Three new genera,Kongaraneus gen.nov.,Qianaraneus gen.nov.and Zangaraneus gen.nov.,and twenty-one new species of the family Araneidae from Qomolangma National Nature Reserve,Xizang,south-west China are described:Arane...Three new genera,Kongaraneus gen.nov.,Qianaraneus gen.nov.and Zangaraneus gen.nov.,and twenty-one new species of the family Araneidae from Qomolangma National Nature Reserve,Xizang,south-west China are described:Araneus cheni sp.nov.(♂♀),A.gupi sp,nov.(♂♀),A.jinhuai sp.nov.(♂♀),A.lidiae sp,nov.(♂♀),A.luoi sp.nov.(♂♀),A.subluoi sp.nov.(3♀),A.wangi sp.nov.(♀),Kongaraneus lii sp.nov.(♂♀),K.fani sp.nov.(♂♀),K.mengfeiae sp.nov.(♂♀),K.shenghangi sp.nov.(♂♀),K.shilini sp.nov.(♂♀),K.yongxiangi sp.nov.(♀),K.zhangae sp.nov.(♀),Pronoides liqii sp.nov.(♂♀),P.xiaoi sp.nov.(♂♀),Qianaraneus kejii sp.nov.(♂♀),Zangaraneus liui sp.nov.(♂♀),Z.pani sp.nov.(♂♀),Z.shikaii sp.nov.(♀),and Z.zhui sp.nov.(♀).Moreover,three species,Kongaraneus bicavus(Zhu&Wang,1994)comb.nov.,K.papilioformis(Qin,Mi&Liu,2024)comb.nov.and Qianaraneus cucullatus(Mi&Li,2022)comb.nov.are transferred from Araneus Clerck,1757.展开更多
Plesiophrictus guangxiensis Yin et Tan,2000,and Selenocosmia hainan Liang et al. ,are reported in the present paper. The specimens are deposited in College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University. All the measuremen...Plesiophrictus guangxiensis Yin et Tan,2000,and Selenocosmia hainan Liang et al. ,are reported in the present paper. The specimens are deposited in College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University. All the measurements given are in?mm. Plesiophrictus guangxiensis Yin et Tan, 2000 (Figs 1 4) Male. Total length 29 1 43 0. A specimen measured total length 37 40, cephalothorax 19 6×17 8;abdomen 20 2×12 5. Carapace red brown, covered with light brown fine hairs. Head region slightly raised, red brown to black. Abdomen elongated oval, without any patterns. Palp organ simple, cymbium clothed with dense hairs. From prolateral view, genitalbulb subovoid, the opening of the central groove of embolus visible. Selenocosmia hainana Liang, Peng, Wang et Chen, 1999(Figs 5 10) Male.Total length 35 0 43 0. A specimen measured total length 38 60, cephalothorax 20 3×15 5;abdomen 18 3×13 0. The exosteleton of carapace and legs dark red brown, clothed with dense black hairs, sparsely and uniformly scattered with yellow brown long setae. Ocular area balck. Abdomen ellipsoid, with a longitudinal middle stria and several chevrons. Palpal organ simple, genital bulb elongated ovoid, red color, the embolus almost paralleled to the main axis of the bulb, its distal end never twisted, spoon like.展开更多
Six new genera,Pengaraneus gen.nov.,Songaraneus gen.nov.,Tangaraneus gen.nov.,Wangaraneus gen.nov.,Yinaraneus gen.nov.and Zhuaraneus gen.nov.,and twenty species,including sixteen new,of the family Araneidae from Xishu...Six new genera,Pengaraneus gen.nov.,Songaraneus gen.nov.,Tangaraneus gen.nov.,Wangaraneus gen.nov.,Yinaraneus gen.nov.and Zhuaraneus gen.nov.,and twenty species,including sixteen new,of the family Araneidae from Xishuangbanna,Yunnan,south-west China are described:Cyclosa anjing sp.nov.(♂♀),C.daodai sp.nov.(♂♀),C.longquan sp.nov.(♂♀),C.xingqing sp.nov.(♂♀),Gasteracantha diadesmia Thorell,1887(♂♀),Guizygiella huahai sp.nov.(♂♀),Neoscona jinghongensis Yin,Wang,Xie&Peng,1990(♂♀),N.piaoyi sp.nov.(♂♀),N.wuding sp.nov.(♂♀),Pengaraneus qingtian sp.nov.(♂♀),Poltys waipo sp.nov.(♂♀),Songaraneus jiekou sp.nov.(♂♀),S.tuihou sp.nov.(♂♀),Talthybia depressa Thorell,1898(♂♀),Tangaraneus geqian sp.nov.(♂♀),Wangaraneus yequ sp.nov.(♂♀),W.zioni(Mi,Li&Pham,2023)(♂♀)comb.nov.,Yinaraneus anhao sp.nov.(♂♀),Y.caihong sp.nov.(♂♀),Zhuaraneus daoxiang sp.nov.(♂♀).Wangaraneus zioni is newly recorded in China.Mature males of the monotypic genus Talthybia Thorell,1898(for the type species T.depressa)and Gasteracantha diadesmia,W.zioni,N.jinghongensis are described for the first time.Four new synonyms are proposed,Neoscona nautica(L.Koch,1875)=Neoscona polyspinipes Yin,Wang,Xie&Peng,1990 syn.nov.,Neoscona nautica(L.Koch,1875)=Neoscona flavescens Zhang&Zhang,2011 syn.nov.,Neoscona vigilans(Blackwall,1865)=Neoscona xiquanensis Barrion,Barrion-Dupo&Heong,2013 syn.nov,and Songaraneus ejusmodi(Bösenberg&Strand,1906)=Araneus qianshan Zhu,Zhang&Gao,1998 syn.nov.Six new combinations are proposed,Songaraneus ejusmodi(Bösenberg&Strand,1906)comb.nov.,S.perpolita(Thorell,1893)comb.nov.,Wangaraneus ryani(Mi,Li&Pham,2023)comb.nov.,W.zioni(Mi,Li&Pham,2023)comb.nov.,Zhuaraneus ethani(Mi,Li&Pham,2023)comb.nov.and Z.eugenei(Mi,Li&Pham,2023)comb.nov.展开更多
Sexual differences in morphology can evolve by sexual selection and/or natural selection.In some species,only males have morphological structures that are used as weapons.Since some weapons may also be used for defens...Sexual differences in morphology can evolve by sexual selection and/or natural selection.In some species,only males have morphological structures that are used as weapons.Since some weapons may also be used for defensive purposes,males and females may behave differently towards predators.In some species of harvestmen(Arachnida and Opiliones),males have sharp apophyses("spines")on their 4th pair of legs whereas females lack them.Those apophyses are used in malemale fights and in antipredatory behaviors.The harvestmen antipredatory repertory also encompasses passive defenses such as thanatosis(death feigning),retaliation(attack on predators),and chemical defense.Due to the sexual differences on weaponry,we hypothesized that males and females of Mischonyx cuspidatus(Gonyleptidae)rely on different defensive strategies.We experimentally induced males and females to perform 3 defensive behaviors:thanatosis,pinching with legs,and chemical release.We predicted that females would engage more in passive and chemical defenses than males,whereas males would rely more on retaliation than females.As expected,females performed thanatosis more often than males.Likewise,males performed retaliation more often than females.We did not find differences in the rate of chemical defense use between the sexes.This study provides evidence that due to sexual dimorphism,alternative antipredatory behaviors may have been selected in the different sexes in M.cuspidatus.展开更多
基金supported by the 2024 Project of Mount Qomolangma National Nature Reserve,Shigatse City,Xizang Autonomous Region,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31660609,32200369)the Science and Technology Project Foundation of Guizhou Province([2020]1Z014)+2 种基金the Key Laboratory Project of Guizhou Province([2020]2003)the Foundation Research Project of Kaili University(2026ZD001)it was partly supported by the Training Project of High-level Innovative Talents of Guizhou Province(2022-(2020)-038).
文摘Three new genera,Kongaraneus gen.nov.,Qianaraneus gen.nov.and Zangaraneus gen.nov.,and twenty-one new species of the family Araneidae from Qomolangma National Nature Reserve,Xizang,south-west China are described:Araneus cheni sp.nov.(♂♀),A.gupi sp,nov.(♂♀),A.jinhuai sp.nov.(♂♀),A.lidiae sp,nov.(♂♀),A.luoi sp.nov.(♂♀),A.subluoi sp.nov.(3♀),A.wangi sp.nov.(♀),Kongaraneus lii sp.nov.(♂♀),K.fani sp.nov.(♂♀),K.mengfeiae sp.nov.(♂♀),K.shenghangi sp.nov.(♂♀),K.shilini sp.nov.(♂♀),K.yongxiangi sp.nov.(♀),K.zhangae sp.nov.(♀),Pronoides liqii sp.nov.(♂♀),P.xiaoi sp.nov.(♂♀),Qianaraneus kejii sp.nov.(♂♀),Zangaraneus liui sp.nov.(♂♀),Z.pani sp.nov.(♂♀),Z.shikaii sp.nov.(♀),and Z.zhui sp.nov.(♀).Moreover,three species,Kongaraneus bicavus(Zhu&Wang,1994)comb.nov.,K.papilioformis(Qin,Mi&Liu,2024)comb.nov.and Qianaraneus cucullatus(Mi&Li,2022)comb.nov.are transferred from Araneus Clerck,1757.
文摘Plesiophrictus guangxiensis Yin et Tan,2000,and Selenocosmia hainan Liang et al. ,are reported in the present paper. The specimens are deposited in College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University. All the measurements given are in?mm. Plesiophrictus guangxiensis Yin et Tan, 2000 (Figs 1 4) Male. Total length 29 1 43 0. A specimen measured total length 37 40, cephalothorax 19 6×17 8;abdomen 20 2×12 5. Carapace red brown, covered with light brown fine hairs. Head region slightly raised, red brown to black. Abdomen elongated oval, without any patterns. Palp organ simple, cymbium clothed with dense hairs. From prolateral view, genitalbulb subovoid, the opening of the central groove of embolus visible. Selenocosmia hainana Liang, Peng, Wang et Chen, 1999(Figs 5 10) Male.Total length 35 0 43 0. A specimen measured total length 38 60, cephalothorax 20 3×15 5;abdomen 18 3×13 0. The exosteleton of carapace and legs dark red brown, clothed with dense black hairs, sparsely and uniformly scattered with yellow brown long setae. Ocular area balck. Abdomen ellipsoid, with a longitudinal middle stria and several chevrons. Palpal organ simple, genital bulb elongated ovoid, red color, the embolus almost paralleled to the main axis of the bulb, its distal end never twisted, spoon like.
基金supported by the Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China(2023FY100200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC-31660609,32200369)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Project Foundation of Guizhou Province([2020]1Z014)the Key Laboratory Project of Guizhou Province([2020]2003)the Training Project of High-level Innovative Talents of Guizhou Province(2022-(2020)-038)。
文摘Six new genera,Pengaraneus gen.nov.,Songaraneus gen.nov.,Tangaraneus gen.nov.,Wangaraneus gen.nov.,Yinaraneus gen.nov.and Zhuaraneus gen.nov.,and twenty species,including sixteen new,of the family Araneidae from Xishuangbanna,Yunnan,south-west China are described:Cyclosa anjing sp.nov.(♂♀),C.daodai sp.nov.(♂♀),C.longquan sp.nov.(♂♀),C.xingqing sp.nov.(♂♀),Gasteracantha diadesmia Thorell,1887(♂♀),Guizygiella huahai sp.nov.(♂♀),Neoscona jinghongensis Yin,Wang,Xie&Peng,1990(♂♀),N.piaoyi sp.nov.(♂♀),N.wuding sp.nov.(♂♀),Pengaraneus qingtian sp.nov.(♂♀),Poltys waipo sp.nov.(♂♀),Songaraneus jiekou sp.nov.(♂♀),S.tuihou sp.nov.(♂♀),Talthybia depressa Thorell,1898(♂♀),Tangaraneus geqian sp.nov.(♂♀),Wangaraneus yequ sp.nov.(♂♀),W.zioni(Mi,Li&Pham,2023)(♂♀)comb.nov.,Yinaraneus anhao sp.nov.(♂♀),Y.caihong sp.nov.(♂♀),Zhuaraneus daoxiang sp.nov.(♂♀).Wangaraneus zioni is newly recorded in China.Mature males of the monotypic genus Talthybia Thorell,1898(for the type species T.depressa)and Gasteracantha diadesmia,W.zioni,N.jinghongensis are described for the first time.Four new synonyms are proposed,Neoscona nautica(L.Koch,1875)=Neoscona polyspinipes Yin,Wang,Xie&Peng,1990 syn.nov.,Neoscona nautica(L.Koch,1875)=Neoscona flavescens Zhang&Zhang,2011 syn.nov.,Neoscona vigilans(Blackwall,1865)=Neoscona xiquanensis Barrion,Barrion-Dupo&Heong,2013 syn.nov,and Songaraneus ejusmodi(Bösenberg&Strand,1906)=Araneus qianshan Zhu,Zhang&Gao,1998 syn.nov.Six new combinations are proposed,Songaraneus ejusmodi(Bösenberg&Strand,1906)comb.nov.,S.perpolita(Thorell,1893)comb.nov.,Wangaraneus ryani(Mi,Li&Pham,2023)comb.nov.,W.zioni(Mi,Li&Pham,2023)comb.nov.,Zhuaraneus ethani(Mi,Li&Pham,2023)comb.nov.and Z.eugenei(Mi,Li&Pham,2023)comb.nov.
文摘Sexual differences in morphology can evolve by sexual selection and/or natural selection.In some species,only males have morphological structures that are used as weapons.Since some weapons may also be used for defensive purposes,males and females may behave differently towards predators.In some species of harvestmen(Arachnida and Opiliones),males have sharp apophyses("spines")on their 4th pair of legs whereas females lack them.Those apophyses are used in malemale fights and in antipredatory behaviors.The harvestmen antipredatory repertory also encompasses passive defenses such as thanatosis(death feigning),retaliation(attack on predators),and chemical defense.Due to the sexual differences on weaponry,we hypothesized that males and females of Mischonyx cuspidatus(Gonyleptidae)rely on different defensive strategies.We experimentally induced males and females to perform 3 defensive behaviors:thanatosis,pinching with legs,and chemical release.We predicted that females would engage more in passive and chemical defenses than males,whereas males would rely more on retaliation than females.As expected,females performed thanatosis more often than males.Likewise,males performed retaliation more often than females.We did not find differences in the rate of chemical defense use between the sexes.This study provides evidence that due to sexual dimorphism,alternative antipredatory behaviors may have been selected in the different sexes in M.cuspidatus.
