Information is limited on the potential of double-cropping cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the semiarid region of the southern United States. Using the Decision Support System for Agr...Information is limited on the potential of double-cropping cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the semiarid region of the southern United States. Using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) crop model and weather data of 80 years, we assessed the possibility of cowpea-wheat double-cropping in this region for grain purpose as affected by planting date and N application rate. Results showed that the possibility of double-cropping varied from 0% to 65%, depending on the cropping system. The possibility was less with systems comprising earlier planting dates of wheat and later planting dates of cowpea. Results indicated that cowpea-wheat double-cropping could be beneficial only when no N was applied, with wheat planted on October 15 or later. At zero N, the double-crops of cowpea planted on July 15 and wheat planted on November 30 were the most beneficial of all the 72 double-cropping systems studied. With a delay in planting cowpea, the percentage of beneficial double-cropping systems decreased. At N rates other than zero, fallow-wheat monocropping systems were more beneficial than cowpea-wheat double-cropping systems, and the benefit was greater at a higher N rate. At 100 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>, the monocrop of wheat planted on October 15 was the most beneficial of all the 94 systems studied. Results further showed that fallow-wheat yields increased almost linearly with an increase in N rate from 0 to 100 kg∙ha<sup>-1</sup>. Fallow-wheat grain yields were quadratically associated with planting dates. With an increase in N rate, wheat yields reached the peak with an earlier planting date. Wheat yields produced under monocropping systems were greater than those produced under double-cropping systems for any cowpea planting date. Cowpea yields produced under monocropping systems were greater than those produced under any double-cropping system. The relationship between cowpea grain yields and planting dates was quadratic, with July 1 planting date associated with the maximum yields.展开更多
Information is limited on the effects of climate variability on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields in the semiarid region of the southern US. Using the Decision Support System...Information is limited on the effects of climate variability on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields in the semiarid region of the southern US. Using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) crop model and weather data spanning 81 years, we assessed the impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the grain yields of these crops in the Llano Estacado region of the southern US as affected by cowpea and wheat planting dates and N application rate. Simulated results showed that the El Niño phase of ENSO produced about 30% more yields of mono-cropped cowpea than those produced under the La Niña phase, especially with the cowpeas planted in July. The cowpea yields under El Niño were about 10% more than the 81-year average normal yield, whereas those under La Niña were about 20% less. At the N rates of 0, 50, and 100 kg·ha<sup>−1</sup>, regardless of wheat planting dates, the El Niño years produced, respectively, about 8%, 40%, and 60% higher wheat yields than those produced in the La Niña years, and about 5%, 20%, and 27% more than the 81-year average normal yield. In the La Niña years, the wheat yields at 0, 50, and 100 kg N ha<sup>−1 </sup>were, respectively, about 5%, 15%, and 20% less than the normal yield with similar N levels. The impact of ENSO on wheat yields under cowpea-wheat double-cropping systems was significant, especially for the wheat crops planted on October 15 (October 30) or later following the cowpea crops planted in June (July). At zero N, the mono-cropped wheat yields were not impacted by ENSO due to N limitation. However, the double-cropped wheat yields were impacted by ENSO even when no N fertilizer was applied due to high soil N status caused by N transfer from cowpea stover residues and roots. Results indicated that management strategies need to be attentive to ENSO forecasts and adjust potential planting dates and N application rates with the ENSO phase to avert risks of crop failure and economic loss.展开更多
蒸散量量是地表水分循循环的重要分量量,与农业和生态系统的水水分需求密切相相关,是水资源规规划和管理必须考虑的重要要因素之一.虽虽然对湿润区作作物蒸散计算模型研究已经经相对比较成熟熟,但但由于干旱和半干旱区作物物蒸散量受干...蒸散量量是地表水分循循环的重要分量量,与农业和生态系统的水水分需求密切相相关,是水资源规规划和管理必须考虑的重要要因素之一.虽虽然对湿润区作作物蒸散计算模型研究已经经相对比较成熟熟,但但由于干旱和半干旱区作物物蒸散量受干旱旱胁迫的显著著影响,以往建建立的湿润区作作物蒸散模型和作作物系数并不适用对其作物物蒸散量的估算算,而目前对这一问题的研研究却十分有限限.利用位于黄土土高原典型半干旱区的"定西西干旱生态环环境综合科学试试验站"春小麦麦农田的蒸渗仪仪、蒸发皿、超声声涡动仪的观测资料及常规规气象观测资料料相结合,分析了该地区实际蒸散量与F AO推荐作物系数数估算的蒸散量之间的差异异性及其随干旱旱胁迫度的变化关系.研究究了该地区春小小麦参考蒸散量与与蒸发皿蒸发量比值和实际际蒸散量与蒸发发皿蒸发量比值随干旱胁迫迫度的变化特征征及春小麦作物系系数对干旱胁迫度的响应规规律,并对FA O推荐值的作作物系数进行了改进.分析发现,由于半干旱旱区作物蒸散受干旱胁迫影影响较大,FAO推荐作物系数数估算的蒸散散量与实际蒸散散量相差很显著著,实实际作物系数对干旱胁迫度度的依赖很强,,随干旱胁迫度增加显著减减少,但其敏感感性在干旱胁迫度度约达到0.7后明显降低.而且,改进的作物系数在作作物生长初期和和发育期远远低低于FAO的推荐荐值和Kumar修正值,改进进的作物系数估估算的春小麦蒸散量也明显显比后两者估算算的更接近实际观观测值,与观测测值线性拟合的系数为0.98,决定系数能能够达到0.455,标准误差也也仅为0.85 mm m,对对半干旱地区春小麦蒸散量量的估算效果比比较理想.展开更多
文摘Information is limited on the potential of double-cropping cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the semiarid region of the southern United States. Using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) crop model and weather data of 80 years, we assessed the possibility of cowpea-wheat double-cropping in this region for grain purpose as affected by planting date and N application rate. Results showed that the possibility of double-cropping varied from 0% to 65%, depending on the cropping system. The possibility was less with systems comprising earlier planting dates of wheat and later planting dates of cowpea. Results indicated that cowpea-wheat double-cropping could be beneficial only when no N was applied, with wheat planted on October 15 or later. At zero N, the double-crops of cowpea planted on July 15 and wheat planted on November 30 were the most beneficial of all the 72 double-cropping systems studied. With a delay in planting cowpea, the percentage of beneficial double-cropping systems decreased. At N rates other than zero, fallow-wheat monocropping systems were more beneficial than cowpea-wheat double-cropping systems, and the benefit was greater at a higher N rate. At 100 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>, the monocrop of wheat planted on October 15 was the most beneficial of all the 94 systems studied. Results further showed that fallow-wheat yields increased almost linearly with an increase in N rate from 0 to 100 kg∙ha<sup>-1</sup>. Fallow-wheat grain yields were quadratically associated with planting dates. With an increase in N rate, wheat yields reached the peak with an earlier planting date. Wheat yields produced under monocropping systems were greater than those produced under double-cropping systems for any cowpea planting date. Cowpea yields produced under monocropping systems were greater than those produced under any double-cropping system. The relationship between cowpea grain yields and planting dates was quadratic, with July 1 planting date associated with the maximum yields.
文摘Information is limited on the effects of climate variability on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields in the semiarid region of the southern US. Using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) crop model and weather data spanning 81 years, we assessed the impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the grain yields of these crops in the Llano Estacado region of the southern US as affected by cowpea and wheat planting dates and N application rate. Simulated results showed that the El Niño phase of ENSO produced about 30% more yields of mono-cropped cowpea than those produced under the La Niña phase, especially with the cowpeas planted in July. The cowpea yields under El Niño were about 10% more than the 81-year average normal yield, whereas those under La Niña were about 20% less. At the N rates of 0, 50, and 100 kg·ha<sup>−1</sup>, regardless of wheat planting dates, the El Niño years produced, respectively, about 8%, 40%, and 60% higher wheat yields than those produced in the La Niña years, and about 5%, 20%, and 27% more than the 81-year average normal yield. In the La Niña years, the wheat yields at 0, 50, and 100 kg N ha<sup>−1 </sup>were, respectively, about 5%, 15%, and 20% less than the normal yield with similar N levels. The impact of ENSO on wheat yields under cowpea-wheat double-cropping systems was significant, especially for the wheat crops planted on October 15 (October 30) or later following the cowpea crops planted in June (July). At zero N, the mono-cropped wheat yields were not impacted by ENSO due to N limitation. However, the double-cropped wheat yields were impacted by ENSO even when no N fertilizer was applied due to high soil N status caused by N transfer from cowpea stover residues and roots. Results indicated that management strategies need to be attentive to ENSO forecasts and adjust potential planting dates and N application rates with the ENSO phase to avert risks of crop failure and economic loss.
文摘蒸散量量是地表水分循循环的重要分量量,与农业和生态系统的水水分需求密切相相关,是水资源规规划和管理必须考虑的重要要因素之一.虽虽然对湿润区作作物蒸散计算模型研究已经经相对比较成熟熟,但但由于干旱和半干旱区作物物蒸散量受干旱旱胁迫的显著著影响,以往建建立的湿润区作作物蒸散模型和作作物系数并不适用对其作物物蒸散量的估算算,而目前对这一问题的研研究却十分有限限.利用位于黄土土高原典型半干旱区的"定西西干旱生态环环境综合科学试试验站"春小麦麦农田的蒸渗仪仪、蒸发皿、超声声涡动仪的观测资料及常规规气象观测资料料相结合,分析了该地区实际蒸散量与F AO推荐作物系数数估算的蒸散量之间的差异异性及其随干旱旱胁迫度的变化关系.研究究了该地区春小小麦参考蒸散量与与蒸发皿蒸发量比值和实际际蒸散量与蒸发发皿蒸发量比值随干旱胁迫迫度的变化特征征及春小麦作物系系数对干旱胁迫度的响应规规律,并对FA O推荐值的作作物系数进行了改进.分析发现,由于半干旱旱区作物蒸散受干旱胁迫影影响较大,FAO推荐作物系数数估算的蒸散散量与实际蒸散散量相差很显著著,实实际作物系数对干旱胁迫度度的依赖很强,,随干旱胁迫度增加显著减减少,但其敏感感性在干旱胁迫度度约达到0.7后明显降低.而且,改进的作物系数在作作物生长初期和和发育期远远低低于FAO的推荐荐值和Kumar修正值,改进进的作物系数估估算的春小麦蒸散量也明显显比后两者估算算的更接近实际观观测值,与观测测值线性拟合的系数为0.98,决定系数能能够达到0.455,标准误差也也仅为0.85 mm m,对对半干旱地区春小麦蒸散量量的估算效果比比较理想.
