Predicting monsoon climate is one of the major endeavors in climate science and is becoming increasingly challenging due to global warming. The accuracy of monsoon seasonal predictions significantly impacts the lives ...Predicting monsoon climate is one of the major endeavors in climate science and is becoming increasingly challenging due to global warming. The accuracy of monsoon seasonal predictions significantly impacts the lives of billions who depend on or are affected by monsoons, as it is essential for the water cycle, food security, ecology, disaster prevention, and the economy of monsoon regions. Given the extensive literature on Asian monsoon climate prediction, we limit our focus to reviewing the seasonal prediction and predictability of the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM). However, much of this review is also relevant to monsoon predictions in other seasons and regions. Over the past two decades, considerable progress has been made in the seasonal forecasting of the ASM, driven by an enhanced understanding of the sources of predictability and the dynamics of seasonal variability, along with advanced development in sophisticated models and technologies. This review centers on advances in understanding the physical foundation for monsoon climate prediction (section 2), significant findings and insights into the primary and regional sources of predictability arising from feedback processes among various climate components (sections 3 and 4), the effects of global warming and external forcings on predictability (section 5), developments in seasonal prediction models and techniques (section 6), the challenges and limitations of monsoon climate prediction (section 7), and emerging research trends with suggestions for future directions (section 8). We hope this review will stimulate creative activities to enhance monsoon climate prediction.展开更多
0 INTRODUCTION.The Asian drylands,encompassing the northern East Asian monsoon region(NMA),the westerlies-dominated arid central Asia(ACA)and arid west Asia(AWA),are ecologically fragile areas and among the most sensi...0 INTRODUCTION.The Asian drylands,encompassing the northern East Asian monsoon region(NMA),the westerlies-dominated arid central Asia(ACA)and arid west Asia(AWA),are ecologically fragile areas and among the most sensitive regions to global change.These regions are significant dust sources of the Northern Hemisphere(e.g.,Uno et al.,2009),playing a vital role in global climate change and marine biogeochemical cycles.展开更多
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB)is one of the largest and best preserved accretionary type orogenic belts in the world.Due to its complex tectonic history,the timing and location of the final closure of the Paleo...The Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB)is one of the largest and best preserved accretionary type orogenic belts in the world.Due to its complex tectonic history,the timing and location of the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and its tectonic evolution have been hotly discussed.To determine the petrogenesis and tectonic characteristics of the poorly exposed Triassic volcanic-intrusive complex on the northern margin of the eastern North China Craton,the authors conducted a study of zircon Lu-Hf isotopes,integrated with zircon U-Pb dating and whole-rock geochemistry.Zircons from eight representative volcanic and intrusive samples yielded concordant U-Pb ages of 251-245 Ma.The volcanic and intrusive rocks are all characterized by enrichments in large ion lithophile elements and depletions in high field strength elements,and they have features similar to those of highly fractionated Ⅰ-type granites.TheεHf(t)values for the volcanic and intrusive rocks,respectively,range from-1.69 to+3.75(mean=+1.22)and-2.17 to+3.15(mean=+0.38),with two-stage model ages of 1035-1345 Ma(mean=1196 Ma)and 1073-1401 Ma(mean=1250 Ma).The Hf isotopic features indicate that these rocks were formed by partial melting of young crustal material that was newly accreted from the depleted mantle,together with a degree of contamination by other crustal material.The volcanic-intrusive complex was related to an active continental margin in a volcanic arc and syn-collisional setting,indicating that the Paleo-Asian Ocean was closed after the Middle Triassic(245 Ma)along the northern margin of the North China Craton.This provides a constraint on the timing of the change in tectonic setting in this area from compression to extension.The results enhance our understanding of the evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.展开更多
In the context of global warming,it is anticipated that both the intensity and the frequency of future global extreme high precipitation(EHP)and extreme high temperature(EHT)events will increase.To evaluate the future...In the context of global warming,it is anticipated that both the intensity and the frequency of future global extreme high precipitation(EHP)and extreme high temperature(EHT)events will increase.To evaluate the future extreme climate changes in the Asian arid region and Tibetan Plateau,this study applied the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP-CMIP6)to assess the changes in EHP(Rx5d and R95pTOT)and EHT(TX90p and TXx)under different emission scenarios in the 21st century.Findings suggest that both the frequency and the intensity of the extreme indices will increase,exhibiting accelerated growth under higher emission scenarios,particularly under the SSP5-8.5 emission scenario.It is suggested that the growth of EHT and EHP in the early subperiod of the 21st century(2026-2045)will be relatively moderate,with small differences between different emission scenarios.However,by the middle subperiod of the 21st century(2041-2060),the differences between different emission scenarios will become larger than the 2035s and the growth will become more intense.In western central Asia,TX90p,TXx,Rx5d,and R95pTOT increase by 9.7%-14.2%(13.3%-24.7%),1.3℃-1.7℃(1.6℃-2.7℃),6.5%-8.9%(8.2%-8.8%),and 18.1%-27.0%(25.6%-30.0%)by the early(middle)subperiod;in eastern central Asia,TX90p,TXx,Rx5d,and R95pTOT increase 8.1%-12.0%(11.3%-21.1%),1.4℃-1.8℃(1.9℃-2.9℃),7.4%-9.7%(10.4%-13.8%),and 20.2%-29.3%(32.0%-40.8%)by the early(middle)subperiod;and over the Tibetan Plateau,TX90p,TXx,Rx5d,and R95pTOT increase 12.5%-17.4%(17.0%-31.0%),1.2℃-1.5℃(1.6℃-2.5℃),7.2%-10.0%(9.9%-15.0%),and 26.6%-33.1%(36.1%-55.3%)by the early(middle)subperiod.展开更多
At the beginning of the new year, we celebrate the arrival of 2025. Unfortunately, not everyone in the world shares such joy and peace. Many, instead, are mired in turmoil, conflict, and bloodshed. In 2024 alone, over...At the beginning of the new year, we celebrate the arrival of 2025. Unfortunately, not everyone in the world shares such joy and peace. Many, instead, are mired in turmoil, conflict, and bloodshed. In 2024 alone, over 233,000 lives perished in the flames of war. In many ways, Asia has been fortunate. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, we in Asia have largely enjoyed peace and stability, making steady progress towards prosperity through hard work.展开更多
Asian seabass(Lates calcarifer)is becoming an important species for aquaculture.However,the Asian seabass aquaculture industry faces a significant challenge of disease outbreaks that can jeopardize fish health and pro...Asian seabass(Lates calcarifer)is becoming an important species for aquaculture.However,the Asian seabass aquaculture industry faces a significant challenge of disease outbreaks that can jeopardize fish health and production.This review delves into the major diseases affecting Asian seabass aquaculture and explores their causes,symptoms,and management approaches.We focused on the key pathogens responsible for these outbreaks,the environmental factors contributing to disease susceptibility,and the latest advancements in disease prevention and management.By addressing these critical aspects,this review addresses the needs of aquaculturists,researchers,and policymakers with the knowledge required to promote resilient and sustainable Asian seabass farming.We aim to shed light on the challenges posed by disease while highlighting innovative strategies that offer promise for the future of this thriving industry.This comprehensive examination serves as a valuable resource for those invested in ensuring the health and vitality of Asian seabass,securing a consistent supply to meet the demands of global seafood markets.展开更多
BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest is a critical condition characterized by abrupt cessation of cardiac function,resulting in reduced oxygen delivery to vital organs and rapid progression to death if not timely treated.Despite...BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest is a critical condition characterized by abrupt cessation of cardiac function,resulting in reduced oxygen delivery to vital organs and rapid progression to death if not timely treated.Despite advances in medical science and resuscitation techniques,cardiac arrest remains a significant burden globally,with survival rates remaining low.Comprehensive research on cardiac arrest,particularly comparisons between in-hospital cardiac arrest(IHCA)and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest(OHCA),is limited.AIM To compare the survival rates,return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC),survival to discharge,and neurological outcomes after IHCA and OHCA in Arab Asian countries.METHODS We systematically searched PubMed,Medline,EMBASE and Google Scholar(2000-2024)using keywords(“IHCA”,“OHCA”,“cardiac arrest”,“Middle East”,“Arab”,“Asian”)in titles/abstracts.The inclusion criterion was observational studies on adults(≥18 years)in Arab Asian countries reporting relevant outcomes.The exclusion criteria were narrative reviews,non-Arab Asian studies,non-English publications,inaccessible full texts,pediatric-only populations,and studies lacking outcome data.RESULTS In total,44 observational studies from nine Arab Asian countries comprising 32535 participants were included.This review highlights the substantial variability in cardiac arrest outcomes in Asian countries.OHCA mortality rates were alarmingly high in several nations,with Kuwait(99%),Bahrain(98.8%),and Qatar(97.6%)reporting the highest figures.In contrast,the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(KSA)had a markedly lower OHCA mortality rate(8.2%).The rates of ROSC also varied,with Qatar achieving the highest(34.4%)and Kuwait the lowest(3.3%).Survival to hospital discharge ranged from 1.2%in Bahrain to 18.7%in Kuwait,with Qatar also reporting favorable rates(17.5%).For IHCA,mortality was 73.6%in the United Arab Emirates(UAE)and 72.8%in KSA,whereas Lebanon and Iraq reported higher rates of 94.6%and 88%,respectively.ROSC rates were the highest in Lebanon(55.9%)and the UAE(51.3%).Neurological outcome reporting has been inconsistent,although Qatar reported a high rate(68.6%)for OHCA survivors.Comparative data showed generally better survival and neurological outcomes with IHCA than with OHCA.CONCLUSION This systematic review underscores the clear disparity in survival outcomes between IHCA and OHCA in Arab Asian countries,with IHCA demonstrating superior outcomes.Despite progress in some countries,outcomes remain suboptimal compared with international standards.Future multicenter studies with standardized methodologies are required to generate high-quality evidence and provide region-specific interventions for cardiac arrest management.展开更多
The Asian Houbara(Chlamydotis macqueenii),a vulnerable species,is under significant threat from habitat degradation and anthropogenic pressures in Pakistan's arid landscapes.This study addresses the urgent need fo...The Asian Houbara(Chlamydotis macqueenii),a vulnerable species,is under significant threat from habitat degradation and anthropogenic pressures in Pakistan's arid landscapes.This study addresses the urgent need for conservation by identifying critical habitats,analyzing the influence of environmental and human factors on species distribution,and projecting future habitat shifts under climate change scenarios.Using the Max Ent model,which achieves a robust predictive accuracy(AUC=0.854),we mapped current and future habitat suitability under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSP126,SSP370,SSP585)for the years 2040 and 2070.Presently,the suitable habitat extends over 217,082 km^(2),with 52,751 km^(2) classified as highly suitable.Key environmental drivers,identified via the Jackknife test,revealed that annual mean temperature(Bio1)and slope play a dominant role in determining habitat suitability.Projections show significant habitat degradation;however,under SSP585,highly suitable areas are expected to expand by up to 24.92%by 2070.Despite this increase,vast areas remain unsuitable,posing serious risks to population sustainability.Moreover,only 2115 km^(2) of highly suitable habitat currently falls within protected zones,highlighting a critical conservation shortfall.These findings highlight the imperative for immediate,targeted conservation efforts to secure the species'future in Pakistan's desert ecosystems.展开更多
East Asian continental tectonics challenges the plate tectonics paradigm with its diffuse intraplate deformation,magmatism,and earthquakes.Despite extensive studies,fundamental questions persist.This review examines t...East Asian continental tectonics challenges the plate tectonics paradigm with its diffuse intraplate deformation,magmatism,and earthquakes.Despite extensive studies,fundamental questions persist.This review examines ten critical questions of East Asian tectonics,including the thickness of the continental lithosphere,the origin of the North–South Gravity Lineament,and the northern extent of the Indian plate beneath the Tibetan Plateau.Additional questions address the Tibetan Plateau's lateral growth,the Tianshan mountain building,the mantle flow in response to the Indo-Asian collision,and the formation of the Shanxi Rift.The review also explores the subduction along the eastern margins of the East Asian Continent and the origins of the Changbaishan volcanic field,the destruction of the North China Craton,and the development of the Mesozoic Large Granitic Province in South China.Originally presented at the DEEP2024 workshop to stimulate discussion of how SinoProbe-II research initiatives could advance our understanding of Asian tectonics,this review provides context for each question,summarizes current knowledge,and identifies promising research directions.展开更多
I was so excited to be a volunteer for the 2025 Asian Winter Games.It was a wonderful chance to meet people from all over Asia.During the Games,I helped players find their way around the stadium.I also answered questi...I was so excited to be a volunteer for the 2025 Asian Winter Games.It was a wonderful chance to meet people from all over Asia.During the Games,I helped players find their way around the stadium.I also answered questions from visitors.Everyone was friendly,and I felt happy to help them.展开更多
The 9th Asian Winter Games were successfully held in Harbin,Heilongjiang Province,China,from February 7 to February 14,2025.This exciting event brought together athletes from all over Asia.They showed their great skil...The 9th Asian Winter Games were successfully held in Harbin,Heilongjiang Province,China,from February 7 to February 14,2025.This exciting event brought together athletes from all over Asia.They showed their great skills and strong will in different kinds of winter sports,such as skiing,skating and ice hockey.展开更多
Acral melanoma,the most common melanoma subtype in East Asia,is associated with a poor prognosis.This study aims to comprehensively analyze the genomic characteristics of acral melanoma in East Asians.We conduct whole...Acral melanoma,the most common melanoma subtype in East Asia,is associated with a poor prognosis.This study aims to comprehensively analyze the genomic characteristics of acral melanoma in East Asians.We conduct whole-genome sequencing of 55 acral melanoma tumors and perform data mining with relevant clinical data.Our findings reveal a unique mutational profile in East Asian acral melanoma,characterized by fewer point mutations and structural variations,a higher prevalence of NRAS mutations,and a lower frequency of BRAF mutations compared to patients of European descent.Notably,we identify previously underestimated ultraviolet radiation signatures and their significant association with BRAF and NRAS mutations.Structural rearrangement signatures indicate distinct mutational processes in BRAF-driven versus NRAS-driven tumors.We also find that homologous recombination deficiency with MAPK pathway mutations correlated with poor prognosis.The structural variations and amplifications in EP300,TERT,RAC1,and LZTR1 point to potential therapeutic targets tailored to East Asian populations.The high prevalence of whole-genome duplication events in BRAF/NRAS-mutated tumors suggests a synergistic carcinogenic effect that warrants further investigation.In summary,our study provides important insights into the genetic underpinnings of acral melanoma in East Asians,creating opportunities for targeted therapies.展开更多
Bees play a crucial role in the global food chain,pollinating over 75% of food and producing valuable products such as bee pollen,propolis,and royal jelly.However,theAsian hornet poses a serious threat to bee populati...Bees play a crucial role in the global food chain,pollinating over 75% of food and producing valuable products such as bee pollen,propolis,and royal jelly.However,theAsian hornet poses a serious threat to bee populations by preying on them and disrupting agricultural ecosystems.To address this issue,this study developed a modified YOLOv7tiny(You Only Look Once)model for efficient hornet detection.The model incorporated space-to-depth(SPD)and squeeze-and-excitation(SE)attention mechanisms and involved detailed annotation of the hornet’s head and full body,significantly enhancing the detection of small objects.The Taguchi method was also used to optimize the training parameters,resulting in optimal performance.Data for this study were collected from the Roboflow platformusing a 640×640 resolution dataset.The YOLOv7tinymodel was trained on this dataset.After optimizing the training parameters using the Taguchi method,significant improvements were observed in accuracy,precision,recall,F1 score,andmean average precision(mAP)for hornet detection.Without the hornet head label,incorporating the SPD attentionmechanism resulted in a peakmAP of 98.7%,representing an 8.58%increase over the original YOLOv7tiny.By including the hornet head label and applying the SPD attention mechanism and Soft-CIOU loss function,themAP was further enhanced to 97.3%,a 7.04% increase over the original YOLOv7tiny.Furthermore,the Soft-CIOU Loss function contributed to additional performance enhancements during the validation phase.展开更多
In the author list,the corresponding author indicator(*)was inadvertently omitted from HOU Zengqian’s name.This has now been corrected to:“HOU Zengqian¹,*”.The online version of this article was corrected.
This study investigated the quasi-biweekly oscillation(QBWO)of the South Asian high(SAH)center in midsummer and its possible impact on rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin(MLYRB),using E...This study investigated the quasi-biweekly oscillation(QBWO)of the South Asian high(SAH)center in midsummer and its possible impact on rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin(MLYRB),using ERA5 reanalysis data and CPC(Climate Prediction Center)Global Unified Precipitation data from 1979-2023.First,associated with the phase evolution of the QBWO of the SAH center zonally,a general systematic westward propagation of a wave train pattern along the northern margin of the SAH can be identified.Second,energy analysis indicates that this wave train pattern gains energy from the basic flow through both barotropic and baroclinic energy conversion.Compared with barotropic energy conversion,baroclinic energy conversion plays the more important role in the growth,maintenance,and propagation of the wave train pattern associated with the QBWO of the SAH center.Third,the QBWO of the SAH center leads the variation in rainfall in the MLYRB by approximately four days,and might modulate the precipitation in the MLYRB by affecting the coupling of upper-and lower-level circulation anomalies over the MLYRB.The findings of this study suggest that the QBWO of the SAH center could act as potential source of predictability of intraseasonal variation in precipitation in the MLYRB.展开更多
We report new SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages,zircon Lu-Hf isotopic and whole rock geochemical data from Permian granitoids located in the Alxa area of Inner Mongolia,China.In combination with published geochronological and g...We report new SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages,zircon Lu-Hf isotopic and whole rock geochemical data from Permian granitoids located in the Alxa area of Inner Mongolia,China.In combination with published geochronological and geochemical data,the granitoids in the region can be divided into two age groups:ca.285 Ma and ca.269 Ma.The granitoids of the first group are mainly composed of calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline,weakly peraluminous Ⅰ-type granodiorites with ε_(Hf)(t)values of-19.6 to-4.3,which demonstrates evidence of crustal reworking;the granitoids of the second group,however,mainly consist of A-type granites that are high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonite,metaluminous to weakly peraluminous,and have high 10,000×Ga/Al ratios(2.59-3.12)and ε_(Hf)(t)values ranging from-11.3 to-2.7,all of which demonstrates a mixed crust-mantle source.We interpret the granitoids of the first group to have formed during the subduction of Central Asian oceanic crust and the second group to have formed by the asthenospheric upwelling caused by the formation of slab windows during late ocean ridge subduction.展开更多
Subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)forecasting for East Asian atmospheric circulation poses significant challenges for conventional numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Recently,deep learning(DL)models have demonstrated s...Subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)forecasting for East Asian atmospheric circulation poses significant challenges for conventional numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Recently,deep learning(DL)models have demonstrated significant potential in further enhancing S2S forecasts beyond the capabilities of NWP models.However,most current DLbased S2S forecasting models largely overlook the role of global predictors from multiple spheres,such as ocean,land,and atmosphere domains,that are crucial for effective S2S forecasting.In this study,we introduce EAAC-S2S,a tailored DL model for S2S forecasting of East Asian atmospheric circulation.EAAC-S2S employs the cross-attention mechanism to couple atmospheric circulations over East Asia with representative multi-sphere(i.e.,atmosphere,land,and ocean)variables,providing pentad-averaged circulation forecasts up to 12 pentads ahead throughout all seasons.Experimental results demonstrate,on the S2S time scale,that EAAC-S2S consistently outperforms the European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Ensemble Prediction System by decreasing the root-mean-square error(RMSE)by3.8%and increasing the anomaly correlation coefficient(ACC)by 8.6%,averaged across all 17 predictands.Our system also shows good skill for examples of heatwaves and the South China Sea Subtropical High Intensity Index(SCSSHII).Moreover,quantitative interpretability analysis including multi-sphere attribution and attention visualization are conducted for the first time in a DL S2S model,where the traced predictability aligns well with prior meteorological knowledge.We hope that our results have the potential to advance research in data-driven S2S forecasting.展开更多
The position of the South Asian High(SAH)over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)exhibits significant interannual variability.In this study,the criteria for defining the establishment and withdrawal of the SAH,as well as their ac...The position of the South Asian High(SAH)over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)exhibits significant interannual variability.In this study,the criteria for defining the establishment and withdrawal of the SAH,as well as their activities over the TP,are re-evaluated.The SAH is classified as“established over the TP”when the 1660 dagpm geopotential height contour covers 25%or more of the TP,and“withdrawn from the TP”when this contour covers less than 25%.Statistical analysis shows that,on average,the SAH establishes over the TP by the 4th pentad of May(28th pentad)and withdraws from the TP around the 2nd pentad of October(56th pentad).Over the past 50 years(1974–2023),the SAH has tended to establish over the TP earlier and withdraw later,resulting in a longer duration of control over the TP,with the rate of increase accelerating since 2017.The SAH exhibits a long-term linear trend of an eastward shift during both its establishment and withdrawal phases.The anomalous activity of the SAH over the TP is influenced by atmospheric heat sources.When there is anomalous warming(cooling)of atmospheric heating over the Bay of Bengal and the Indochina Peninsula,the SAH tends to establish and withdraw earlier and further westward(later and further eastward),with the westerly trough located over East Asia(the western part of the TP).展开更多
The Inner Asian Mountain Corridor(IAMC)acted as a crossroads of trans-Eurasian exchange since approximately 6000 cal.yr BP.The history of the introduction and utilization of crops and livestock in the area has been in...The Inner Asian Mountain Corridor(IAMC)acted as a crossroads of trans-Eurasian exchange since approximately 6000 cal.yr BP.The history of the introduction and utilization of crops and livestock in the area has been intensively discussed,while geographical-temporal variations of human activities and subsistence strategies remain unclear.Here we report new zooarchaeological data and radiocarbon dates from the Naba Cemeteries,revealing herbivorous livestock were predominant animal resource during both the Bronze and Early Iron Ages,and sheep/goat and horse were paramount sacrificial animals in these two periods,respectively.In tandem with published radiocarbon dates,zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical data from IAMC's prehistoric sites,we detect humans mainly engaged in hunting-gathering games in the IAMC during 8000-5000 cal.yr BP.During 5000-4000 cal.yr BP,the territory of agro-pastoral groups evidently expanded in the IAMC with a hotspot in the Altai Region,and wheat and barley were introduced into the area.In the following two millennia,herding became an economic mainstay,and cultivations of crops were ubiquitous in the IAMC's oases.We argue that prehistoric human activities in the IAMC were mainly affected by agro-pastoral expansions associated with exchanges across the Eurasia,which was likely promoted by climate change.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2342208)support from NSF/Climate Dynamics Award#2025057。
文摘Predicting monsoon climate is one of the major endeavors in climate science and is becoming increasingly challenging due to global warming. The accuracy of monsoon seasonal predictions significantly impacts the lives of billions who depend on or are affected by monsoons, as it is essential for the water cycle, food security, ecology, disaster prevention, and the economy of monsoon regions. Given the extensive literature on Asian monsoon climate prediction, we limit our focus to reviewing the seasonal prediction and predictability of the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM). However, much of this review is also relevant to monsoon predictions in other seasons and regions. Over the past two decades, considerable progress has been made in the seasonal forecasting of the ASM, driven by an enhanced understanding of the sources of predictability and the dynamics of seasonal variability, along with advanced development in sophisticated models and technologies. This review centers on advances in understanding the physical foundation for monsoon climate prediction (section 2), significant findings and insights into the primary and regional sources of predictability arising from feedback processes among various climate components (sections 3 and 4), the effects of global warming and external forcings on predictability (section 5), developments in seasonal prediction models and techniques (section 6), the challenges and limitations of monsoon climate prediction (section 7), and emerging research trends with suggestions for future directions (section 8). We hope this review will stimulate creative activities to enhance monsoon climate prediction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42261144670,423B2103)。
文摘0 INTRODUCTION.The Asian drylands,encompassing the northern East Asian monsoon region(NMA),the westerlies-dominated arid central Asia(ACA)and arid west Asia(AWA),are ecologically fragile areas and among the most sensitive regions to global change.These regions are significant dust sources of the Northern Hemisphere(e.g.,Uno et al.,2009),playing a vital role in global climate change and marine biogeochemical cycles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2244213)the project from China Geological Survey(No.DD20160062)the fundamental research project from the Institute of Geomechanics,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(DZLXJK202307).
文摘The Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB)is one of the largest and best preserved accretionary type orogenic belts in the world.Due to its complex tectonic history,the timing and location of the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and its tectonic evolution have been hotly discussed.To determine the petrogenesis and tectonic characteristics of the poorly exposed Triassic volcanic-intrusive complex on the northern margin of the eastern North China Craton,the authors conducted a study of zircon Lu-Hf isotopes,integrated with zircon U-Pb dating and whole-rock geochemistry.Zircons from eight representative volcanic and intrusive samples yielded concordant U-Pb ages of 251-245 Ma.The volcanic and intrusive rocks are all characterized by enrichments in large ion lithophile elements and depletions in high field strength elements,and they have features similar to those of highly fractionated Ⅰ-type granites.TheεHf(t)values for the volcanic and intrusive rocks,respectively,range from-1.69 to+3.75(mean=+1.22)and-2.17 to+3.15(mean=+0.38),with two-stage model ages of 1035-1345 Ma(mean=1196 Ma)and 1073-1401 Ma(mean=1250 Ma).The Hf isotopic features indicate that these rocks were formed by partial melting of young crustal material that was newly accreted from the depleted mantle,together with a degree of contamination by other crustal material.The volcanic-intrusive complex was related to an active continental margin in a volcanic arc and syn-collisional setting,indicating that the Paleo-Asian Ocean was closed after the Middle Triassic(245 Ma)along the northern margin of the North China Craton.This provides a constraint on the timing of the change in tectonic setting in this area from compression to extension.The results enhance our understanding of the evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program[grant number 2019QZKK0101]。
文摘In the context of global warming,it is anticipated that both the intensity and the frequency of future global extreme high precipitation(EHP)and extreme high temperature(EHT)events will increase.To evaluate the future extreme climate changes in the Asian arid region and Tibetan Plateau,this study applied the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP-CMIP6)to assess the changes in EHP(Rx5d and R95pTOT)and EHT(TX90p and TXx)under different emission scenarios in the 21st century.Findings suggest that both the frequency and the intensity of the extreme indices will increase,exhibiting accelerated growth under higher emission scenarios,particularly under the SSP5-8.5 emission scenario.It is suggested that the growth of EHT and EHP in the early subperiod of the 21st century(2026-2045)will be relatively moderate,with small differences between different emission scenarios.However,by the middle subperiod of the 21st century(2041-2060),the differences between different emission scenarios will become larger than the 2035s and the growth will become more intense.In western central Asia,TX90p,TXx,Rx5d,and R95pTOT increase by 9.7%-14.2%(13.3%-24.7%),1.3℃-1.7℃(1.6℃-2.7℃),6.5%-8.9%(8.2%-8.8%),and 18.1%-27.0%(25.6%-30.0%)by the early(middle)subperiod;in eastern central Asia,TX90p,TXx,Rx5d,and R95pTOT increase 8.1%-12.0%(11.3%-21.1%),1.4℃-1.8℃(1.9℃-2.9℃),7.4%-9.7%(10.4%-13.8%),and 20.2%-29.3%(32.0%-40.8%)by the early(middle)subperiod;and over the Tibetan Plateau,TX90p,TXx,Rx5d,and R95pTOT increase 12.5%-17.4%(17.0%-31.0%),1.2℃-1.5℃(1.6℃-2.5℃),7.2%-10.0%(9.9%-15.0%),and 26.6%-33.1%(36.1%-55.3%)by the early(middle)subperiod.
文摘At the beginning of the new year, we celebrate the arrival of 2025. Unfortunately, not everyone in the world shares such joy and peace. Many, instead, are mired in turmoil, conflict, and bloodshed. In 2024 alone, over 233,000 lives perished in the flames of war. In many ways, Asia has been fortunate. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, we in Asia have largely enjoyed peace and stability, making steady progress towards prosperity through hard work.
基金financially supported by internal funding from the Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory,Singapore.
文摘Asian seabass(Lates calcarifer)is becoming an important species for aquaculture.However,the Asian seabass aquaculture industry faces a significant challenge of disease outbreaks that can jeopardize fish health and production.This review delves into the major diseases affecting Asian seabass aquaculture and explores their causes,symptoms,and management approaches.We focused on the key pathogens responsible for these outbreaks,the environmental factors contributing to disease susceptibility,and the latest advancements in disease prevention and management.By addressing these critical aspects,this review addresses the needs of aquaculturists,researchers,and policymakers with the knowledge required to promote resilient and sustainable Asian seabass farming.We aim to shed light on the challenges posed by disease while highlighting innovative strategies that offer promise for the future of this thriving industry.This comprehensive examination serves as a valuable resource for those invested in ensuring the health and vitality of Asian seabass,securing a consistent supply to meet the demands of global seafood markets.
文摘BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest is a critical condition characterized by abrupt cessation of cardiac function,resulting in reduced oxygen delivery to vital organs and rapid progression to death if not timely treated.Despite advances in medical science and resuscitation techniques,cardiac arrest remains a significant burden globally,with survival rates remaining low.Comprehensive research on cardiac arrest,particularly comparisons between in-hospital cardiac arrest(IHCA)and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest(OHCA),is limited.AIM To compare the survival rates,return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC),survival to discharge,and neurological outcomes after IHCA and OHCA in Arab Asian countries.METHODS We systematically searched PubMed,Medline,EMBASE and Google Scholar(2000-2024)using keywords(“IHCA”,“OHCA”,“cardiac arrest”,“Middle East”,“Arab”,“Asian”)in titles/abstracts.The inclusion criterion was observational studies on adults(≥18 years)in Arab Asian countries reporting relevant outcomes.The exclusion criteria were narrative reviews,non-Arab Asian studies,non-English publications,inaccessible full texts,pediatric-only populations,and studies lacking outcome data.RESULTS In total,44 observational studies from nine Arab Asian countries comprising 32535 participants were included.This review highlights the substantial variability in cardiac arrest outcomes in Asian countries.OHCA mortality rates were alarmingly high in several nations,with Kuwait(99%),Bahrain(98.8%),and Qatar(97.6%)reporting the highest figures.In contrast,the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(KSA)had a markedly lower OHCA mortality rate(8.2%).The rates of ROSC also varied,with Qatar achieving the highest(34.4%)and Kuwait the lowest(3.3%).Survival to hospital discharge ranged from 1.2%in Bahrain to 18.7%in Kuwait,with Qatar also reporting favorable rates(17.5%).For IHCA,mortality was 73.6%in the United Arab Emirates(UAE)and 72.8%in KSA,whereas Lebanon and Iraq reported higher rates of 94.6%and 88%,respectively.ROSC rates were the highest in Lebanon(55.9%)and the UAE(51.3%).Neurological outcome reporting has been inconsistent,although Qatar reported a high rate(68.6%)for OHCA survivors.Comparative data showed generally better survival and neurological outcomes with IHCA than with OHCA.CONCLUSION This systematic review underscores the clear disparity in survival outcomes between IHCA and OHCA in Arab Asian countries,with IHCA demonstrating superior outcomes.Despite progress in some countries,outcomes remain suboptimal compared with international standards.Future multicenter studies with standardized methodologies are required to generate high-quality evidence and provide region-specific interventions for cardiac arrest management.
基金the support of the Zoological Survey of Pakistan,and the Wildlife and Parks Department of Punjab for their assistance in this research。
文摘The Asian Houbara(Chlamydotis macqueenii),a vulnerable species,is under significant threat from habitat degradation and anthropogenic pressures in Pakistan's arid landscapes.This study addresses the urgent need for conservation by identifying critical habitats,analyzing the influence of environmental and human factors on species distribution,and projecting future habitat shifts under climate change scenarios.Using the Max Ent model,which achieves a robust predictive accuracy(AUC=0.854),we mapped current and future habitat suitability under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSP126,SSP370,SSP585)for the years 2040 and 2070.Presently,the suitable habitat extends over 217,082 km^(2),with 52,751 km^(2) classified as highly suitable.Key environmental drivers,identified via the Jackknife test,revealed that annual mean temperature(Bio1)and slope play a dominant role in determining habitat suitability.Projections show significant habitat degradation;however,under SSP585,highly suitable areas are expected to expand by up to 24.92%by 2070.Despite this increase,vast areas remain unsuitable,posing serious risks to population sustainability.Moreover,only 2115 km^(2) of highly suitable habitat currently falls within protected zones,highlighting a critical conservation shortfall.These findings highlight the imperative for immediate,targeted conservation efforts to secure the species'future in Pakistan's desert ecosystems.
基金supported by grants from the National Science Foundation of the USA.
文摘East Asian continental tectonics challenges the plate tectonics paradigm with its diffuse intraplate deformation,magmatism,and earthquakes.Despite extensive studies,fundamental questions persist.This review examines ten critical questions of East Asian tectonics,including the thickness of the continental lithosphere,the origin of the North–South Gravity Lineament,and the northern extent of the Indian plate beneath the Tibetan Plateau.Additional questions address the Tibetan Plateau's lateral growth,the Tianshan mountain building,the mantle flow in response to the Indo-Asian collision,and the formation of the Shanxi Rift.The review also explores the subduction along the eastern margins of the East Asian Continent and the origins of the Changbaishan volcanic field,the destruction of the North China Craton,and the development of the Mesozoic Large Granitic Province in South China.Originally presented at the DEEP2024 workshop to stimulate discussion of how SinoProbe-II research initiatives could advance our understanding of Asian tectonics,this review provides context for each question,summarizes current knowledge,and identifies promising research directions.
文摘I was so excited to be a volunteer for the 2025 Asian Winter Games.It was a wonderful chance to meet people from all over Asia.During the Games,I helped players find their way around the stadium.I also answered questions from visitors.Everyone was friendly,and I felt happy to help them.
文摘The 9th Asian Winter Games were successfully held in Harbin,Heilongjiang Province,China,from February 7 to February 14,2025.This exciting event brought together athletes from all over Asia.They showed their great skills and strong will in different kinds of winter sports,such as skiing,skating and ice hockey.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFC2506404)the Natural Science Foundation of China(82272848,82425047,82272676)+2 种基金Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals'Ascent Plan(DFL20220901)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(7242021,L248021)Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Department Key Research and Development Program(2024YFHZ0004)。
文摘Acral melanoma,the most common melanoma subtype in East Asia,is associated with a poor prognosis.This study aims to comprehensively analyze the genomic characteristics of acral melanoma in East Asians.We conduct whole-genome sequencing of 55 acral melanoma tumors and perform data mining with relevant clinical data.Our findings reveal a unique mutational profile in East Asian acral melanoma,characterized by fewer point mutations and structural variations,a higher prevalence of NRAS mutations,and a lower frequency of BRAF mutations compared to patients of European descent.Notably,we identify previously underestimated ultraviolet radiation signatures and their significant association with BRAF and NRAS mutations.Structural rearrangement signatures indicate distinct mutational processes in BRAF-driven versus NRAS-driven tumors.We also find that homologous recombination deficiency with MAPK pathway mutations correlated with poor prognosis.The structural variations and amplifications in EP300,TERT,RAC1,and LZTR1 point to potential therapeutic targets tailored to East Asian populations.The high prevalence of whole-genome duplication events in BRAF/NRAS-mutated tumors suggests a synergistic carcinogenic effect that warrants further investigation.In summary,our study provides important insights into the genetic underpinnings of acral melanoma in East Asians,creating opportunities for targeted therapies.
文摘Bees play a crucial role in the global food chain,pollinating over 75% of food and producing valuable products such as bee pollen,propolis,and royal jelly.However,theAsian hornet poses a serious threat to bee populations by preying on them and disrupting agricultural ecosystems.To address this issue,this study developed a modified YOLOv7tiny(You Only Look Once)model for efficient hornet detection.The model incorporated space-to-depth(SPD)and squeeze-and-excitation(SE)attention mechanisms and involved detailed annotation of the hornet’s head and full body,significantly enhancing the detection of small objects.The Taguchi method was also used to optimize the training parameters,resulting in optimal performance.Data for this study were collected from the Roboflow platformusing a 640×640 resolution dataset.The YOLOv7tinymodel was trained on this dataset.After optimizing the training parameters using the Taguchi method,significant improvements were observed in accuracy,precision,recall,F1 score,andmean average precision(mAP)for hornet detection.Without the hornet head label,incorporating the SPD attentionmechanism resulted in a peakmAP of 98.7%,representing an 8.58%increase over the original YOLOv7tiny.By including the hornet head label and applying the SPD attention mechanism and Soft-CIOU loss function,themAP was further enhanced to 97.3%,a 7.04% increase over the original YOLOv7tiny.Furthermore,the Soft-CIOU Loss function contributed to additional performance enhancements during the validation phase.
文摘In the author list,the corresponding author indicator(*)was inadvertently omitted from HOU Zengqian’s name.This has now been corrected to:“HOU Zengqian¹,*”.The online version of this article was corrected.
基金supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42105039)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M753587)+4 种基金the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation and Meteorological Innovation and development Joint Foundation of China(Grant No.2023AFD104)the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds(Grant No.24QB2703600)the Open Project Fund of the China Meteorological Administration Basin Heavy Rainfall Key Laboratory(Grant No.2023BHR-Y03)the Basic Research Fund of the Institute of Heavy Rain,China Meteorological Administration,Wuhan(Grant No.202314)the Open Project Fund of the Key Open Laboratory of Hydrometeorology,China Meteorological Administration(Grant No.23SWQXM018)。
文摘This study investigated the quasi-biweekly oscillation(QBWO)of the South Asian high(SAH)center in midsummer and its possible impact on rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin(MLYRB),using ERA5 reanalysis data and CPC(Climate Prediction Center)Global Unified Precipitation data from 1979-2023.First,associated with the phase evolution of the QBWO of the SAH center zonally,a general systematic westward propagation of a wave train pattern along the northern margin of the SAH can be identified.Second,energy analysis indicates that this wave train pattern gains energy from the basic flow through both barotropic and baroclinic energy conversion.Compared with barotropic energy conversion,baroclinic energy conversion plays the more important role in the growth,maintenance,and propagation of the wave train pattern associated with the QBWO of the SAH center.Third,the QBWO of the SAH center leads the variation in rainfall in the MLYRB by approximately four days,and might modulate the precipitation in the MLYRB by affecting the coupling of upper-and lower-level circulation anomalies over the MLYRB.The findings of this study suggest that the QBWO of the SAH center could act as potential source of predictability of intraseasonal variation in precipitation in the MLYRB.
基金financially supported by the Geological Survey of China(Grant Nos.DD20240075,and DD20243516)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41872209)Basic Scientific Research Fund of the Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(Grant No.J2314)。
文摘We report new SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages,zircon Lu-Hf isotopic and whole rock geochemical data from Permian granitoids located in the Alxa area of Inner Mongolia,China.In combination with published geochronological and geochemical data,the granitoids in the region can be divided into two age groups:ca.285 Ma and ca.269 Ma.The granitoids of the first group are mainly composed of calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline,weakly peraluminous Ⅰ-type granodiorites with ε_(Hf)(t)values of-19.6 to-4.3,which demonstrates evidence of crustal reworking;the granitoids of the second group,however,mainly consist of A-type granites that are high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonite,metaluminous to weakly peraluminous,and have high 10,000×Ga/Al ratios(2.59-3.12)and ε_(Hf)(t)values ranging from-11.3 to-2.7,all of which demonstrates a mixed crust-mantle source.We interpret the granitoids of the first group to have formed during the subduction of Central Asian oceanic crust and the second group to have formed by the asthenospheric upwelling caused by the formation of slab windows during late ocean ridge subduction.
基金supported in part by the Meteorological Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2142211)by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0608002)+4 种基金by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42075141 and 42341202)by the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(Grant No.BX20230071)by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Youth(Grant No.42205191)by the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2021SHZDZX0100)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)forecasting for East Asian atmospheric circulation poses significant challenges for conventional numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Recently,deep learning(DL)models have demonstrated significant potential in further enhancing S2S forecasts beyond the capabilities of NWP models.However,most current DLbased S2S forecasting models largely overlook the role of global predictors from multiple spheres,such as ocean,land,and atmosphere domains,that are crucial for effective S2S forecasting.In this study,we introduce EAAC-S2S,a tailored DL model for S2S forecasting of East Asian atmospheric circulation.EAAC-S2S employs the cross-attention mechanism to couple atmospheric circulations over East Asia with representative multi-sphere(i.e.,atmosphere,land,and ocean)variables,providing pentad-averaged circulation forecasts up to 12 pentads ahead throughout all seasons.Experimental results demonstrate,on the S2S time scale,that EAAC-S2S consistently outperforms the European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Ensemble Prediction System by decreasing the root-mean-square error(RMSE)by3.8%and increasing the anomaly correlation coefficient(ACC)by 8.6%,averaged across all 17 predictands.Our system also shows good skill for examples of heatwaves and the South China Sea Subtropical High Intensity Index(SCSSHII).Moreover,quantitative interpretability analysis including multi-sphere attribution and attention visualization are conducted for the first time in a DL S2S model,where the traced predictability aligns well with prior meteorological knowledge.We hope that our results have the potential to advance research in data-driven S2S forecasting.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41930972 and 42475015)the Financial Meteorology Scientific and Technological Innovation Group of the China Meteorological Administration(Grant No.CMA2024ZD03).
文摘The position of the South Asian High(SAH)over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)exhibits significant interannual variability.In this study,the criteria for defining the establishment and withdrawal of the SAH,as well as their activities over the TP,are re-evaluated.The SAH is classified as“established over the TP”when the 1660 dagpm geopotential height contour covers 25%or more of the TP,and“withdrawn from the TP”when this contour covers less than 25%.Statistical analysis shows that,on average,the SAH establishes over the TP by the 4th pentad of May(28th pentad)and withdraws from the TP around the 2nd pentad of October(56th pentad).Over the past 50 years(1974–2023),the SAH has tended to establish over the TP earlier and withdraw later,resulting in a longer duration of control over the TP,with the rate of increase accelerating since 2017.The SAH exhibits a long-term linear trend of an eastward shift during both its establishment and withdrawal phases.The anomalous activity of the SAH over the TP is influenced by atmospheric heat sources.When there is anomalous warming(cooling)of atmospheric heating over the Bay of Bengal and the Indochina Peninsula,the SAH tends to establish and withdraw earlier and further westward(later and further eastward),with the westerly trough located over East Asia(the western part of the TP).
基金The NSFC-INSF Joint Research Project,No.42261144670The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program,No.2019QZKK0601。
文摘The Inner Asian Mountain Corridor(IAMC)acted as a crossroads of trans-Eurasian exchange since approximately 6000 cal.yr BP.The history of the introduction and utilization of crops and livestock in the area has been intensively discussed,while geographical-temporal variations of human activities and subsistence strategies remain unclear.Here we report new zooarchaeological data and radiocarbon dates from the Naba Cemeteries,revealing herbivorous livestock were predominant animal resource during both the Bronze and Early Iron Ages,and sheep/goat and horse were paramount sacrificial animals in these two periods,respectively.In tandem with published radiocarbon dates,zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical data from IAMC's prehistoric sites,we detect humans mainly engaged in hunting-gathering games in the IAMC during 8000-5000 cal.yr BP.During 5000-4000 cal.yr BP,the territory of agro-pastoral groups evidently expanded in the IAMC with a hotspot in the Altai Region,and wheat and barley were introduced into the area.In the following two millennia,herding became an economic mainstay,and cultivations of crops were ubiquitous in the IAMC's oases.We argue that prehistoric human activities in the IAMC were mainly affected by agro-pastoral expansions associated with exchanges across the Eurasia,which was likely promoted by climate change.
