The armadillo repeat super-family proteins (ARM repeat super-family proteins) possess tandem armadillo repeats and have been postulated to play different roles in plant development, morphogenesis, defense, cell death,...The armadillo repeat super-family proteins (ARM repeat super-family proteins) possess tandem armadillo repeats and have been postulated to play different roles in plant development, morphogenesis, defense, cell death, and signal transduction through hormone signalling. In The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), we found 113 loci closely related to ARM repeat family proteins. This extensive group of proteins was studied in flowers tissues by western blot using antibodies directed against the most conserved region of the ARM repeat family proteins. The amino acid residues sequences from TAIR were aligned and the resulting phylogenetic tree allows us to inferring their evolutionary relationships. The main finding was the high similarity between the gene product of PUB16 (At5g01830, A. thaliana) and ARC1 (Brassica napus). In order to search a possible role for PUB16 we carried out stress bioassays using hormonal and saline approaches. Gene expression using RT-PCR showed that some of the ARM repeat super-family proteins are expressed both under salt or hormonal stress conditions. Particularly these studies allowed to detect and semi-quantify PUB16 gene expression in normal or stress growth conditions. In this approach it was revealed that, only in presence of GA, the expression of mRNA-PUB16 became evident. To morphologically verify the increasing number of germinated pollen grain in gibberellins treated flowers, we used epi-fluorescence microscopy assay. These results suggest that PUB16 may participate in GA signaling pathway favoring self-pollination.展开更多
The accelerated blood clearance(ABC) phenomenon which is induced by repeated injection of poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)-coated colloidal carriers gives clinical challenge to the promising drug delivery system. It is nece...The accelerated blood clearance(ABC) phenomenon which is induced by repeated injection of poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)-coated colloidal carriers gives clinical challenge to the promising drug delivery system. It is necessary to decrease this unexpected immunological response.A novel 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol-5000)4-cholesteryl methyl amide(4-arm PEG5000-CHMA)has been synthesized. The structure of 4-arm PEG5000-CHMA was confirmed by IR and 1H-NMR spectrum. The pharmacokinetics of the tocopheryl nicotinate(TN)-loaded nanoemulsions modified with 4-arm PEG5000-CHMA or/and 1, 2-distearoyl-Sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-n-[methoxy(poly-ethyleneglycol)-2000](mPEG2000-DSPE) have been studied. Furthermore, the ABC phenomenon has been detailed investigated in rats by TN-loaded nanoemulsions modified with 4-arm PEG5000-CHMA and mPEG2000-DSPE(CPNE). The plasma levels of TN and anti-PEG IgM antibody were determined by HPLC and ELISA, respectively.The circulation time of the CPNEs were comparable to the mPEG2000-DSPE coated nanoemulsions. Moreover, the ABC phenomenon can be decreased by CPNEs. This study designs a method to decrease the ABC phenomenon and develops a clinical promising nanoemulsion for therapeutic or imaging purpose.展开更多
文摘The armadillo repeat super-family proteins (ARM repeat super-family proteins) possess tandem armadillo repeats and have been postulated to play different roles in plant development, morphogenesis, defense, cell death, and signal transduction through hormone signalling. In The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), we found 113 loci closely related to ARM repeat family proteins. This extensive group of proteins was studied in flowers tissues by western blot using antibodies directed against the most conserved region of the ARM repeat family proteins. The amino acid residues sequences from TAIR were aligned and the resulting phylogenetic tree allows us to inferring their evolutionary relationships. The main finding was the high similarity between the gene product of PUB16 (At5g01830, A. thaliana) and ARC1 (Brassica napus). In order to search a possible role for PUB16 we carried out stress bioassays using hormonal and saline approaches. Gene expression using RT-PCR showed that some of the ARM repeat super-family proteins are expressed both under salt or hormonal stress conditions. Particularly these studies allowed to detect and semi-quantify PUB16 gene expression in normal or stress growth conditions. In this approach it was revealed that, only in presence of GA, the expression of mRNA-PUB16 became evident. To morphologically verify the increasing number of germinated pollen grain in gibberellins treated flowers, we used epi-fluorescence microscopy assay. These results suggest that PUB16 may participate in GA signaling pathway favoring self-pollination.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81072602, Grant No. 81373334)
文摘The accelerated blood clearance(ABC) phenomenon which is induced by repeated injection of poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)-coated colloidal carriers gives clinical challenge to the promising drug delivery system. It is necessary to decrease this unexpected immunological response.A novel 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol-5000)4-cholesteryl methyl amide(4-arm PEG5000-CHMA)has been synthesized. The structure of 4-arm PEG5000-CHMA was confirmed by IR and 1H-NMR spectrum. The pharmacokinetics of the tocopheryl nicotinate(TN)-loaded nanoemulsions modified with 4-arm PEG5000-CHMA or/and 1, 2-distearoyl-Sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-n-[methoxy(poly-ethyleneglycol)-2000](mPEG2000-DSPE) have been studied. Furthermore, the ABC phenomenon has been detailed investigated in rats by TN-loaded nanoemulsions modified with 4-arm PEG5000-CHMA and mPEG2000-DSPE(CPNE). The plasma levels of TN and anti-PEG IgM antibody were determined by HPLC and ELISA, respectively.The circulation time of the CPNEs were comparable to the mPEG2000-DSPE coated nanoemulsions. Moreover, the ABC phenomenon can be decreased by CPNEs. This study designs a method to decrease the ABC phenomenon and develops a clinical promising nanoemulsion for therapeutic or imaging purpose.
