基金The National Health and Medical Research Council Postgraduate Scholarship(Grant No.2031119)a Heart Foundation PhD Scholarship(Grant No.107659)supported through an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarshipsupported as a postdoctoral clinical researcher by the Fund for Scientific Research Flanderssupported by a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Investigator Grant(Grant No.APP 2027105)。
文摘Background:A greater prevalence of arrhythmias has been described in endurance athletes,but it remains unclear whether this risk persists after detraining.We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of arrhythmias and their relationship with cardiac remodeling in lifelong and retired master endurance athletes compared to non-athletic controls.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional analysis of observational studies that used echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance to detail cardiac structure and function,and Holter monitors to identify atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in 185 endurance athletes and 81 non-athletic controls aged≥40 years.Athletes were categorized as active lifelong(n=144)or retired(n=41)based on hours per week of high-intensity endurance exercise within 5 years of enrollment and validated by percentage of predicted maximal oxygen consumption(VO_(2max)).Athletes with overt cardiomyopathies,channelopathies,pre-excitation,and/or myocardial infarction were excluded.Results:Lifelong athletes(median age=55 years(interquartile range(IQR):46-62),79%male)were significantly fitter than retired athletes(median age=66 years(IQR:58-71),95%male)and controls(median age=53 years(IQR:48-60),96%male),respectively(predicted VO_(2max):131%±18%vs.99%±14%vs.98%±15%,p<0.001).Compared to controls,athletes in our cohort had a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation((AF):32%vs.0%,p<0.001)and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia((NSVT):9%vs.1%,p=0.007).There was no difference in prevalence of any arrhythmia between lifelong and retired athletes.Lifelong athletes had larger ventricular volumes than retired athletes,who had ventricular volumes similar to controls(left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area(LVEDVi):101±20 m L/m^(2)vs.86±16 mL/m^(2)vs.94±18 mL/m^(2),p<0.001;right ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area(RVEDVi):117±23 mL/m^(2)vs.101±19 mL/m^(2)vs.100±19 mL/m^(2),p<0.001).Athletes had more scar(40%vs.18%,p=0.002)and larger left atria(median volume=45m L/m^(2)(IQR:38-52)vs.31 mL/m^(2)(IQR:25-38),p<0.001)than controls,with no difference in atrial volumes and non-ischaemic scar between the athlete groups.Conclusion:Master endurance athletes have a higher prevalence of AF and NSVT than non-athletic controls.Whereas ventricular remodeling tends to reverse with detraining,the propensity to arrhythmias persists regardless of whether they are actively exercising or retired.
文摘This study aimed to investigate the energy supply of athletes,who had a mild form of coronavirus infection(COVID-19)under cycling ergometric load(CEL)to substantiate the timing of recovery,as well as to determine the volume and intensity of physical activity.Eighty-seven athletes aged from 18 to 28 years old,involved in cyclic sports,were examined.Group I consisted of 52 athletes with COVID-19,and group Ⅱ consisted of 37 healthy self-isolating athletes.In addition to the comprehensive examination,the tested athletes underwent special examinations:the study of diagnostic material using methods of nucleic acid amplification,spirography and spiroergometry,electrocardiography(ECG),and CEL.The results of athletes from both groups did not differ significantly(p>0.5)in the 1^(st),2^(nd),and 3^(rd) examinations.The second examination revealed a discrepancy between functional reserves and the load performed,as evidenced by the difference in the recovery rate of most indicators,the results of the third examination in the long-term period(6 months)showed that the athletes of the first group did not have any violations of the parameters of the respiratory function(RF)and cardiovascular system at rest,after performing CEL,as well as in the recovery period.The results suggest that the full resumption of training loads and participation in competitions are possible only with the complete normalization of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system.The most informative indicators are:minute ventilation(V E),heart rate(HR),oxygen pulse(OP),and coefficient of oxygen utilization(COU).
文摘Purpose This study aimed to describe athlete workload over the course of a four-year collegiate lacrosse career.Methods Workload was evaluated each day of training and games using global positioning system microtechnology.Total workload for each athlete was calculated for each season of each year for total distance,high-intensity distance,accelerations,decelerations,and sprints.Data were tabulated as absolute and relative workloads with absolute workload representing an individual athlete and relative workload representing that athlete’s percentage of team mean workload.Results The workload of the entire lacrosse team was collected over four years containing the full career of six athletes.Across the five workload variables analyzed,athletes either maintained a workload near team mean workload or demonstrated an increase in workload towards the end of their careers.Conclusion As careers progressed,the variation in athlete workload decreased,and athletes approached the team’s average workload.Microtechnology may be useful in monitoring athlete workload over the course of a career.
文摘Background: Biological maturation refers to the progressive process through which individuals transition toward an adult state during growth and development. To address the challenges posed by differences in biological maturity and the limitations of existing testing methods, particularly in adolescent sports contexts, there is a pressing need for a non-invasive method that is convenient, accurate, and broadly applicable to monitor the biological maturity of adolescent athletes comprehensively. In response to this need, a maturity assessment method based on the smartphone application Maturo has been developed. This study evaluates the accuracy and validity of the Maturo software, an automated tool for estimating biological age and related maturation metrics.Methods: A sample of 103 actively training teenage athletes aged 9-17 years. The sample included 76 males(age = 11.74 ± 1.55 years, mean ±SD) and 27 females(age = 13.95 ± 1.40 years), all without medical conditions that might impact growth or development.Results: Compared to traditional expert evaluations, the intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs) and Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated reliable positive correlations and significant agreement between the Maturo software and expert methods across multiple metrics, such as biological age(ICC = 0.965, R = 0.97), corrected biological age(ICC = 0.973, R = 0.99), predicted adult height(ICC = 0.991, R = 0.99), and percentage of adult height achieved(ICC = 0.955, R = 0.97). The Bland-Altman plots provided additional evidence of the validity of the Maturo software estimations, showing low systematic error in most measures. The linear regression analysis produced excellent adjusted R2values: 0.95for biological age and 0.99 for anticipated adult height. The Maturo approach demonstrated a high level of dependability in classifying teenagers into groups based on their maturity status and timing. The κ coefficients of 0.93 for maturity status and 0.82 for maturity timing indicate a nearly perfect agreement with the expert technique.Conclusion: While the Maturo software's non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use could make it a potential tool for regular monitoring of growth and maturation in young athletes, its promising results in assessing maturation should be interpreted with caution due to limitations such as sample size and demographic constraints. Further longitude research with larger and more diverse populations is needed to validate these preliminary findings and strengthen the evidence for its broader applicability.
文摘Background:Psychological stress from academic and athletic demands adversely affects college athletes’mental health,the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain insufficiently understood.Therefore,this study focuses on the Chinese college athletes and explores the relationship among mindfulness,stress coping,burnout,and mental health.Methods:The study used a sample of 500 student athletes from five higher sports colleges in China,collected data on various variables using standardized psychometric instruments,and analyzed the path relationships and mediating effects among the variables using structural equation modeling(SEM)and bootstrap methods.Results:Mindfulness significantly improved stress coping ability(β=0.721,p<0.001),and stress coping significantly improved mental health(β=0.606,p=0.027)and reduced burnout levels(β=−0.225,p<0.001).Burnout had a significant negative impact on mental health(β=−0.113,p=0.015).Mediation effect analysis revealed that stress coping played a mediating role between mindfulness and mental health(β=0.797,p<0.001),while the mediating effect of burnout was not statistically significant.When stress coping and burnout were considered simultaneously,they mediated the relationship between mindfulness and mental health(β=0.033,95%CI:[0.004,0.104],p=0.026).Conclusions:Mindfulness indirectly affects the mental health of college athletes by enhancing stress coping ability.The findings highlight the importance of integrating mindfulness training and stress coping strategies in sports training.Future studies should consider differences among sports to clarify the relationships between mindfulness,stress coping,burnout,and mental health.
基金supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science,Grant Numbers JP 24700723,JP 17K13209.
文摘Purpose Athletes have presented a deficiency in relative energy in recent years,which calls for appropriate nutritional guid-ance based on the estimated energy requirement(EER)-the target amount of daily energy intake(EI).The calculation of EER requires longitudinal physical activity level(PAL)data,which has received insufficient attention.Therefore,this study aimed to clarify the changes in PAL by training periodization using the doubly labeled water(DLW)method,combined with the current status of EI by competition characteristics.Methods The participants comprised four male sprint athletes and five male endurance athletes at the national level.The experimental periods were normal training(NT)and tapering training(TT)periods.PAL was measured using the DLW method,and EI was measured by the dietary record method.Results PAL of the sprint athletes in the NT periods was significantly higher than in TT periods.EI had no significant differ-ences between the two periods.PAL and EI of the endurance athletes had no significant differences beteen the two periods.Conclusions These findings indicated that in sprint athletes,different PAL was observed between the two periods,with the TT period suggesting a lower value than the NT period.In endurance athletes,it had similar PAL values between the two periods.This suggests that the degree of influence of the training period on PAL may vary depending on the athletic events.Furthermore,the EI was not adjusted for changes in PAL,and the participants observed the status of energy-deficient regardless of discipline or training period.
文摘High-intensity interval training(HIIT),a highly efficient and distinctive exercise format,has sparked growing academic interest in sports performance training.This article synthesizes theoretical and applied evidence to analyze mechanisms of HIIT in neuromuscular activation,hormonal responses,muscle fiber adaptation,and metabolic pathway effects.It focuses on its effectiveness in enhancing explosive power,maximum strength,and strength endurance,while also examining the integration of HIIT with traditional resistance training,periodized programming,and personalized prescription.Scientific implementation of HIIT can effectively diversify or even replace conventional strength training,not only offering positive directional changes for strength development but also introducing innovative approaches to sports performance training practices.
文摘1|Goalie Phenomenon The goalie phenomenon describes a group of health issues that may become apparent in children who prefer playing as goalkeepers.This preference might not only be about the excitement of the role but also as a coping mechanism for underlying health issues that make continuous running and high physical exertion challenging.The term highlights how certain positions in sports can sometimes obscure or reveal hidden health conditions,particularly among young athletes[1–3].To our knowledge,this is the first paper to formally introduce the term“Goalie phenomenon”in the literature exploring exerciseinduced asthma and sports role preferences in children.
文摘BACKGROUND Fixed esotropia in high myopia,characterized by irreversible inward ocular deviation and abduction limitation,presents unique therapeutic challenges for athletes requiring precise binocular coordination.The combination of Yokoyama surgery and medial rectus muscle recession has been proposed as an advanced technique addresses both myopia-induced globe displacement and muscular imbalance offering potential advantages over conventional strabismus surgery in this population.AIM To investigate the effects of the modified Yokoyama surgery coupled with medial rectus muscle recession in restoring ocular motility and correcting esotropia among athletes with high myopia and fixed esotropia.METHODS A retrospective study analyzed 30 highly myopia athletes(57 eyes)with fixed esotropia treated at our hospital from January 2022 to April 2024.The participants were allocated into two groups based on the surgical method:The traditional group(n=15,29 eyes)received conventional strabismus surgery,and the combined group(n=15,28 eyes)underwent modified Yokoyama surgery in combination with medial rectus muscle recession.Eye movement improvement,esotropia alleviation,and complications were compared preoperatively and at 1,3,and 6 months post-treatment.RESULTS Both surgical groups exhibited similar baseline scores(traditional:-4.04±0.38 vs combined:-4.12±0.45,P>0.05),showing severe preoperative limitations in ocular motility.Following the intervention,the combined group achieved significantly better outcomes at both 1 month(combined:-2.25±0.28 vs traditional:-2.67±0.32)and 3 months(combined:-1.48±0.28 vs traditional:-1.76±0.43),with statistically significant improvements(P<0.05).However,by 6 months,no significant difference was observed between the two groups(combined:-0.93±0.13;traditional:-1.03±0.18;P>0.05).Prior to treatment,all patients in both groups exhibited a compensatory head posture(CHP).Following treatment,the incidence of CHP decreased to 6.67%in the combined group and 20.00%in the traditional group,both reductions being significant compared to pretreatment levels(P<0.05).Nevertheless,the difference in CHP incidence between the two groups after treatment was not significant(P>0.05).The rates of improvement in esotropia showed an increasing trend in both groups at 1 month(46.43%vs 34.48%),3 months(78.57%vs 51.728%),and 6 months(100.00%vs 89.66%)post-treatment.Notably,the combined group had a significantly higher improvement rate than the traditional group at the 3-month follow-up(P<0.05).No significant difference was observed in the esotropia improvement rates between the two groups at 1 and 6 months post-treatment(P>0.05).The combined group experienced slightly lower but not significant(combined group:0.00%vs traditional:3.45%)as opposed to the traditional group(3.45%;P>0.05).CONCLUSION The combination of modified Yokoyama surgery and medial rectus muscle recession provides effective and safe approach to improving in eye movement and esotropia in athletes with high myopia and fixed esotropia,offering reliable clinical benefits.
基金funded by the National Science and Technology Council,grant number NSTC 113-2221-E-002-136-.
文摘In order to help athletes optimize their performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries,it is important to develop science-based strategies for optimally designing training programs.The purpose of the present study is to develop a novel method by the combined use of optimal control theory and a training-performance model for designing optimal training programs,with the hope of helping athletes achieve the best performance exactly on the competition day while properly manage training load during the training course for preventing overtraining.The training-performance model used in the proposed optimal control framework is a conceptual extension of the Banister impulse-response model that describes the dynamics of performance,training load(served as the control variable),fitness(the overall positive effects on performance),and fatigue(the overall negative effects on performance).The objective functional of the proposed optimal control framework is to maximize the fitness and minimize the fatigue on the competition day with the goal of maximizing the performance on the competition day while minimizing the cumulative training load during the training course.The Forward-Backward Sweep Method is used to solve the proposed optimal control framework to obtain the optimal solutions of performance,training load,fitness,and fatigue.The simulation results show that the performance on the competition day is higher while the cumulative training load during the training course is lower with using optimal control theory than those without,successfully showing the feasibility and benefits of using the proposed optimal control framework to design optimal training programs for helping athletes achieve the best performance exactly on the competition day while properly manage training load during the training course for preventing overtraining.The present feasibility study lays the foundation of the combined use of optimal control theory and training-performance models to design personalized optimal training programs in real applications in athletic training and sports science for helping athletes achieve the best performances in competitions while prevent overtraining and the risk of overuse injuries.
文摘We assessed 16 student-athletes in their first year of college on several dimensions, including severity of psychological and physical symptoms, mental health upset, academic concerns, suicidal tendencies, depressive outlook, anxiety and tension, attention difficulties, and alcohol abuse. We assessed half during their sports’ competition season and half during their off-season. Results pointed to increased perceived stress during the down time of off season. It may be that for student-athletes, the structure of competition season offsets the stress of competition, such that when the structure is removed or lessened, perceived stress increases. Implications of these data are discussed as well as plans for developing follow-up studies.
