Armenian Foreign Minister Ararat Mirzoyan visited China Institute of International Studies(CIIS)on June 25.CIIS President Chen Bo welcomed the Armenian delegation.During their talks,Mirzoyan emphasized Armenia’s comm...Armenian Foreign Minister Ararat Mirzoyan visited China Institute of International Studies(CIIS)on June 25.CIIS President Chen Bo welcomed the Armenian delegation.During their talks,Mirzoyan emphasized Armenia’s commitment to deepening ties with China and enhancing think tank exchanges.Chen expounded on China’s major global initiatives,including the vision of building a community with a shared future for mankind.The two parties also exchanged views on international affairs and bilateral practical cooperation.展开更多
Today,half the world,almost all of the most developed countries and Western countries,formally recognizes the Armenian Genocide.In certain states of the USA and in some European countries,such as Switzerland,saying t...Today,half the world,almost all of the most developed countries and Western countries,formally recognizes the Armenian Genocide.In certain states of the USA and in some European countries,such as Switzerland,saying that“the genocide isn’t real”or even arguing about it is considered an offence will get you into prison.This is a behavior that does not comply with the moral code of the hypocritical West,which has been applying double standards for centuries.The Turks have faced the one-sided,brutal,and unrealistic accusations and oppression of the West for five centuries,and the same type of irrational impositions by both the USA and the European Union still continue to this day.The Turkish people are unprepared against the Armenian claims.The blind admiration to the West,the lack of foresight on the part of the leaders,and unfortunately the unresponsiveness of the Turkish society have always encouraged the West.This state of affairs should be stopped as soon as possible.展开更多
Being involved in the organization of IGCP 572 field workshops in Turkey （2009）, in Oman （2010）, as in the following IGCP 630 field workshops in Kashmir （India, 2014） and in Armenia （2017）, I co-wrote for each...Being involved in the organization of IGCP 572 field workshops in Turkey （2009）, in Oman （2010）, as in the following IGCP 630 field workshops in Kashmir （India, 2014） and in Armenia （2017）, I co-wrote for each of them detailed guidebooks and extended reports that can be found and downloaded from ResearchGate website. This paper summarizes the final results obtained by IGCP 572 and 630 members from these four important field workshop sites in the past I0 years, and also attempts to make recommendations for future studies based on these unique localities surrounding the Tethys Ocean. The first field workshop of IGCP 572 was organized in South Turkey in September, 2009, with the logistical support of Dr. Erdal Kosun from the Antalya University. Following the South Turkey field workshop, eight important papers have been published and concerned the well-preserved Permian-Triassic boundary （PTB） microbialites and their ecosystems （including ostraeodes, brachiopods, and many of other clades）. The 3rd IGCP 572 annual field workshop was held during February, 2010 in the Sultanate of Oman, with Dr. Michaela Bernecker and the deep support from the GuTech University in Muscat. More than 15 papers have derived from the P-Tr successions that IGCP 572 members have investigated during this workshop, including the first study on oceanic acidification based on Boron isotopes. New paleontological studies are still on progress, and concern the Smithian ammonoids, Lower Triassic shark teeth and dental remains as well as basal Triassic conodonts, crinoids and ammonoids. The 1st IGCP 630 annual field workshop was held during November, 2014 in Srinagar, Kashmir, and North India, with the helpful assistance of Prof. Ghulam Bhat from Jammu University. This meeting renewed studies on the classic Guryul Ravine and adjacent P-Tr boundary sections in that region, with new geochemical works on carbon isotopes and pyrite framboids as well as a detailed Induan conodont taxonomy and zonatiou. Other new paleontological works concern the palynology of the Guryul Ravine Section as some well-preserved organic eukariotic protist （thecamoebians） that cross without damage the PTB. Lilit Sahakyan, Aymon Baud, and Zhong-Qiang Chen organized the 5th IGCP 630 annual conference and field workshop in Armenia on October 8-14, 2017. Several PTB and Lower Triassic sections have been systematically sampled for biogeochemical and geobiological studies. These Armenian sections provide unique paleoenvironmental settings that have the long- est record, from Griesbachian to Dienerian, of microbial proliferation following the P-Tr mass extinction in the world. The basal Triassic giant sponge-microbial build-ups are encouraging more compre- hensive studies on metazoan-microbial reef developments after the greatest extinction event.展开更多
Armenia is a small mountainous country with remarkable biodiversity. The forest cover of Armenia makes up 11.17% of the total territory of Armenia. The forests of Armenia make important habitat for numerous biological...Armenia is a small mountainous country with remarkable biodiversity. The forest cover of Armenia makes up 11.17% of the total territory of Armenia. The forests of Armenia make important habitat for numerous biological objects. They also provide important ecosystem services, including key services to forest adjacent population. Deforestation and forest degradation are serious threats in Armenia. In the result of special studies the principles and criteria for identification of HCVFs （high conservation value forests） in the conditions of Armenia were developed. They are based on the guidelines for identification and management of HCVFs, but adapted to the conditions of mountainous forests of Armenia as a small country. Out of six generic types of HCVFs, it is suggested to define five types of HCVFs with respective sub-types. Proper protection of such forests shall ensure conservation of biological diversity and maintenance of ecosystem services provided by forests.展开更多
This article describes complex geological structure of the region where Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant (MNPP) in Armenia is located. This region of the Lesser Caucasus is characterized by high volcanic activity, tectoni...This article describes complex geological structure of the region where Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant (MNPP) in Armenia is located. This region of the Lesser Caucasus is characterized by high volcanic activity, tectonic stresses, and movements along the edges of active, highly seismic tectonic blocks. Moreover, this station literally sits on the active tectonic fault of compression type. When construction of the plant commenced, seismic risks were significantly understated. This fact was confirmed by destructive Spitak earthquake with over 25 thousand death tolls. Analysis of intensitys of the earthquakes in the area of the MNPP, their focal mechanisms and risks of movements along active tectonic faults is given in the article. With reference to numerous papers of Armenian, Russian and European researchers regarding seismic hazards and risks in the area of the Nuclear Power Plant, the conclusion about the soonest shutdown and conservation of Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant has been made.展开更多
This paper examines the distribution and structure of populations of a medicinal and culinary herb native to Armenia. As one of the first countries to join the Convention on Biological Diversity （CBD）, Armenia has a...This paper examines the distribution and structure of populations of a medicinal and culinary herb native to Armenia. As one of the first countries to join the Convention on Biological Diversity （CBD）, Armenia has a strong interest in assessing the biodiversity of its native flora and identifying threats to the conservation of these species, particularly those with economic value. Only limited information, however, is available at this time on the genetic biodiversity, population location, structure and size, and conservation status of most of these species. This paper reports the results of five consecutive years of field studies conducted in Armenia to 1） re-locate native populations of the important medicinal and culinary herb, Origanum vulgare L., 2） locate new populations, and 3） assess the growth pattern and dynamics of the populations. The quadrat sampling technique was used to identify key elements that determined population size and abundance. GPS maps of present and past population distributions were created. Particular habitat and environmental factors were identified as crucial to predicting the future conditions of these populations under the impact of global climate change. The research provides a baseline dataset that can be used for the development of further conservation strategies of this important medicinal and culinary species in Armenia.展开更多
＂I came to China for the first time in 2012 when I was doing my master＇s degree in Nanjing. The real China is full of all kinds of different things and is a good place for every kind of person.＂ When talking about ...＂I came to China for the first time in 2012 when I was doing my master＇s degree in Nanjing. The real China is full of all kinds of different things and is a good place for every kind of person.＂ When talking about his impression of China,展开更多
The practicable solution to the problem of degradation of mountainous pastures/hayfields provoked by unplanned and unregulated use of farmlands is considered in the article. With the view of developing animal husbandr...The practicable solution to the problem of degradation of mountainous pastures/hayfields provoked by unplanned and unregulated use of farmlands is considered in the article. With the view of developing animal husbandry and managing pastures/hayfields, in 2011-2012, the Government of the Republic of Armenia under support of the World Bank implemented a Farm Resources Management and Competitiveness Program. The goal of the Program is ceasing a trend to overgrazing and degradation of close-to-village sites, using remote pastures/hayfields in the best effective manner, improving feed production and animal feeding networks, and promoting a growth in animal feed production volumes. To achieve that, the following works were planned and implemented successfully in 23 rural communities of six marzes of the RA （Republic of Armenia）, which was done by three stages. For the 23 communities series of cartographic layers was produced and a relevant database was compiled and mapped.展开更多
The phenomenon of recurrent revolution in the post-Soviet political space deserves a new examination,as the Year 2019 marks not only 30 years since the chain of revolutions in Eastern Europe,but also the first anniver...The phenomenon of recurrent revolution in the post-Soviet political space deserves a new examination,as the Year 2019 marks not only 30 years since the chain of revolutions in Eastern Europe,but also the first anniversary of the revolution in Armenia.There are scant reasons to expect that economic underperformance or even a sharp spasm of crisis would bring any of the seven unmistakably authoritarian post-Soviet regimes to an abrupt end,but the deepening resentment against corruption could produce a powerful demand for change in the course of elections,which theses regimes feel obliged to stage.Manipulations of elections are the most common trigger for revolutions,but the big question of whether such explosions of social energy could deliver on the demand for change is set to remain open.展开更多
The monitoring of Persian or Red-tailed Wheatear Oenanthe chrysopygia was conducted during 2003-2019.The species breeds at the foothills of Urts and Meghri mountain ridges at elevation range from 700 to 1,200 meters a...The monitoring of Persian or Red-tailed Wheatear Oenanthe chrysopygia was conducted during 2003-2019.The species breeds at the foothills of Urts and Meghri mountain ridges at elevation range from 700 to 1,200 meters above sea level and inhabits rocky semideserts.The total suitable habitat for Red-tailed Wheatear is estimated as 128.4 km2.The species disappeared at several gorges where larger scale new orchards have been launched.The population of Persian Wheatear makes from 70 to 105 breeding pairs.During last ten years the population shows moderate decline,p<0.05,which is mostly caused by launching of new orchards which occupy natural breeding habitat of the species.Although the species is evaluated as endangered in Armenian Red List,the existing conservation measures are insufficient and should include the following:(1)lobbying official adoption of the species distribution range into the Emerald Network protected under Bern Convention;(2)development of management plans for these Emerald Sites,which will consider a strict policy towards new orchards in the semi-deserts of Meghri and Urts mountains;(3)obligatory environmental impact assessment of any new orchard projects in those areas;(4)introduction of eco-friendly concepts in the horticulture in these areas.展开更多
The monitoring of the Booted Eagles Hieraaetus pennatus in Armenia,conducted during 2003-2019 shows that the species breeds in northern,north-eastern,central,southern,and south-eastern regions,inhabiting various decid...The monitoring of the Booted Eagles Hieraaetus pennatus in Armenia,conducted during 2003-2019 shows that the species breeds in northern,north-eastern,central,southern,and south-eastern regions,inhabiting various deciduous and mixed woodlands at elevation range 1,200-2,300 m above sea level.The area of occupancy makes 5,110 km2.According to the last estimation,there are 48-72 breeding pairs of Booted Eagles in the country.The population trend during 2003-2019 demonstrates stability(p>0.05,n=21).Among 24 cases of three nests observed during 2011-2018,in 20 cases(83%)the nest consisted of two hatchlings,however in 11 nests out of those 20(55%)the older and stronger nestling was killing the younger and weaker one.The average breeding success makes 1.33±0.28 fledglings per occupied nest.Our questioning of hunters shows that poaching can be a threat for the species due to low level of education of local hunters.The present conservation measures are not enough.The conservation status of the species should remain the same:Vulnerable D1,but the proposed conservation measures should include:(1)nation-wide educational program on raptors;(2)increase of punishments for illegal hunting and trapping of the species;(3)setting up a state exam for the hunters to check their knowledge;(4)strengthening of Inspectorate for Nature Protection and Mineral Resources;(5)assisting farmers and pigeon breeders to improve facilities for protection of domestic birds.The continuous monitoring of the species remains essential to track its further population trend,and to indicate the efficiency of undertaken conservation measures.展开更多
Background: The caesarean section rate is an important factor that characterizes the effectiveness of the obstetric service. The large variability of the initial state of women in labor and the variety of indications ...Background: The caesarean section rate is an important factor that characterizes the effectiveness of the obstetric service. The large variability of the initial state of women in labor and the variety of indications for surgery does not allow us to identify the main determinants. We attempted to determine and analyzed the first data on the structure and frequency of caesarean section in Armenia in the hospital of the Erebоuni multidisciplinary clinic before the introduction of the M. Robson scale. Methodology: We conducted a retrospective study of the history of childbirth in 38,111 patients registered at the Erebouni Medical Center for the period 2016-2021. The materials of the study were case histories, hospitalization materials and annual reports. Results: According to the obtained data, 80.5% of caesarean section operations were performed as planned. Only 14% of pregnant women were delivered by caesarean section according to absolute indications, the frequency of that in this maternity hospital increased from 36.77% to 44.95% over the analyzed period Conclusion: Thorough psychoprophylactic preparation of pregnant women for childbirth, including those with a scar on the uterus after a previous cesarean section, can ensure a steady desire of women in labor for vaginal delivery, full mobilization of their own capabilities, and more trusting cooperation with medical staff.展开更多
Within the syncretic world view of prehistoric people, there was an inseparable link between word, song, and dance Hence it is not easy for the modern researcher to outline the border between these spheres. Using inte...Within the syncretic world view of prehistoric people, there was an inseparable link between word, song, and dance Hence it is not easy for the modern researcher to outline the border between these spheres. Using interdisciplinary methods, present paper touches the case of Armenian monodic music. Through analysis of song types （concerning labour, funeral, wedding, belief, worship, magic, mythology, epic, and dance）, music representatives, music performance places, and musical instruments, an attempt is made to consider the phenomenon within certain temporal borders. It turns out that the folk and folk-professional realistic music is simple and static in its essence and includes the invariant component of local culture, going back to the period of formation of early farming communities. Meanwhile with emerging social complexity since the Bronze Age, new and various forms of musical performance come to existence.展开更多
It is important to predict how many individuals of a predator species can survive in a given area on the basis of prey sufficiency and to compare predictive estimates with actual numbers to understand whether or not k...It is important to predict how many individuals of a predator species can survive in a given area on the basis of prey sufficiency and to compare predictive estimates with actual numbers to understand whether or not key threats are related to prey availability.Rugged terrain and low detection probabilities do not allow for the use of traditional prey count techniques in mountain areas.We used presence–absence occupancy modeling and camera-trapping to estimate the abundance and densities of prey species and regression analysis to predict leopard(Panthera pardus)densities from estimated prey biomass in the mountains of the Nuvadi area,Meghri Ridge,southern Armenia.The prey densities were 12.94±2.18 individuals km–2 for the bezoar goat(Capra aegagrus),6.88±1.56 for the wild boar(Sus scrofa)and 0.44±0.20 for the roe deer(Capreolus capreolus).The detection probability of the prey was a strong function of the activity patterns,and was highest in diurnal bezoar goats(0.59±0.09).Based on robust regression,the estimated total ungulate prey biomass(720.37±142.72 kg km–2)can support a leopard density of 7.18±3.06 individuals 100 km–2.The actual leopard density is only 0.34 individuals 100 km–2(i.e.one subadult male recorded over the 296.9 km2),estimated from tracking and camera-trapping.The most plausible explanation for this discrepancy between predicted and actual leopard density is that poaching and disturbance caused by livestock breeding,plant gathering,deforestation and human-induced wild fires are affecting the leopard population in Armenia.展开更多
Despite increasing advocacy and adaptation of public-private model of water governance worldwide since the 1990s, today only 5% of the world＇s population is served by water utilities with private involvement. The pre...Despite increasing advocacy and adaptation of public-private model of water governance worldwide since the 1990s, today only 5% of the world＇s population is served by water utilities with private involvement. The present article examines the experience of the water sector in Armenia with private sector participation. The study describes the process of the introduction of public-private partnerships in the water sector and focuses on analyzing the impact of privatization on water utility performance. The analysis employs the partial indicator method for evaluating the impacts in relation to operational, finance, and environmental performance, done by drawing on the database for the five water companies in Armenia. The empirical evidence shows that private participation in general led to improved overall performance. In particular, private involvement resulted in increased operational efficiency in terms of labor productivity, water metering, continuity of service, and revenue collection efficiency. There were mixed improvements in the operating cost coverage ratio. As for environmental performance, there were gains in the reduction of residential water consump- tion, accompanied, however, by an increase in non- revenue water.展开更多
文摘Armenian Foreign Minister Ararat Mirzoyan visited China Institute of International Studies(CIIS)on June 25.CIIS President Chen Bo welcomed the Armenian delegation.During their talks,Mirzoyan emphasized Armenia’s commitment to deepening ties with China and enhancing think tank exchanges.Chen expounded on China’s major global initiatives,including the vision of building a community with a shared future for mankind.The two parties also exchanged views on international affairs and bilateral practical cooperation.
文摘Today,half the world,almost all of the most developed countries and Western countries,formally recognizes the Armenian Genocide.In certain states of the USA and in some European countries,such as Switzerland,saying that“the genocide isn’t real”or even arguing about it is considered an offence will get you into prison.This is a behavior that does not comply with the moral code of the hypocritical West,which has been applying double standards for centuries.The Turks have faced the one-sided,brutal,and unrealistic accusations and oppression of the West for five centuries,and the same type of irrational impositions by both the USA and the European Union still continue to this day.The Turkish people are unprepared against the Armenian claims.The blind admiration to the West,the lack of foresight on the part of the leaders,and unfortunately the unresponsiveness of the Turkish society have always encouraged the West.This state of affairs should be stopped as soon as possible.
文摘Being involved in the organization of IGCP 572 field workshops in Turkey （2009）, in Oman （2010）, as in the following IGCP 630 field workshops in Kashmir （India, 2014） and in Armenia （2017）, I co-wrote for each of them detailed guidebooks and extended reports that can be found and downloaded from ResearchGate website. This paper summarizes the final results obtained by IGCP 572 and 630 members from these four important field workshop sites in the past I0 years, and also attempts to make recommendations for future studies based on these unique localities surrounding the Tethys Ocean. The first field workshop of IGCP 572 was organized in South Turkey in September, 2009, with the logistical support of Dr. Erdal Kosun from the Antalya University. Following the South Turkey field workshop, eight important papers have been published and concerned the well-preserved Permian-Triassic boundary （PTB） microbialites and their ecosystems （including ostraeodes, brachiopods, and many of other clades）. The 3rd IGCP 572 annual field workshop was held during February, 2010 in the Sultanate of Oman, with Dr. Michaela Bernecker and the deep support from the GuTech University in Muscat. More than 15 papers have derived from the P-Tr successions that IGCP 572 members have investigated during this workshop, including the first study on oceanic acidification based on Boron isotopes. New paleontological studies are still on progress, and concern the Smithian ammonoids, Lower Triassic shark teeth and dental remains as well as basal Triassic conodonts, crinoids and ammonoids. The 1st IGCP 630 annual field workshop was held during November, 2014 in Srinagar, Kashmir, and North India, with the helpful assistance of Prof. Ghulam Bhat from Jammu University. This meeting renewed studies on the classic Guryul Ravine and adjacent P-Tr boundary sections in that region, with new geochemical works on carbon isotopes and pyrite framboids as well as a detailed Induan conodont taxonomy and zonatiou. Other new paleontological works concern the palynology of the Guryul Ravine Section as some well-preserved organic eukariotic protist （thecamoebians） that cross without damage the PTB. Lilit Sahakyan, Aymon Baud, and Zhong-Qiang Chen organized the 5th IGCP 630 annual conference and field workshop in Armenia on October 8-14, 2017. Several PTB and Lower Triassic sections have been systematically sampled for biogeochemical and geobiological studies. These Armenian sections provide unique paleoenvironmental settings that have the long- est record, from Griesbachian to Dienerian, of microbial proliferation following the P-Tr mass extinction in the world. The basal Triassic giant sponge-microbial build-ups are encouraging more compre- hensive studies on metazoan-microbial reef developments after the greatest extinction event.
文摘Armenia is a small mountainous country with remarkable biodiversity. The forest cover of Armenia makes up 11.17% of the total territory of Armenia. The forests of Armenia make important habitat for numerous biological objects. They also provide important ecosystem services, including key services to forest adjacent population. Deforestation and forest degradation are serious threats in Armenia. In the result of special studies the principles and criteria for identification of HCVFs （high conservation value forests） in the conditions of Armenia were developed. They are based on the guidelines for identification and management of HCVFs, but adapted to the conditions of mountainous forests of Armenia as a small country. Out of six generic types of HCVFs, it is suggested to define five types of HCVFs with respective sub-types. Proper protection of such forests shall ensure conservation of biological diversity and maintenance of ecosystem services provided by forests.
文摘This article describes complex geological structure of the region where Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant (MNPP) in Armenia is located. This region of the Lesser Caucasus is characterized by high volcanic activity, tectonic stresses, and movements along the edges of active, highly seismic tectonic blocks. Moreover, this station literally sits on the active tectonic fault of compression type. When construction of the plant commenced, seismic risks were significantly understated. This fact was confirmed by destructive Spitak earthquake with over 25 thousand death tolls. Analysis of intensitys of the earthquakes in the area of the MNPP, their focal mechanisms and risks of movements along active tectonic faults is given in the article. With reference to numerous papers of Armenian, Russian and European researchers regarding seismic hazards and risks in the area of the Nuclear Power Plant, the conclusion about the soonest shutdown and conservation of Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant has been made.
文摘This paper examines the distribution and structure of populations of a medicinal and culinary herb native to Armenia. As one of the first countries to join the Convention on Biological Diversity （CBD）, Armenia has a strong interest in assessing the biodiversity of its native flora and identifying threats to the conservation of these species, particularly those with economic value. Only limited information, however, is available at this time on the genetic biodiversity, population location, structure and size, and conservation status of most of these species. This paper reports the results of five consecutive years of field studies conducted in Armenia to 1） re-locate native populations of the important medicinal and culinary herb, Origanum vulgare L., 2） locate new populations, and 3） assess the growth pattern and dynamics of the populations. The quadrat sampling technique was used to identify key elements that determined population size and abundance. GPS maps of present and past population distributions were created. Particular habitat and environmental factors were identified as crucial to predicting the future conditions of these populations under the impact of global climate change. The research provides a baseline dataset that can be used for the development of further conservation strategies of this important medicinal and culinary species in Armenia.
文摘＂I came to China for the first time in 2012 when I was doing my master＇s degree in Nanjing. The real China is full of all kinds of different things and is a good place for every kind of person.＂ When talking about his impression of China,
文摘The practicable solution to the problem of degradation of mountainous pastures/hayfields provoked by unplanned and unregulated use of farmlands is considered in the article. With the view of developing animal husbandry and managing pastures/hayfields, in 2011-2012, the Government of the Republic of Armenia under support of the World Bank implemented a Farm Resources Management and Competitiveness Program. The goal of the Program is ceasing a trend to overgrazing and degradation of close-to-village sites, using remote pastures/hayfields in the best effective manner, improving feed production and animal feeding networks, and promoting a growth in animal feed production volumes. To achieve that, the following works were planned and implemented successfully in 23 rural communities of six marzes of the RA （Republic of Armenia）, which was done by three stages. For the 23 communities series of cartographic layers was produced and a relevant database was compiled and mapped.
文摘The phenomenon of recurrent revolution in the post-Soviet political space deserves a new examination,as the Year 2019 marks not only 30 years since the chain of revolutions in Eastern Europe,but also the first anniversary of the revolution in Armenia.There are scant reasons to expect that economic underperformance or even a sharp spasm of crisis would bring any of the seven unmistakably authoritarian post-Soviet regimes to an abrupt end,but the deepening resentment against corruption could produce a powerful demand for change in the course of elections,which theses regimes feel obliged to stage.Manipulations of elections are the most common trigger for revolutions,but the big question of whether such explosions of social energy could deliver on the demand for change is set to remain open.
基金The monitoring of the species in Armenia is supported by members of the Armenian Birdwatching Association Data archiving is supported by Observation FoundationDuring 2015-2017 the survey was also supported by European Bird Census Council(EBCC)through a grant from the MAVA Foundation for the European Breeding Bird Atlas 2The administrative support during study of the species was provided by National Park Arevik and Ministry of Environment of RA.
文摘The monitoring of Persian or Red-tailed Wheatear Oenanthe chrysopygia was conducted during 2003-2019.The species breeds at the foothills of Urts and Meghri mountain ridges at elevation range from 700 to 1,200 meters above sea level and inhabits rocky semideserts.The total suitable habitat for Red-tailed Wheatear is estimated as 128.4 km2.The species disappeared at several gorges where larger scale new orchards have been launched.The population of Persian Wheatear makes from 70 to 105 breeding pairs.During last ten years the population shows moderate decline,p<0.05,which is mostly caused by launching of new orchards which occupy natural breeding habitat of the species.Although the species is evaluated as endangered in Armenian Red List,the existing conservation measures are insufficient and should include the following:(1)lobbying official adoption of the species distribution range into the Emerald Network protected under Bern Convention;(2)development of management plans for these Emerald Sites,which will consider a strict policy towards new orchards in the semi-deserts of Meghri and Urts mountains;(3)obligatory environmental impact assessment of any new orchard projects in those areas;(4)introduction of eco-friendly concepts in the horticulture in these areas.
文摘The monitoring of the Booted Eagles Hieraaetus pennatus in Armenia,conducted during 2003-2019 shows that the species breeds in northern,north-eastern,central,southern,and south-eastern regions,inhabiting various deciduous and mixed woodlands at elevation range 1,200-2,300 m above sea level.The area of occupancy makes 5,110 km2.According to the last estimation,there are 48-72 breeding pairs of Booted Eagles in the country.The population trend during 2003-2019 demonstrates stability(p>0.05,n=21).Among 24 cases of three nests observed during 2011-2018,in 20 cases(83%)the nest consisted of two hatchlings,however in 11 nests out of those 20(55%)the older and stronger nestling was killing the younger and weaker one.The average breeding success makes 1.33±0.28 fledglings per occupied nest.Our questioning of hunters shows that poaching can be a threat for the species due to low level of education of local hunters.The present conservation measures are not enough.The conservation status of the species should remain the same:Vulnerable D1,but the proposed conservation measures should include:(1)nation-wide educational program on raptors;(2)increase of punishments for illegal hunting and trapping of the species;(3)setting up a state exam for the hunters to check their knowledge;(4)strengthening of Inspectorate for Nature Protection and Mineral Resources;(5)assisting farmers and pigeon breeders to improve facilities for protection of domestic birds.The continuous monitoring of the species remains essential to track its further population trend,and to indicate the efficiency of undertaken conservation measures.
文摘Background: The caesarean section rate is an important factor that characterizes the effectiveness of the obstetric service. The large variability of the initial state of women in labor and the variety of indications for surgery does not allow us to identify the main determinants. We attempted to determine and analyzed the first data on the structure and frequency of caesarean section in Armenia in the hospital of the Erebоuni multidisciplinary clinic before the introduction of the M. Robson scale. Methodology: We conducted a retrospective study of the history of childbirth in 38,111 patients registered at the Erebouni Medical Center for the period 2016-2021. The materials of the study were case histories, hospitalization materials and annual reports. Results: According to the obtained data, 80.5% of caesarean section operations were performed as planned. Only 14% of pregnant women were delivered by caesarean section according to absolute indications, the frequency of that in this maternity hospital increased from 36.77% to 44.95% over the analyzed period Conclusion: Thorough psychoprophylactic preparation of pregnant women for childbirth, including those with a scar on the uterus after a previous cesarean section, can ensure a steady desire of women in labor for vaginal delivery, full mobilization of their own capabilities, and more trusting cooperation with medical staff.
文摘Within the syncretic world view of prehistoric people, there was an inseparable link between word, song, and dance Hence it is not easy for the modern researcher to outline the border between these spheres. Using interdisciplinary methods, present paper touches the case of Armenian monodic music. Through analysis of song types （concerning labour, funeral, wedding, belief, worship, magic, mythology, epic, and dance）, music representatives, music performance places, and musical instruments, an attempt is made to consider the phenomenon within certain temporal borders. It turns out that the folk and folk-professional realistic music is simple and static in its essence and includes the invariant component of local culture, going back to the period of formation of early farming communities. Meanwhile with emerging social complexity since the Bronze Age, new and various forms of musical performance come to existence.
文摘It is important to predict how many individuals of a predator species can survive in a given area on the basis of prey sufficiency and to compare predictive estimates with actual numbers to understand whether or not key threats are related to prey availability.Rugged terrain and low detection probabilities do not allow for the use of traditional prey count techniques in mountain areas.We used presence–absence occupancy modeling and camera-trapping to estimate the abundance and densities of prey species and regression analysis to predict leopard(Panthera pardus)densities from estimated prey biomass in the mountains of the Nuvadi area,Meghri Ridge,southern Armenia.The prey densities were 12.94±2.18 individuals km–2 for the bezoar goat(Capra aegagrus),6.88±1.56 for the wild boar(Sus scrofa)and 0.44±0.20 for the roe deer(Capreolus capreolus).The detection probability of the prey was a strong function of the activity patterns,and was highest in diurnal bezoar goats(0.59±0.09).Based on robust regression,the estimated total ungulate prey biomass(720.37±142.72 kg km–2)can support a leopard density of 7.18±3.06 individuals 100 km–2.The actual leopard density is only 0.34 individuals 100 km–2(i.e.one subadult male recorded over the 296.9 km2),estimated from tracking and camera-trapping.The most plausible explanation for this discrepancy between predicted and actual leopard density is that poaching and disturbance caused by livestock breeding,plant gathering,deforestation and human-induced wild fires are affecting the leopard population in Armenia.
文摘Despite increasing advocacy and adaptation of public-private model of water governance worldwide since the 1990s, today only 5% of the world＇s population is served by water utilities with private involvement. The present article examines the experience of the water sector in Armenia with private sector participation. The study describes the process of the introduction of public-private partnerships in the water sector and focuses on analyzing the impact of privatization on water utility performance. The analysis employs the partial indicator method for evaluating the impacts in relation to operational, finance, and environmental performance, done by drawing on the database for the five water companies in Armenia. The empirical evidence shows that private participation in general led to improved overall performance. In particular, private involvement resulted in increased operational efficiency in terms of labor productivity, water metering, continuity of service, and revenue collection efficiency. There were mixed improvements in the operating cost coverage ratio. As for environmental performance, there were gains in the reduction of residential water consump- tion, accompanied, however, by an increase in non- revenue water.
