Neuron-astrocyte interactions are vital for the brain’s connectome.Understanding astrocyte activities is crucial for comprehending the complex neural network,particularly the population-level functions of neurons in ...Neuron-astrocyte interactions are vital for the brain’s connectome.Understanding astrocyte activities is crucial for comprehending the complex neural network,particularly the population-level functions of neurons in different cortical states and associated behaviors in mammals.Studies on animal sleep and wakefulness have revealed distinct cortical synchrony patterns between neurons.Astrocytes,outnumbering neurons by nearly fivefold,support and regulate neuronal and synaptic function.Recent research on astrocyte activation during cortical state transitions has emphasized the influence of norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and calcium waves as key components of ion channel signaling.This summary focuses on a few recent studies investigating astrocyte-neuron interactions in mouse models during sleep,wakefulness,and arousal levels,exploring the involvement of noradrenaline signaling,ion channels,and glutamatergic signaling in different cortical states.These findings highlight the significant impact of astrocytes on large-scale neuronal networks,influencing brain activity and responsiveness.Targeting astrocytic signaling pathways shows promise for treating sleep disorders and arousal dysregulation.More research is needed to understand astrocytic calcium signaling in different brain regions and its implications for dysregulated brain states,requiring future human studies to comprehensively investigate neuron-astrocyte interactions and pave the way for therapeutic interventions in sleep-and arousal-related disorders.展开更多
Atypical sensory responsivity is widely reported in autistic individuals and is related to elevated functional difficulties.Dynamically,altered initial responses and/or habituation rates could underlie their atypical ...Atypical sensory responsivity is widely reported in autistic individuals and is related to elevated functional difficulties.Dynamically,altered initial responses and/or habituation rates could underlie their atypical averaged responses to repeated sensory stimuli.In this study we aimed to measure the arousal level in response to different types of auditory stimuli and the dynamic change of atypical arousal level using pupillometry in autistic children.In Experiment 1,43 autistic children and 49 neurotypical(NT)children were asked to passively listen to a mild sound and an aversive sound repeatedly.In Experiment 2,39 autistic children and 44 NT children who went through Experiment 1 listened to a gradually emerging non-startling sound and a suddenly emerging startling sound in a random order.We found that the autistic group showed hyper-arousal in response to the aversive sound and the startling sound as reflected by their larger change in pupil area.In comparison,these autistic children demonstrated normal arousal in response to the mild sound and the non-startling sound.Dynamically,the autistic group had a larger peak pupil area change than the NT group in the first trial and a normal habituation rate to the aversive sound.In summary,our results suggest hyper-arousal to aversive and startling stimuli and the role of larger initial responses in hyper-arousal in autism.Minimizing aversive and startling sensory stimuli or gradually increasing the volume of aversive auditory stimuli to allow autistic children to adapt using the principle of habituation is recommended to reduce the arousal level and problematic behaviors of autistic children.展开更多
Objective To observe the early rehabilitation effects of acupuncture on brain arousal in patients with severe craniocerebral injury. Methods One hundred and two patients with severe craniocerebral injury were randomly...Objective To observe the early rehabilitation effects of acupuncture on brain arousal in patients with severe craniocerebral injury. Methods One hundred and two patients with severe craniocerebral injury were randomly divided into an acupuncture group and an electrical stimulation （ES） group with 51 cases in each group. In addition to conventional treatment and nursing in neurosurgery, acupuncture at Shuigou （水沟 GV 26）, Neiguan （内关PC 6） and Sanyingjiao （三阴交 SP 6）, as the main aeupoints, were applied for the cases in acupuncture group, and functional electrical stimulation （FES） was applied at selected muscles in the affected upper limb for the cases in ES group. The awaken rate, time for arousal and clinical therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups after 30 days of treatments. Results The awaken rate was 82.4%（42/51） in acupuncture group, which was significantly higher than 56.9%（29/51） in ES group （P〈0.01）, and the arousal time was significantly shorter and therapeutic effects were better in acupuncture group than those in ES group （both P〈0.01）. Conclusion On the basis of conventional treatment, early application of acupuncture provides better effects on restoration of arousal function of the brain in patients with severe craniocerebral injury than functional electrical stimulation.展开更多
The ability to identify emotional arousal in heterospecific vocalizations may facilitate behaviors that increase survival opportunities. Crucially, this ability may orient inter-species interactions, par- ticularly be...The ability to identify emotional arousal in heterospecific vocalizations may facilitate behaviors that increase survival opportunities. Crucially, this ability may orient inter-species interactions, par- ticularly between humans and other species. Research shows that humans identify emotional arousal in vocalizations across multiple species, such as cats, dogs, and piglets. However, no previ- ous study has addressed humans＂ ability to identify emotional arousal in silver foxes. Here, we adopted low- and high-arousal calls emitted by three strains of silver fox--Tame, Aggressive, and Unselected--in response to human approach. Tame and Aggressive foxes are genetically selected for friendly and attacking behaviors toward humans, respectively. Unselected foxes show aggres- sive and fearful behaviors toward humans. These three strains show similar levels of emotional arousal, but different levels of emotional valence in relation to humans. This emotional information is reflected in the acoustic features of the calls. Our data suggest that humans can identify high- arousal calls of Aggressive and Unselected foxes, but not of Tame foxes. Further analyses revealed that, although within each strain different acoustic parameters affect human accuracy in identifying high-arousal calls, spectral center of gravity, harmonic-to-noise ratio, and F0 best predict humans＇ ability to discriminate high-arousal calls across all strains. Furthermore, we identified in spectral center of gravity and F0 the best predictors for humans＇ absolute ratings of arousal in each call. Implications for research on the adaptive value of inter-specific eavesdropping are discussed.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the feasibility of pulse transit time (PTT) arousals as an index of sleep fragmentation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Methods Individuals referred for evalua...Objective To evaluate the feasibility of pulse transit time (PTT) arousals as an index of sleep fragmentation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Methods Individuals referred for evaluation of possible OSAHS underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG). Three conventional indices of sleep fragmentation [electroencephalography (EEG) arousals, apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI)], PTT arousals, and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) were compared. Results PTT arousals were positively correlated with EEG arousals (r= 0.746, P<0.001), AHI (r= 0.786, P<0.001), and ODI (r= 0.665, P<0.001), respectively. But, both PTT arousals and EEG arousals had no correlation with ESS (r= 0.432, P=0.201; r= 0.196, P=0.591, respectively). Conclusion PTT arousals are correlated well with other standard measures estimating severity of OSAHS and potentially a non-invasive marker with which to measure the sleep fragmentation in patients with OSAHS.展开更多
Background: While brain imaging studies show that reward regions in the human brain that regulate reward-guided behavior and integrate sensory modalities of smell, taste, and texture respond preferentially to high cal...Background: While brain imaging studies show that reward regions in the human brain that regulate reward-guided behavior and integrate sensory modalities of smell, taste, and texture respond preferentially to high calorie foods, few studies account for dietary histories or account for recent behavioral evidence showing preferential responding for fruits (a low calorie food that tastes sweet). To address these concerns, the present study tested the hypothesis that images of high/low fat and sugar foods, even sugary foods that are low calorie (i.e., fruits), will enhance emotional responsiveness and that these changes may be related to dietary histories with fat and sugar intake. Method: Participants were shown 4 sets of 15 food images with each food image automatically timed every 9 s to transition to a new food image;participant pre-post mood and arousal was measured. The 4 sets of food images were high fat-high sugar (HFHS;desserts), high fat-low sugar (HFLS;fried foods), low fat-high sugar (LFHS;fruits), or low fat-low sugar (LFLS;vegetables) foods. To account for dietary histories, participants also completed estimated daily intake scales (EDIS) for sugar and fat. Results: Mood and arousal significantly increased in all groups, except Group LFLS, and even in a group that was low calorie but shown foods that taste sweet, i.e., Group LFHS. Interestingly, changes in arousal, but not mood, were dependent on participant histories with sugar and fat intake. Conclusion: Changes in emotional responsiveness to food images were nutrient-specific, which can be a more detailed level of analysis for assessing responsiveness to food images. Also, participant histories with sugar and fat should be taken into account as these histories can explain the changes in arousal observed here.展开更多
This study explored the cortical functionality in young women while reading a sexually-explicit text. Electroencephalographic activity (EEG) was recorded in heterosexual women while reading either a sexually-explicit ...This study explored the cortical functionality in young women while reading a sexually-explicit text. Electroencephalographic activity (EEG) was recorded in heterosexual women while reading either a sexually-explicit text or one with neutral content. Absolute power (AP) and the degree of EEG synchronization among the prefrontal, temporal and parietal cortices were analyzed for the different EEG bands. To evaluate sexual arousal, valence and general activation, Likert-type and Manikin scales were applied. Subjects scored the sexually-explicit text as more pleasurable, and reported greater general activation and sexual arousal than while reading the neutral one. During reading of the sexually-explicit text only, they showed a higher AP in the beta and gamma bands in temporal areas in both hemispheres, and in the theta band in parietal ones, with a lower degree of EEG synchronization between prefronto-temporal areas in the fast bands. Results show that both hemispheres were activated in these sexually-aroused women. The low bilateral synchronization between prefrontal and temporal regions indicates the independent functionality of these cortices, which could be a requirement for inducing and maintaining sexual arousal during reading of sexually-explicit texts in women. These data should broaden our knowledge of the cortical mechanisms that underlie sexual arousal in women.展开更多
Sleep-disordered breathing （SDB） is the most common sleep- related disorder, and it can seriously affect sleep conditions, growth, and neurocognitive function. Recent research even demonstrates that hypertensive pat...Sleep-disordered breathing （SDB） is the most common sleep- related disorder, and it can seriously affect sleep conditions, growth, and neurocognitive function. Recent research even demonstrates that hypertensive patients with SDB are at an increased risk of developing resistant hypertension.展开更多
Objective: To determine the effect of arousal methods for prolonged coma of 175 patients with severe traumatic brain injury and related factors.Methods: There were 175 cases with persistent coma longer than 1 month af...Objective: To determine the effect of arousal methods for prolonged coma of 175 patients with severe traumatic brain injury and related factors.Methods: There were 175 cases with persistent coma longer than 1 month after severe traumatic brain injury. Coma lasted 1-12 months. Arousal procedures included hyperbaric oxygen, physical therapy and arousal drugs. Results: In the 175 prolonged coma patients 110 got recovery of consciousness; in 118 cases with coma of 1-3 months, 86 cases recovered consciousness ((72.9)%); in 42 cases with coma of 4-6 months, 20 cases recovered consciousness ((47.6)); and in 15 cases with coma of longer than 6 months, only 4 cases recovered consciousness ((26.7)%). The recovery of consciousness depended on patient’s primary brain stem damage, cerebral hernia, GCS score, and age. Conclusions: Application of appropriate arousal procedures improves recovery of consciousness in patients with prolonged coma.展开更多
This paper describes qualitative and quantita- tive analysis of color emotion dimension expression using a standard device-independent colorimetric system. To collect color emotion data, 20 subjects are required to re...This paper describes qualitative and quantita- tive analysis of color emotion dimension expression using a standard device-independent colorimetric system. To collect color emotion data, 20 subjects are required to report their emotion responses, using a valence-arousal emotion model, to 52 color samples that are chosen from CIELAB Lch color spaces. Qualitative analysis, including analysis of variance （ANOVA）, Pearson＇s correlation and Spearman＇s rank cor- relation, shows that significant differences exist between re- sponses to achromatic and chromatic stimuli, but there are no significant differences between chromatic samples. There is a positive linear relationship between lightness/chroma and valence-arousal dimensions. Subsequently, several clas- sic predictors are used to quantitatively predict emotion in- duced by color attributes. Furthermore, several explicit color emotion models are developed by using multiple linear re- gression with stepwise and pace regression. Experimental results show that chroma and lightness have stronger effects on emotions than hue, which is consistent with our qualitative results and other psychological studies. Arousal has greater predictive value than valence.展开更多
In dimensional affect recognition, the machine learning methods, which are used to model and predict affect, are mostly classification and regression. However, the annotation in the dimensional affect space usually ta...In dimensional affect recognition, the machine learning methods, which are used to model and predict affect, are mostly classification and regression. However, the annotation in the dimensional affect space usually takes the form of a continuous real value which has an ordinal property. The aforementioned methods do not focus on taking advantage of this important information. Therefore, we propose an affective rating ranking framework for affect recognition based on face images in the valence and arousal dimensional space. Our approach can appropriately use the ordinal information among affective ratings which are generated by discretizing continuous annotations.Specifically, we first train a series of basic cost-sensitive binary classifiers, each of which uses all samples relabeled according to the comparison results between corresponding ratings and a given rank of a binary classifier. We obtain the final affective ratings by aggregating the outputs of binary classifiers. By comparing the experimental results with the baseline and deep learning based classification and regression methods on the benchmarking database of the AVEC 2015 Challenge and the selected subset of SEMAINE database, we find that our ordinal ranking method is effective in both arousal and valence dimensions.展开更多
In stressful or anxiety-provoking situations,most people with Parkinson’s disease(PD)experience a general worsening of motor symptoms,including their gait impairments.However,a proportion of patients actually report ...In stressful or anxiety-provoking situations,most people with Parkinson’s disease(PD)experience a general worsening of motor symptoms,including their gait impairments.However,a proportion of patients actually report benefits from experiencing-or even purposely inducing-stressful or high-arousal situations.Using data from a large-scale international survey study among 4324 people with PD and gait impairments within the online Fox Insight(USA)and ParkinsonNEXT(NL)cohorts,we demonstrate that individuals with PD deploy an array of mental state alteration strategies to cope with their gait impairment.Crucially,these strategies differ along an axis of arousal-some act to heighten,whereas others diminish,overall sympathetic tone.Together,our observations suggest that arousal may act as a double-edged sword for gait control in PD.We propose a theoretical,neurobiological framework to explain why heightened arousal can have detrimental effects on the occurrence and severity of gait impairments in some individuals,while alleviating them in others.Specifically,we postulate that this seemingly contradictory phenomenon is explained by the inherent features of the ascending arousal system:namely,that arousal is related to task performance by an inverted u-shaped curve(the so-called Yerkes and Dodson relationship).We propose that the noradrenergic locus coeruleus plays an important role in modulating PD symptom severity and expression,by regulating arousal and by mediating network-level functional integration across the brain.The ability of the locus coeruleus to facilitate dynamic‘cross-talk’between distinct,otherwise largely segregated brain regions may facilitate the necessary cerebral compensation for gait impairments in PD.In the presence of suboptimal arousal,compensatory networks may be too segregated to allow for adequate compensation.Conversely,with supraoptimal arousal,increased cross-talk between competing inputs of these complementary networks may emerge and become dysfunctional.Because the locus coeruleus degenerates with disease progression,finetuning of this delicate balance becomes increasingly difficult,heightening the need for mental strategies to self-modulate arousal and facilitate shifting from a sub-or supraoptimal state of arousal to improve gait performance.Recognition of this underlying mechanism emphasises the importance of PD-specific rehabilitation strategies to alleviate gait disability.展开更多
Crises in the past have caused devastating,long-lasting impacts on the global economy.The after-effects always bring some dynamic and rigorous challenges for businesses and governments.Such challenges have always been...Crises in the past have caused devastating,long-lasting impacts on the global economy.The after-effects always bring some dynamic and rigorous challenges for businesses and governments.Such challenges have always been a point of discussion for scholars.The recent COVID-19 pandemic emaciated the global economy,leaving everyone mired in uncertainty,fear,and psychological impairments.One of the headwind features utilized by consumers during pandemic was panic buying(PB),which must be explored in various contexts for policymakers and practitioners.To address this gap,this study deployed a moderated mediation mechanism,integrating the health belief model(HBM)and competitive arousal theory(CAT)to excavate the notions underlying PB with the intrusion of evolved real-time psychological disorders:intolerance of uncertainty(IU)and cyberchondria(CYC).The study was conducted as a natural experiment in a South Asian developing economy using online surveys.It found that health beliefs—perceived severity(PSV)and perceived susceptibility(PSC)—positively impact perceived arousal(PA),which causes PB,and that PA has a sturdy mediator role.Moreover,in the relationship between health beliefs and arousal,the different psychological disorders were found to have significant moderating roles The study findings can help mitigate risk uncertainties and panic situations and thus contribute to consumers’wellbeing.展开更多
Fear and anxiety may be adaptive responses to life-threatening situations, and animals may communicate fear to others vocally. A fundamental understanding of fear inducing sounds is important for both wildlife conserv...Fear and anxiety may be adaptive responses to life-threatening situations, and animals may communicate fear to others vocally. A fundamental understanding of fear inducing sounds is important for both wildlife conservation and management because it helps us understand how to design repellents and also how （and why） animals may be negatively impacted by anthropogenic sounds. Nonlinear phenomena--sounds produced by the desynchronization of vibrations in a sound production system-are commonly found in stress-induced animal vocalizations, such as in alarm calls, mobbing calls, and fear screams. There are several functional hypotheses for these nonlinear phenomena. One specific hypothesis is the unpredictability hypothesis, which suggests that because nonlinear phenomena are more variable and somewhat unpredictable, animals are less likely to habituate to them. Animals should, therefore, have a prolonged response to sounds with nonlinear phenomena than sounds without them. Most of the studies involving nonlinear phenomena have used mammalian subjects and conspecific stimuli. Our study fo- cused on white-crowned sparrows （Zonotrichia leucophrys ssp. oriantha） and used synthesized acoustic stimuli to investigate behavioral responses to stimuli with and without nonlinear phenomena. We predicted that birds would be less relaxed after hearing a stimulus with a nonlinear component. We calculated the difference from baseline of proportion of time spent in relaxed behaviors and performed pair-wise comparisons between a pure tone control stimulus and each of three experimental stimuli, including a frequency jump up, a frequency jump down, and white noise. These comparisons showed that in the 30q50 s after the playback experiment, birds were significantly less relaxed after hearing noise or an abrupt frequency jump down an octave but not an abrupt frequency jump up an octave or a pure tone. Nonlinear phenomena, therefore, may be generally arousing to animals and may explain why these acoustic properties are commonly found in animal signals associated with fear [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 534-541, 2014].展开更多
A comprehensive review is presented of reported aspects and putative mechanisms of sleep-like motility rhythms throughout the animal kingdom. It is proposed that ＇rapid eye movement （REM） sleep＇ be regarded as a s...A comprehensive review is presented of reported aspects and putative mechanisms of sleep-like motility rhythms throughout the animal kingdom. It is proposed that ＇rapid eye movement （REM） sleep＇ be regarded as a special case of a distinct but much broader category of behavior, ＇rapid body movement （RBM） sleep＇, defined by intrinsically- generated and apparently non-purposive movements. Such a classification completes a 2 2 matrix defined by the axes sleep versus waking and active versus quiet. Although ＇paradoxical＇ arousal of forebrain electrical activity is restricted to warm-blooded vertebrates, we urge that juvenile or even infantile stages of development be investigated in cold-blooded animals, in view of the many reports of REM-like spontaneous motility （RBMs） in a wide range of species during sleep. The neurophysiological bases for motorically active sleep at the brainstem level and for slow-wave sleep in the forebrain appear to be remarkably similar, and to be subserved in both cases by a primitive diffuse mode of neuronal organization. Thus, the spontaneous synchronous burst discharges which are characteristics of the sleeping brain can be readily simu- lated even by highly unstructured neural network models. Neuromotor discharges during active sleep appear to reflect a hierarchy of simple relaxation oscillation mechanisms, spanning a wide range of spike-dependent relaxation times, where- as the periodic alternation of active and quiet sleep states more likely results from the entrainment of intrinsic cellular rhythms and/or from activity-dependent homeostatic changes in network excitability.展开更多
Due to the critical roles of emotion and working memory in our daily activities,a great deal of attention has been given to how emotion influences working memory performance.Although the association between emotion an...Due to the critical roles of emotion and working memory in our daily activities,a great deal of attention has been given to how emotion influences working memory performance.Although the association between emotion and working memory is relatively well established,whether mood enhances or impairs working memory performance remains controversial.The present review provides a relatively representative overview of the research on the effect of different dimensions of emotion on working memory among healthy adults spanning a 30-year period.The findings show that the valence,arousal and motivational dimensions of emotion could all exert an impact on working memory performance.The impact of emotion on working memory might be modulated by task relevance,emotion type,working memory paradigms and individual differences.The vast majority of the studies regarding the effect of emotion on working memory performance focused on the impact of negatively valenced affect and yielded highly contradictory findings.The impacts of arousal and motivation on working memory have been less explored,and inconsistent findings have also been reported.Possible explanations are discussed.Considerable research on the effect of certain dimensions of emotion on working memory has suffered from a lack of control of other emotional dimensions,and different aspects of working memory have been investigated by various paradigms.Directions for further studies should include the exploration of specific dimensions of emotion on different aspects of working memory,with the other dimensions being well controlled.展开更多
As we cycle between the states of wakefulness and sleep,a bilateral cholinergic nucleus in the pontine brain stem,the laterodorsal tegmentum(LDT),plays a critical role in controlling salience processing,attention,beha...As we cycle between the states of wakefulness and sleep,a bilateral cholinergic nucleus in the pontine brain stem,the laterodorsal tegmentum(LDT),plays a critical role in controlling salience processing,attention,behavioral arousal,and electrophysiological signatures of the sub-and microstates of sleep.Disorders involving abnormal alterations in behavioral and motivated states,such as drug dependence,likely involve dysfunctions in LDT signaling.In addition,as the LDT exhibits connectivity with the thalamus and mesocortical circuits,as well as receives direct,excitatory input from the prefrontal cortex,a role for the LDT in cognitive symptoms characterizing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)including impulsivity,inflexibility,and dysfunctions of attention is suggested.Prenatal nicotine exposure(PNE)is associated with a higher risk for later life development of drug dependence and ADHD,suggesting alteration in development of brain regions involved in these behaviors.PNE has been shown to alter glutamate and cholinergic signaling within the LDT.As glutamate and acetylcholine are major excitatory mediators,these alterations would likely alter excitatory output to target regions in limbic motivational circuits and to thalamic and cortical networks mediating executive control.Further,PNE alters neuronal development and transmission within prefrontal cortex and limbic areas that send input to the LDT,which would compound effects of differential processing within the PNE LDT.When taken together,alterations in signaling in the LDT are likely to play a role in negative behavioral outcomes seen in PNE individuals,including a heightened risk of drug dependence and ADHD behaviors.展开更多
Attention allocation research frequently focuses on the valence of emotion. However, there is increasing evidence to indicate that arousal may be more relevant at some stages of affective processing. The present study...Attention allocation research frequently focuses on the valence of emotion. However, there is increasing evidence to indicate that arousal may be more relevant at some stages of affective processing. The present study employed a combined priming and cue-target paradigm and examined event-related potentials (ERPs) in order to explore the effects of emotional conflict of arousal on attention allocation. The background context of arousal was manipulated (using photos of facial expressions) while subjects performed a cognitive task in which a central arrow cue indicated the location of a peripheric target square, and a response was made according to the direction of the square. There was no main effect between incongruent emotion and congruent emotion in the response time, which means the resolution of the emotional conflict facilitate the participant behavioral response. There was a main effect of different emotional states on ERP component. In the present study, incongruent arousal also triggered greater positive potential compared with congruent arousal.展开更多
Previous research shows that yawning enhances intracranial circulation and regulates brain temperature. Consistent with these functional outcomes, yawn duration correlates positively with interspecies variation in bra...Previous research shows that yawning enhances intracranial circulation and regulates brain temperature. Consistent with these functional outcomes, yawn duration correlates positively with interspecies variation in brain weight across mammals, with robust relationships documented at both the taxonomic rank of class and the more restricted scale of family (e.g., Felidae). This study provides the first investigation into whether differences in brain weight within a single species, domesticated dogs Canis lupus familiaris, can predict intraspecific variation in yawn duration. Measures of yawn duration were obtained from public videos available online and then paired with previously published brain and body weight data of different dog breeds. The final sample consisted of 272 yawns from 198 dogs across 23 breeds. Consistent with recent studies, we find robust correlations between yawn duration and brain weight across breeds. Moreover, these correlations remain significant after controlling for differences in body weight across breeds. These findings replicate and extend upon past work in this area and provide further support that yawns evolved to serve an important and large-scale neurophysiologic function.展开更多
Eye tracking can facilitate understanding irrational decision-making in contexts such as financial risk-taking.For this purpose,we develop an experimental framework in which participants trade a risky asset in a simul...Eye tracking can facilitate understanding irrational decision-making in contexts such as financial risk-taking.For this purpose,we develop an experimental framework in which participants trade a risky asset in a simulated bubble market to maximize individual returns while their eye movements are recorded.Returns are sensitive to eye movement dynamics,depending on the presented visual stimuli.Using eye-tracking data,we investigated the effects of arousal,attention,and disengagement on individual payoffs using linear and nonlinear approaches.By estimating a nonlinear model using attention as a threshold variable,our results suggest that arousal positively influences trading returns,but its effect becomes smaller when attention exceeds a certain threshold,whereas disengagement has a higher negative impact on reduced attention levels and becomes almost irrelevant when attention increases.Hence,we provide a neurobehavioral metric as a function of attention that predicts financial gains in boomand-bust scenarios.This study serves as a proof-of-concept for developing future psychometric measures to enhance decision-making.展开更多
基金supported by the Corbett Estate Fund(62285-531021-41800,to EW)the Helen Vosburg McCrillus Plummer and Robert Edward Lee Plummer,Jr.Chair Fund(to JHH).
文摘Neuron-astrocyte interactions are vital for the brain’s connectome.Understanding astrocyte activities is crucial for comprehending the complex neural network,particularly the population-level functions of neurons in different cortical states and associated behaviors in mammals.Studies on animal sleep and wakefulness have revealed distinct cortical synchrony patterns between neurons.Astrocytes,outnumbering neurons by nearly fivefold,support and regulate neuronal and synaptic function.Recent research on astrocyte activation during cortical state transitions has emphasized the influence of norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and calcium waves as key components of ion channel signaling.This summary focuses on a few recent studies investigating astrocyte-neuron interactions in mouse models during sleep,wakefulness,and arousal levels,exploring the involvement of noradrenaline signaling,ion channels,and glutamatergic signaling in different cortical states.These findings highlight the significant impact of astrocytes on large-scale neuronal networks,influencing brain activity and responsiveness.Targeting astrocytic signaling pathways shows promise for treating sleep disorders and arousal dysregulation.More research is needed to understand astrocytic calcium signaling in different brain regions and its implications for dysregulated brain states,requiring future human studies to comprehensively investigate neuron-astrocyte interactions and pave the way for therapeutic interventions in sleep-and arousal-related disorders.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2019B030335001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32271116)。
文摘Atypical sensory responsivity is widely reported in autistic individuals and is related to elevated functional difficulties.Dynamically,altered initial responses and/or habituation rates could underlie their atypical averaged responses to repeated sensory stimuli.In this study we aimed to measure the arousal level in response to different types of auditory stimuli and the dynamic change of atypical arousal level using pupillometry in autistic children.In Experiment 1,43 autistic children and 49 neurotypical(NT)children were asked to passively listen to a mild sound and an aversive sound repeatedly.In Experiment 2,39 autistic children and 44 NT children who went through Experiment 1 listened to a gradually emerging non-startling sound and a suddenly emerging startling sound in a random order.We found that the autistic group showed hyper-arousal in response to the aversive sound and the startling sound as reflected by their larger change in pupil area.In comparison,these autistic children demonstrated normal arousal in response to the mild sound and the non-startling sound.Dynamically,the autistic group had a larger peak pupil area change than the NT group in the first trial and a normal habituation rate to the aversive sound.In summary,our results suggest hyper-arousal to aversive and startling stimuli and the role of larger initial responses in hyper-arousal in autism.Minimizing aversive and startling sensory stimuli or gradually increasing the volume of aversive auditory stimuli to allow autistic children to adapt using the principle of habituation is recommended to reduce the arousal level and problematic behaviors of autistic children.
文摘Objective To observe the early rehabilitation effects of acupuncture on brain arousal in patients with severe craniocerebral injury. Methods One hundred and two patients with severe craniocerebral injury were randomly divided into an acupuncture group and an electrical stimulation （ES） group with 51 cases in each group. In addition to conventional treatment and nursing in neurosurgery, acupuncture at Shuigou （水沟 GV 26）, Neiguan （内关PC 6） and Sanyingjiao （三阴交 SP 6）, as the main aeupoints, were applied for the cases in acupuncture group, and functional electrical stimulation （FES） was applied at selected muscles in the affected upper limb for the cases in ES group. The awaken rate, time for arousal and clinical therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups after 30 days of treatments. Results The awaken rate was 82.4%（42/51） in acupuncture group, which was significantly higher than 56.9%（29/51） in ES group （P〈0.01）, and the arousal time was significantly shorter and therapeutic effects were better in acupuncture group than those in ES group （both P〈0.01）. Conclusion On the basis of conventional treatment, early application of acupuncture provides better effects on restoration of arousal function of the brain in patients with severe craniocerebral injury than functional electrical stimulation.
文摘The ability to identify emotional arousal in heterospecific vocalizations may facilitate behaviors that increase survival opportunities. Crucially, this ability may orient inter-species interactions, par- ticularly between humans and other species. Research shows that humans identify emotional arousal in vocalizations across multiple species, such as cats, dogs, and piglets. However, no previ- ous study has addressed humans＂ ability to identify emotional arousal in silver foxes. Here, we adopted low- and high-arousal calls emitted by three strains of silver fox--Tame, Aggressive, and Unselected--in response to human approach. Tame and Aggressive foxes are genetically selected for friendly and attacking behaviors toward humans, respectively. Unselected foxes show aggres- sive and fearful behaviors toward humans. These three strains show similar levels of emotional arousal, but different levels of emotional valence in relation to humans. This emotional information is reflected in the acoustic features of the calls. Our data suggest that humans can identify high- arousal calls of Aggressive and Unselected foxes, but not of Tame foxes. Further analyses revealed that, although within each strain different acoustic parameters affect human accuracy in identifying high-arousal calls, spectral center of gravity, harmonic-to-noise ratio, and F0 best predict humans＇ ability to discriminate high-arousal calls across all strains. Furthermore, we identified in spectral center of gravity and F0 the best predictors for humans＇ absolute ratings of arousal in each call. Implications for research on the adaptive value of inter-specific eavesdropping are discussed.
文摘Objective To evaluate the feasibility of pulse transit time (PTT) arousals as an index of sleep fragmentation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Methods Individuals referred for evaluation of possible OSAHS underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG). Three conventional indices of sleep fragmentation [electroencephalography (EEG) arousals, apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI)], PTT arousals, and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) were compared. Results PTT arousals were positively correlated with EEG arousals (r= 0.746, P<0.001), AHI (r= 0.786, P<0.001), and ODI (r= 0.665, P<0.001), respectively. But, both PTT arousals and EEG arousals had no correlation with ESS (r= 0.432, P=0.201; r= 0.196, P=0.591, respectively). Conclusion PTT arousals are correlated well with other standard measures estimating severity of OSAHS and potentially a non-invasive marker with which to measure the sleep fragmentation in patients with OSAHS.
文摘Background: While brain imaging studies show that reward regions in the human brain that regulate reward-guided behavior and integrate sensory modalities of smell, taste, and texture respond preferentially to high calorie foods, few studies account for dietary histories or account for recent behavioral evidence showing preferential responding for fruits (a low calorie food that tastes sweet). To address these concerns, the present study tested the hypothesis that images of high/low fat and sugar foods, even sugary foods that are low calorie (i.e., fruits), will enhance emotional responsiveness and that these changes may be related to dietary histories with fat and sugar intake. Method: Participants were shown 4 sets of 15 food images with each food image automatically timed every 9 s to transition to a new food image;participant pre-post mood and arousal was measured. The 4 sets of food images were high fat-high sugar (HFHS;desserts), high fat-low sugar (HFLS;fried foods), low fat-high sugar (LFHS;fruits), or low fat-low sugar (LFLS;vegetables) foods. To account for dietary histories, participants also completed estimated daily intake scales (EDIS) for sugar and fat. Results: Mood and arousal significantly increased in all groups, except Group LFLS, and even in a group that was low calorie but shown foods that taste sweet, i.e., Group LFHS. Interestingly, changes in arousal, but not mood, were dependent on participant histories with sugar and fat intake. Conclusion: Changes in emotional responsiveness to food images were nutrient-specific, which can be a more detailed level of analysis for assessing responsiveness to food images. Also, participant histories with sugar and fat should be taken into account as these histories can explain the changes in arousal observed here.
文摘This study explored the cortical functionality in young women while reading a sexually-explicit text. Electroencephalographic activity (EEG) was recorded in heterosexual women while reading either a sexually-explicit text or one with neutral content. Absolute power (AP) and the degree of EEG synchronization among the prefrontal, temporal and parietal cortices were analyzed for the different EEG bands. To evaluate sexual arousal, valence and general activation, Likert-type and Manikin scales were applied. Subjects scored the sexually-explicit text as more pleasurable, and reported greater general activation and sexual arousal than while reading the neutral one. During reading of the sexually-explicit text only, they showed a higher AP in the beta and gamma bands in temporal areas in both hemispheres, and in the theta band in parietal ones, with a lower degree of EEG synchronization between prefronto-temporal areas in the fast bands. Results show that both hemispheres were activated in these sexually-aroused women. The low bilateral synchronization between prefrontal and temporal regions indicates the independent functionality of these cortices, which could be a requirement for inducing and maintaining sexual arousal during reading of sexually-explicit texts in women. These data should broaden our knowledge of the cortical mechanisms that underlie sexual arousal in women.
文摘Sleep-disordered breathing （SDB） is the most common sleep- related disorder, and it can seriously affect sleep conditions, growth, and neurocognitive function. Recent research even demonstrates that hypertensive patients with SDB are at an increased risk of developing resistant hypertension.
文摘Objective: To determine the effect of arousal methods for prolonged coma of 175 patients with severe traumatic brain injury and related factors.Methods: There were 175 cases with persistent coma longer than 1 month after severe traumatic brain injury. Coma lasted 1-12 months. Arousal procedures included hyperbaric oxygen, physical therapy and arousal drugs. Results: In the 175 prolonged coma patients 110 got recovery of consciousness; in 118 cases with coma of 1-3 months, 86 cases recovered consciousness ((72.9)%); in 42 cases with coma of 4-6 months, 20 cases recovered consciousness ((47.6)); and in 15 cases with coma of longer than 6 months, only 4 cases recovered consciousness ((26.7)%). The recovery of consciousness depended on patient’s primary brain stem damage, cerebral hernia, GCS score, and age. Conclusions: Application of appropriate arousal procedures improves recovery of consciousness in patients with prolonged coma.
文摘This paper describes qualitative and quantita- tive analysis of color emotion dimension expression using a standard device-independent colorimetric system. To collect color emotion data, 20 subjects are required to report their emotion responses, using a valence-arousal emotion model, to 52 color samples that are chosen from CIELAB Lch color spaces. Qualitative analysis, including analysis of variance （ANOVA）, Pearson＇s correlation and Spearman＇s rank cor- relation, shows that significant differences exist between re- sponses to achromatic and chromatic stimuli, but there are no significant differences between chromatic samples. There is a positive linear relationship between lightness/chroma and valence-arousal dimensions. Subsequently, several clas- sic predictors are used to quantitatively predict emotion in- duced by color attributes. Furthermore, several explicit color emotion models are developed by using multiple linear re- gression with stepwise and pace regression. Experimental results show that chroma and lightness have stronger effects on emotions than hue, which is consistent with our qualitative results and other psychological studies. Arousal has greater predictive value than valence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61272211 and 61672267)the Open Project Program of the National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition(No.201700022)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2015M570413)and the Innovation Project of Undergraduate Students in Jiangsu University(No.16A235)
文摘In dimensional affect recognition, the machine learning methods, which are used to model and predict affect, are mostly classification and regression. However, the annotation in the dimensional affect space usually takes the form of a continuous real value which has an ordinal property. The aforementioned methods do not focus on taking advantage of this important information. Therefore, we propose an affective rating ranking framework for affect recognition based on face images in the valence and arousal dimensional space. Our approach can appropriately use the ordinal information among affective ratings which are generated by discretizing continuous annotations.Specifically, we first train a series of basic cost-sensitive binary classifiers, each of which uses all samples relabeled according to the comparison results between corresponding ratings and a given rank of a binary classifier. We obtain the final affective ratings by aggregating the outputs of binary classifiers. By comparing the experimental results with the baseline and deep learning based classification and regression methods on the benchmarking database of the AVEC 2015 Challenge and the selected subset of SEMAINE database, we find that our ordinal ranking method is effective in both arousal and valence dimensions.
基金supported by an Academy Van Leersum grant of the Academy Medical Sciences Fund,Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts&Sciencessupported by a Parkinson Canada New Investigator grant,as well as a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery grant.RCH was supported by a research grant(VIDI,#09150172010044)from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research+4 种基金He has acted as consultant for UCB(unrelated to this work)supported by a grant from the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF/EFRO,grant number PROJ-00928)outside the submitted worksupported by the National Health and Medical Research Council(1193857)supported by the Australian Government Research Training Program(RTP)Scholarship.GW reports no disclosures.SJGL was supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Leadership Fellowship(1195830)supported by a ZonMW Veni grant(16.196.022).
文摘In stressful or anxiety-provoking situations,most people with Parkinson’s disease(PD)experience a general worsening of motor symptoms,including their gait impairments.However,a proportion of patients actually report benefits from experiencing-or even purposely inducing-stressful or high-arousal situations.Using data from a large-scale international survey study among 4324 people with PD and gait impairments within the online Fox Insight(USA)and ParkinsonNEXT(NL)cohorts,we demonstrate that individuals with PD deploy an array of mental state alteration strategies to cope with their gait impairment.Crucially,these strategies differ along an axis of arousal-some act to heighten,whereas others diminish,overall sympathetic tone.Together,our observations suggest that arousal may act as a double-edged sword for gait control in PD.We propose a theoretical,neurobiological framework to explain why heightened arousal can have detrimental effects on the occurrence and severity of gait impairments in some individuals,while alleviating them in others.Specifically,we postulate that this seemingly contradictory phenomenon is explained by the inherent features of the ascending arousal system:namely,that arousal is related to task performance by an inverted u-shaped curve(the so-called Yerkes and Dodson relationship).We propose that the noradrenergic locus coeruleus plays an important role in modulating PD symptom severity and expression,by regulating arousal and by mediating network-level functional integration across the brain.The ability of the locus coeruleus to facilitate dynamic‘cross-talk’between distinct,otherwise largely segregated brain regions may facilitate the necessary cerebral compensation for gait impairments in PD.In the presence of suboptimal arousal,compensatory networks may be too segregated to allow for adequate compensation.Conversely,with supraoptimal arousal,increased cross-talk between competing inputs of these complementary networks may emerge and become dysfunctional.Because the locus coeruleus degenerates with disease progression,finetuning of this delicate balance becomes increasingly difficult,heightening the need for mental strategies to self-modulate arousal and facilitate shifting from a sub-or supraoptimal state of arousal to improve gait performance.Recognition of this underlying mechanism emphasises the importance of PD-specific rehabilitation strategies to alleviate gait disability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.72272136 and 72172024)Humanities and Social Science Project from the Ministry of Education of China(20YJA630061).
文摘Crises in the past have caused devastating,long-lasting impacts on the global economy.The after-effects always bring some dynamic and rigorous challenges for businesses and governments.Such challenges have always been a point of discussion for scholars.The recent COVID-19 pandemic emaciated the global economy,leaving everyone mired in uncertainty,fear,and psychological impairments.One of the headwind features utilized by consumers during pandemic was panic buying(PB),which must be explored in various contexts for policymakers and practitioners.To address this gap,this study deployed a moderated mediation mechanism,integrating the health belief model(HBM)and competitive arousal theory(CAT)to excavate the notions underlying PB with the intrusion of evolved real-time psychological disorders:intolerance of uncertainty(IU)and cyberchondria(CYC).The study was conducted as a natural experiment in a South Asian developing economy using online surveys.It found that health beliefs—perceived severity(PSV)and perceived susceptibility(PSC)—positively impact perceived arousal(PA),which causes PB,and that PA has a sturdy mediator role.Moreover,in the relationship between health beliefs and arousal,the different psychological disorders were found to have significant moderating roles The study findings can help mitigate risk uncertainties and panic situations and thus contribute to consumers’wellbeing.
文摘Fear and anxiety may be adaptive responses to life-threatening situations, and animals may communicate fear to others vocally. A fundamental understanding of fear inducing sounds is important for both wildlife conservation and management because it helps us understand how to design repellents and also how （and why） animals may be negatively impacted by anthropogenic sounds. Nonlinear phenomena--sounds produced by the desynchronization of vibrations in a sound production system-are commonly found in stress-induced animal vocalizations, such as in alarm calls, mobbing calls, and fear screams. There are several functional hypotheses for these nonlinear phenomena. One specific hypothesis is the unpredictability hypothesis, which suggests that because nonlinear phenomena are more variable and somewhat unpredictable, animals are less likely to habituate to them. Animals should, therefore, have a prolonged response to sounds with nonlinear phenomena than sounds without them. Most of the studies involving nonlinear phenomena have used mammalian subjects and conspecific stimuli. Our study fo- cused on white-crowned sparrows （Zonotrichia leucophrys ssp. oriantha） and used synthesized acoustic stimuli to investigate behavioral responses to stimuli with and without nonlinear phenomena. We predicted that birds would be less relaxed after hearing a stimulus with a nonlinear component. We calculated the difference from baseline of proportion of time spent in relaxed behaviors and performed pair-wise comparisons between a pure tone control stimulus and each of three experimental stimuli, including a frequency jump up, a frequency jump down, and white noise. These comparisons showed that in the 30q50 s after the playback experiment, birds were significantly less relaxed after hearing noise or an abrupt frequency jump down an octave but not an abrupt frequency jump up an octave or a pure tone. Nonlinear phenomena, therefore, may be generally arousing to animals and may explain why these acoustic properties are commonly found in animal signals associated with fear [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 534-541, 2014].
文摘A comprehensive review is presented of reported aspects and putative mechanisms of sleep-like motility rhythms throughout the animal kingdom. It is proposed that ＇rapid eye movement （REM） sleep＇ be regarded as a special case of a distinct but much broader category of behavior, ＇rapid body movement （RBM） sleep＇, defined by intrinsically- generated and apparently non-purposive movements. Such a classification completes a 2 2 matrix defined by the axes sleep versus waking and active versus quiet. Although ＇paradoxical＇ arousal of forebrain electrical activity is restricted to warm-blooded vertebrates, we urge that juvenile or even infantile stages of development be investigated in cold-blooded animals, in view of the many reports of REM-like spontaneous motility （RBMs） in a wide range of species during sleep. The neurophysiological bases for motorically active sleep at the brainstem level and for slow-wave sleep in the forebrain appear to be remarkably similar, and to be subserved in both cases by a primitive diffuse mode of neuronal organization. Thus, the spontaneous synchronous burst discharges which are characteristics of the sleeping brain can be readily simu- lated even by highly unstructured neural network models. Neuromotor discharges during active sleep appear to reflect a hierarchy of simple relaxation oscillation mechanisms, spanning a wide range of spike-dependent relaxation times, where- as the periodic alternation of active and quiet sleep states more likely results from the entrainment of intrinsic cellular rhythms and/or from activity-dependent homeostatic changes in network excitability.
基金Supported by Shanghai Pujiang Program,No.2020PJC115.
文摘Due to the critical roles of emotion and working memory in our daily activities,a great deal of attention has been given to how emotion influences working memory performance.Although the association between emotion and working memory is relatively well established,whether mood enhances or impairs working memory performance remains controversial.The present review provides a relatively representative overview of the research on the effect of different dimensions of emotion on working memory among healthy adults spanning a 30-year period.The findings show that the valence,arousal and motivational dimensions of emotion could all exert an impact on working memory performance.The impact of emotion on working memory might be modulated by task relevance,emotion type,working memory paradigms and individual differences.The vast majority of the studies regarding the effect of emotion on working memory performance focused on the impact of negatively valenced affect and yielded highly contradictory findings.The impacts of arousal and motivation on working memory have been less explored,and inconsistent findings have also been reported.Possible explanations are discussed.Considerable research on the effect of certain dimensions of emotion on working memory has suffered from a lack of control of other emotional dimensions,and different aspects of working memory have been investigated by various paradigms.Directions for further studies should include the exploration of specific dimensions of emotion on different aspects of working memory,with the other dimensions being well controlled.
文摘As we cycle between the states of wakefulness and sleep,a bilateral cholinergic nucleus in the pontine brain stem,the laterodorsal tegmentum(LDT),plays a critical role in controlling salience processing,attention,behavioral arousal,and electrophysiological signatures of the sub-and microstates of sleep.Disorders involving abnormal alterations in behavioral and motivated states,such as drug dependence,likely involve dysfunctions in LDT signaling.In addition,as the LDT exhibits connectivity with the thalamus and mesocortical circuits,as well as receives direct,excitatory input from the prefrontal cortex,a role for the LDT in cognitive symptoms characterizing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)including impulsivity,inflexibility,and dysfunctions of attention is suggested.Prenatal nicotine exposure(PNE)is associated with a higher risk for later life development of drug dependence and ADHD,suggesting alteration in development of brain regions involved in these behaviors.PNE has been shown to alter glutamate and cholinergic signaling within the LDT.As glutamate and acetylcholine are major excitatory mediators,these alterations would likely alter excitatory output to target regions in limbic motivational circuits and to thalamic and cortical networks mediating executive control.Further,PNE alters neuronal development and transmission within prefrontal cortex and limbic areas that send input to the LDT,which would compound effects of differential processing within the PNE LDT.When taken together,alterations in signaling in the LDT are likely to play a role in negative behavioral outcomes seen in PNE individuals,including a heightened risk of drug dependence and ADHD behaviors.
文摘Attention allocation research frequently focuses on the valence of emotion. However, there is increasing evidence to indicate that arousal may be more relevant at some stages of affective processing. The present study employed a combined priming and cue-target paradigm and examined event-related potentials (ERPs) in order to explore the effects of emotional conflict of arousal on attention allocation. The background context of arousal was manipulated (using photos of facial expressions) while subjects performed a cognitive task in which a central arrow cue indicated the location of a peripheric target square, and a response was made according to the direction of the square. There was no main effect between incongruent emotion and congruent emotion in the response time, which means the resolution of the emotional conflict facilitate the participant behavioral response. There was a main effect of different emotional states on ERP component. In the present study, incongruent arousal also triggered greater positive potential compared with congruent arousal.
文摘Previous research shows that yawning enhances intracranial circulation and regulates brain temperature. Consistent with these functional outcomes, yawn duration correlates positively with interspecies variation in brain weight across mammals, with robust relationships documented at both the taxonomic rank of class and the more restricted scale of family (e.g., Felidae). This study provides the first investigation into whether differences in brain weight within a single species, domesticated dogs Canis lupus familiaris, can predict intraspecific variation in yawn duration. Measures of yawn duration were obtained from public videos available online and then paired with previously published brain and body weight data of different dog breeds. The final sample consisted of 272 yawns from 198 dogs across 23 breeds. Consistent with recent studies, we find robust correlations between yawn duration and brain weight across breeds. Moreover, these correlations remain significant after controlling for differences in body weight across breeds. These findings replicate and extend upon past work in this area and provide further support that yawns evolved to serve an important and large-scale neurophysiologic function.
文摘Eye tracking can facilitate understanding irrational decision-making in contexts such as financial risk-taking.For this purpose,we develop an experimental framework in which participants trade a risky asset in a simulated bubble market to maximize individual returns while their eye movements are recorded.Returns are sensitive to eye movement dynamics,depending on the presented visual stimuli.Using eye-tracking data,we investigated the effects of arousal,attention,and disengagement on individual payoffs using linear and nonlinear approaches.By estimating a nonlinear model using attention as a threshold variable,our results suggest that arousal positively influences trading returns,but its effect becomes smaller when attention exceeds a certain threshold,whereas disengagement has a higher negative impact on reduced attention levels and becomes almost irrelevant when attention increases.Hence,we provide a neurobehavioral metric as a function of attention that predicts financial gains in boomand-bust scenarios.This study serves as a proof-of-concept for developing future psychometric measures to enhance decision-making.
