The anti-hair loss mechanism of Aquilaria sinensis leaf extract(ASE)has been studied by using metabolomics and network pharmacology.Metabolomics was utilized to comprehensively identify the active constituents of ASE,...The anti-hair loss mechanism of Aquilaria sinensis leaf extract(ASE)has been studied by using metabolomics and network pharmacology.Metabolomics was utilized to comprehensively identify the active constituents of ASE,and the network pharmacology was used to elucidate their anti-hair loss mechanism,which was verified by molecular docking technology.572 active compounds were identified from the ASE by metabolomics methods,where there are 1447 corresponding targets and 492 targets related to hair loss,totaling 88 targets.20 core active substances were identified by constructing a network between common targets and active substances,which include vanillic acid,chorionic acid,caffeic acid and apigenin.The five key targets of TNF,TP53,IL6,PPARG,and EGFR were screened out by the PPI network analysis on 88 common targets.The GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the inflammation,hormone balance,cell growth,proliferation,apoptosis,and oxidative stress are involved.Molecular docking studies have confirmed the high binding affinity between core active compounds and key targets.The drug similarity assessment on these core compounds suggested that they have the potential to be used as potential hair loss treatment drugs.This study elucidates the complex molecular mechanism of ASE in treating hair loss,and provides a reference for the future applications in hair care products.展开更多
The leaves of Aquilaria sinensis（Lour.） Gilg have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Guangdong Province,China.In this study,effects of ethanol extract of Aquilaria sinensis leaves on hypergl...The leaves of Aquilaria sinensis（Lour.） Gilg have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Guangdong Province,China.In this study,effects of ethanol extract of Aquilaria sinensis leaves on hyperglycemia were investigated in diabetic db/db mice.After 4 weeks of administration,the 95%ethanol（EtOH） extract of Aquilaria sinensis leaves （AE）,especially at high dose level（600 mg/kg）,activated AMP-activated protein kinase（AMPK）,resulting in reduced fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in db/db mice.In addition,the oral glucose tolerance test（OGTT test） showed that AE could remarkably improve insulin resistance.Compared to Thiazolinediones（TZDs）,no weight gain was observed after AE administration,which is a severe side effect of TZDs.The data suggested that AE could act as an activator of AMPK,and might be used as an alternative to TZDs in the management of obesity-related diabetes.展开更多
We used whole-tree agarwood-induction technology to produce agarwood from Aquilaria sinensis trees within 20 months, and evaluated the quality of this agarwood. The results showed its characteristics were similar to t...We used whole-tree agarwood-induction technology to produce agarwood from Aquilaria sinensis trees within 20 months, and evaluated the quality of this agarwood. The results showed its characteristics were similar to those of high-grade wild agarwood in terms of texture, chemical constituents, essential oil content, and ethanol-soluble extract content, with the lattermost quality far surpassing the requirement of traditional Chinese medicine agarwood, as indicated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010. To the best of our knowledge, this is first study to show that high-quality agarwood can be produced in whole A. sinensis trees via a chemically induced technology.展开更多
Agarwood, the resinous product of Aquilaria spp.(Thymelaeaceae), is highly valued for medicinal and fragrant purposes. Unsustainable forest harvesting contributes to the declining population in the wild, threatening t...Agarwood, the resinous product of Aquilaria spp.(Thymelaeaceae), is highly valued for medicinal and fragrant purposes. Unsustainable forest harvesting contributes to the declining population in the wild, threatening their existence. As a protection effort, cultivation occurred in range countries, mainly in Asia, effectively establishing mass plantations. The success of domesticating Aquilaria relies heavily on technological advancement in agarwood induction, without which the entire thriving industry will collapse. In this paper, we describe efforts since 1929 and current progress and variation in induction as practiced in Asia. The methods include traditional practices and artificial induction via inoculum and chemical inducer, experimented and patented or otherwise. Artificial induction methods are being developed to intensify agarwood production in terms of yield and quality. While traditional methods are commonly applied by rural planters, artificial methods with the use of specific agents/chemicals are seen as more appealing for inducing agarwood, and have a higher demand from entrepreneurs and plantation owners.Several issues related to induction technology faced by stakeholders in agarwood cultivation are presented, such as safety levels, cost, yields, and quality. We conclude by highlighting remaining challenges in induction methods and their associated technologies.展开更多
Pollination and seed dispersal in angiosperms have long been investigated in order to understand the coevolution of plants and animals.However,the signals from flowers and/or seeds to attract pollinators and/or seed d...Pollination and seed dispersal in angiosperms have long been investigated in order to understand the coevolution of plants and animals.However,the signals from flowers and/or seeds to attract pollinators and/or seed dispersers have received comparatively little attention.In this study,the pollination biology and seed dispersal of the vulnerable agarwood plant Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.) Gilg,a traditional medicinal plant in China,was studied in its natural distribution range.The reproductive tactics of A.sinensis were studied in detail by employing various tests dealing with fruit set and also seed dispersal.Dynamic headspace extraction followed by GC-MS analysis was also performed in order to reveal the composition of floral scent.The results showed that noctuids and pyralids are the most effective pollinators of pollinator-dependent A.sinensis.The main compounds of the floral scent were(E,E)-α-Farnesene(61.9 ± 3.2%),trans-Ocimene(16.6 ± 1.2%),and Benzyl salicylate(4.6 ± 1.1%).The results obtained from seed dispersal experiments indicate that hornets are effective seed dispersers and they may play an important role in long-distance seed dispersal of A.sinensis.Based on our findings,we recommend several protection methods for this threatened agarwood plant in China.展开更多
To investigate the chemical constituents of the stems ofAquilaria sinensis （Lour.） Gilg, the separation and purification were performed by solvent extraction, repeated chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 an...To investigate the chemical constituents of the stems ofAquilaria sinensis （Lour.） Gilg, the separation and purification were performed by solvent extraction, repeated chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and prep-HPLC. The structures were determined by spectrum analysis. Thirteen known compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as justicidin A （1）, justidin F （2）, ciwujiatone （3）, （＋） syringaresinol （4）, syringaresinol-4,4＇-di-O-13-D-glucopyranoside （5）, syringaresinol-4＂O-β-D- glucopyranoside （6）, curuilignan D （7）, syringin （8）, koaburaside （9）, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-l-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （10）, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-l-O-13-D-apiofuranosyl-（1 ＂→6＇） glucopyranoside （11）, 7-ketositosterol （12）, 7-oxo-5,6-dihydrostigmasterol （13）. All the compounds described above were isolated from genus Aquilaria for the first time.展开更多
Aquilaria agallocha can produce fragrant agarwood used for incense, traditional medicine and other products. An efficient plant regeneration system was established via organogenesis from shoots developed from seedling...Aquilaria agallocha can produce fragrant agarwood used for incense, traditional medicine and other products. An efficient plant regeneration system was established via organogenesis from shoots developed from seedlings of Aquilaria agallocha. Shoots generated many buds on MS medium supplemented with 1.3 μmol/L BA （6-benzylaminopurine） in the first 7 weeks, and the buds elongated on MS medium with 1.3 μmol/L BA＋0.5 μmol/L NAA （naphthaleneacetic acid） in another 7 weeks, 2.3 shoots 2 cm in length per explant were obtained within 14 weeks. Plantlets were rooted on l/2 MS medium after being immersed in 5 μmol/L NAA for 48 h, 96.7% of the roots grew up two weeks later. All plantlets that survived acclimatization grew well in the pots.展开更多
A new sesquiterpenoid,named baimuxifuranic acid,has been isolated from the volatile oil of Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.)Gilg.belonging to the family Thymelaceae by silica gel column chromatography.Based on spectral analys...A new sesquiterpenoid,named baimuxifuranic acid,has been isolated from the volatile oil of Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.)Gilg.belonging to the family Thymelaceae by silica gel column chromatography.Based on spectral analysis its structure was deduced as(1).Reduction of baimuxifuranic acid by LiAlH_4 gave a展开更多
Three cDNA clones encoding δ-guaiene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase, were isolated from tissue cultures of Aquilaria microcarpa, and data mining analysis of the orthologous genes suggested that 10 and 9 amino acid...Three cDNA clones encoding δ-guaiene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase, were isolated from tissue cultures of Aquilaria microcarpa, and data mining analysis of the orthologous genes suggested that 10 and 9 amino acid residues of N- and C-terminal ends of the translated products of these clones remained undefined. The recombinant enzyme proteins, to which the putative missing Nand C-terminal amino acid sequences (MSSAKLGSAS and ALLRHAIEI, respectively) were ligated, exhibited the catalytic activities of sesquiterpene biosynthesis. Among these three δ-guaiene synthases, two isoforms were capable of liberating α-guaiene, δ-guaiene, β-elemene plus α-humulene as a minor product, while remaining one isoenzyme generated α-, δ-guaiene and β-elemene but not α-humulene. Although the enzyme protein solely lacking in the N-terminal 10 amino acid residues was capable of synthesizing the sesquiterpenoids, the protein without 9 amino acids at Cterminal did not exhibit the catalytic activity. These results suggest that two types of δ-guaiene synthase;α-, δ-guaiene, β-elemene-producing type, and α-, δ-guaiene, β-elemene plus α-humulene-producing type;concomitantly occur in A. microcarpa cell cultures, and several amino acid residues at C-terminal of the synthase protein are essential to exhibit the catalytic activities as the sesquiterpene cyclase.展开更多
Investigations on the chemical constituents from the ethanol extract of the agarwood originating from Aquilaria filaria led to the isolation of 26 compounds by column chromatography,including silica gel,Sephadex LH-20...Investigations on the chemical constituents from the ethanol extract of the agarwood originating from Aquilaria filaria led to the isolation of 26 compounds by column chromatography,including silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography.Their structures were determined to beβ-sitostenone(1),24α-ethyl-cholestan-3α-ol(2),ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene-3-one(3),gypsogenin(4),hederagenin(5),17αH-trisnorhopanone(6),lupeol(7),friedelin(8),(-)-episyringaresinol(9),(-)-syringaresinol(10),5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone(11),5,4’-dihydroxy-7,3′-dimethoxyflavone(12),2′-hydroxy-4,3′,6′,4′′-tetramethoxy-p-terphenyl(13),scopularide A(14),4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one(15),zingerone(16),coniferaldehyde(17),scopoletin(18),acetovanillon(19),isovanillin(20),vanillin(21),p-hydroxybenzaldehyde(22),p-hydroxybenzoic acid(23),protocatechuic acid(24),vanillic acid(25)and 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid(26)by using spectroscopic techniques.All compounds were isolated from agarwood of A.filaria for the first time,and this was also the first report about the isolation of compounds 2,4,6,7,9,10,13-15,17-20,22,24 and 26 from agarwood and Aquilaria plants.展开更多
One novel spirolactone,aquilarisinolide(1),three new sesquiterpenoids,(2R,4S,5R,7R)-2-hydroxyeremophila-9,11-dien-8-one(2),(1R,4S,5S,7R,11R)-13-hydroxyepidaphnauran-9-en-8-one(3),and(4R,5S,7R,8S,10S,13R)-8,13-dihydrox...One novel spirolactone,aquilarisinolide(1),three new sesquiterpenoids,(2R,4S,5R,7R)-2-hydroxyeremophila-9,11-dien-8-one(2),(1R,4S,5S,7R,11R)-13-hydroxyepidaphnauran-9-en-8-one(3),and(4R,5S,7R,8S,10S,13R)-8,13-dihydroxyrotunda-1,11-dien-3-one(4),together with 13 known compounds(5-17)were isolated from the resinous heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis(Thymelaeaceae).The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of NMR and MS data and theoretical calculations their ECD spectra.The isolated compounds were evaluated for their protective activities against PC12 cell injury induced by corticosterone(CORT)and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine ion(MPP+),as well as inhibitory activities against BACE1.Compound 4,5,6-dihydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone(5),daphnauranol B(7),6-methoxy-2-[2-(3-methyoxyphenyl)ethyl]chromone(10),isoagarotetrol(14),and 1-hydroxy-1,5-diphenylpentan-3-one(16)showed significant protective effects on CORT-induced injury in PC12 cells at a concentration of 20μM(P<0.001).Isoagarotetrol(14)showed a significant protective effect on MPP+-induced injury in PC12 cells at a concentration of 20μM(P<0.001),while compound 4 showed a moderate activity(P<0.01).The BACE1-inhibitory activities of all tested compounds were very weak with less than 30%inhibition at a concentration of 20μM.展开更多
We studied seedling survival and growth ofAquilaria malaccensis in three different environmental conditions （homegardens, green house and in different canopy conditions） of northeast India. Results show that mean se...We studied seedling survival and growth ofAquilaria malaccensis in three different environmental conditions （homegardens, green house and in different canopy conditions） of northeast India. Results show that mean seasonal survival was highest in green house （95.53%±2.33）, followed by homegardens （89.3%±1.89） and different canopy conditions （77.62%±6.73）; the highest values were found during February to April for both the homegardens （96%±1.68） and green house （98% ± 0.88） and lowest during November to January （78%±2.99） in homegardens and May to July （90%：t：4.53） in green house. In case of transplanted seedlings in different canopy conditions, mean seasonal survival was highest during May to July （98%±1.92） and lowest during August to October （66%±12.81）. However, mean seasonal growth of collar diameter was highest in different canopy conditions （23.99%±1.76） compared to green house （21.52%±2.70） and homegardens （12.44%±1.33） and it was highest during rainy season （May to July） and lowest during dry winter （November to January） in all the three experi- mental sites. These variations may be due to the different microclimatic conditions as well as nutrient status of the soil in all the three experimen- tal sites. Although, seedling quality plays a great role in their survival and growth, based on the result of green house experiment, it can be concluded that maintenance of seedlings in green house conditions during their early growth period may improve both the survival and growth for large scale plantation of the species. Thus, the species can be reintroduced in its natural forest range to compensate the loss of natural population of this precious species in northeast India.展开更多
Phytochemical investigation on the ethanol extract from the leaves of Aquitaria sinensis led to the isolation of five new benzophenone glycosides,aquilarinensides A-E（1-5）.Their structures were elucidated by a combi...Phytochemical investigation on the ethanol extract from the leaves of Aquitaria sinensis led to the isolation of five new benzophenone glycosides,aquilarinensides A-E（1-5）.Their structures were elucidated by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR,HRMS,and chemical analysis.展开更多
Agarwood is a non-timber forest product found in tropical rain forests.It is a black and fragrant resin valued for the perfume industry and demand continues to increase.However,the Indonesian agarwood-producing specie...Agarwood is a non-timber forest product found in tropical rain forests.It is a black and fragrant resin valued for the perfume industry and demand continues to increase.However,the Indonesian agarwood-producing species,Aquilaria malaccensis and Gyrinops versteegii do not automatically produce such quality resin.Bio-induction technology or inoculation using Fusarium solani is usually applied to these species to trigger resin production.This research aims to identify agarwood compounds formed in seedlings and trees of A.malaccensis and G.versteegii after these species were inoculated with the fungus F.solani.The chemical compounds were identified by comparing the patterns of mass spectra fragmentation in the sample and in previous studies.Five groups of agarwood compounds were identified:(1)sesquiterpen group-cisjasmone and aromadendrenepoxide;(2)chromones group-8-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromen-4-one and newly-discovered chromone derivative,7-(benzyloxy)-5-hydroxy-2-methylchromone found only in G.versteegii;(3)aromatic group-benzylacetone,guaiacol,p-ethylguaiacol,phenol,syringaldehyde,vanilin,furfuryl alcohol,and furfural;(4)fatty acid group-palmitic acid,oleic acid,and lauric acid;and,(5)triterpen group-squalene.展开更多
The present study was designed to determine the chemical constituents and identify new components of the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis （Lour.） Gilg. The compounds were isolated and purified by repeated silica gel, Se...The present study was designed to determine the chemical constituents and identify new components of the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis （Lour.） Gilg. The compounds were isolated and purified by repeated silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and ODS column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectrometry. Eight megastigmane glycosides and two cucurbitacins were isolated and identified as （95） megastigma-4,7-diene-2,3,9-triol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （1）, （9S） megastigma-4（13）,7-diene-3,6,9-triol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）, macarangloside D （3）, corchoionoside C （4）, staphylionoside H （5）, （＋） 3-oxo-a-ionol-β-D-glucopyranoside （6）, （-） 3-oxo-α-ionol-β-D-glucopyranoside （7）, citroside B （8）, 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl cucurbitacin I （9）, bryoamaride （10）. Compounds 1 and 2 were newly identified megstigmane glucosides and reported from this genus for the first time.展开更多
This study aimed to model the kinetic of hydro-distillation of Aquilaria malaccensis leaves oil in order to understand and optimize the extraction process. In addition, this study, for the first time, aimed to identif...This study aimed to model the kinetic of hydro-distillation of Aquilaria malaccensis leaves oil in order to understand and optimize the extraction process. In addition, this study, for the first time, aimed to identify the chemical compositions of the A. rnalaccensis leave-oil. By assessing both first-order kinetic model and the model of simultaneous washing and diffusion, the result indicated that the model of simultaneous washing and diffusion better describes the hydro-distillation mechanism of the essential oil from A. rnalaccensis leaves. The optimum time, solid to liquid ratio, and the heating power for extracting the highest amount of essential oil were found to be around 3 h, 1：10 （g. ml-1）, and 300 W respectively. Yellow essential oil with a strong smell and a yield of 0.05 v/w was extracted by hydro-distillation Clevenger apparatus. Chemical compounds of the essential oil were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy （GC/MS）, which resulted in identification of 42 compounds that constitute 93% of essential oil. Among the identified components, Pentadecanal （32.082%）, 9-Octadecenal, （Z） （15.894%）, and Tetradecanal （6.927%） were the major compounds. Considering the fact that all the identified major components possess pesticidal properties, A. malaccensis leaves can be regarded as a promising natural source for producing pesticides.展开更多
文摘The anti-hair loss mechanism of Aquilaria sinensis leaf extract(ASE)has been studied by using metabolomics and network pharmacology.Metabolomics was utilized to comprehensively identify the active constituents of ASE,and the network pharmacology was used to elucidate their anti-hair loss mechanism,which was verified by molecular docking technology.572 active compounds were identified from the ASE by metabolomics methods,where there are 1447 corresponding targets and 492 targets related to hair loss,totaling 88 targets.20 core active substances were identified by constructing a network between common targets and active substances,which include vanillic acid,chorionic acid,caffeic acid and apigenin.The five key targets of TNF,TP53,IL6,PPARG,and EGFR were screened out by the PPI network analysis on 88 common targets.The GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the inflammation,hormone balance,cell growth,proliferation,apoptosis,and oxidative stress are involved.Molecular docking studies have confirmed the high binding affinity between core active compounds and key targets.The drug similarity assessment on these core compounds suggested that they have the potential to be used as potential hair loss treatment drugs.This study elucidates the complex molecular mechanism of ASE in treating hair loss,and provides a reference for the future applications in hair care products.
基金New-Century Talent Program,Ministry of Educating of China(Grant No.985-2-102-113)National Key Technology R&D Program"New Drug Innovation"of China(Grant No.2009ZX09311-004,2012ZX09301-002-002-002)
文摘The leaves of Aquilaria sinensis（Lour.） Gilg have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes in Guangdong Province,China.In this study,effects of ethanol extract of Aquilaria sinensis leaves on hyperglycemia were investigated in diabetic db/db mice.After 4 weeks of administration,the 95%ethanol（EtOH） extract of Aquilaria sinensis leaves （AE）,especially at high dose level（600 mg/kg）,activated AMP-activated protein kinase（AMPK）,resulting in reduced fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in db/db mice.In addition,the oral glucose tolerance test（OGTT test） showed that AE could remarkably improve insulin resistance.Compared to Thiazolinediones（TZDs）,no weight gain was observed after AE administration,which is a severe side effect of TZDs.The data suggested that AE could act as an activator of AMPK,and might be used as an alternative to TZDs in the management of obesity-related diabetes.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program(No.2011BAI01B07)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81173481 and 31000136)+1 种基金Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No. 6102024)the key project in the Science & Technology Program of Hainan Provincial(No.ZDXM20120033)
文摘We used whole-tree agarwood-induction technology to produce agarwood from Aquilaria sinensis trees within 20 months, and evaluated the quality of this agarwood. The results showed its characteristics were similar to those of high-grade wild agarwood in terms of texture, chemical constituents, essential oil content, and ethanol-soluble extract content, with the lattermost quality far surpassing the requirement of traditional Chinese medicine agarwood, as indicated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010. To the best of our knowledge, this is first study to show that high-quality agarwood can be produced in whole A. sinensis trees via a chemically induced technology.
基金supported by Universiti Putra Malaysia under the Putra Grant scheme(GP-IPS/2017/9554600)
文摘Agarwood, the resinous product of Aquilaria spp.(Thymelaeaceae), is highly valued for medicinal and fragrant purposes. Unsustainable forest harvesting contributes to the declining population in the wild, threatening their existence. As a protection effort, cultivation occurred in range countries, mainly in Asia, effectively establishing mass plantations. The success of domesticating Aquilaria relies heavily on technological advancement in agarwood induction, without which the entire thriving industry will collapse. In this paper, we describe efforts since 1929 and current progress and variation in induction as practiced in Asia. The methods include traditional practices and artificial induction via inoculum and chemical inducer, experimented and patented or otherwise. Artificial induction methods are being developed to intensify agarwood production in terms of yield and quality. While traditional methods are commonly applied by rural planters, artificial methods with the use of specific agents/chemicals are seen as more appealing for inducing agarwood, and have a higher demand from entrepreneurs and plantation owners.Several issues related to induction technology faced by stakeholders in agarwood cultivation are presented, such as safety levels, cost, yields, and quality. We conclude by highlighting remaining challenges in induction methods and their associated technologies.
基金provided by grants from the NSFCYunnan joint fund on key projects to W.B.Sun(No.U1302262)the National Natural Science Foundation of China to G.Chen(31670322)+1 种基金the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province(No.2015HB091)the Science and Technology Research Program of Kunming Institute of Botany,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KIB2016005)to G.Chen
文摘Pollination and seed dispersal in angiosperms have long been investigated in order to understand the coevolution of plants and animals.However,the signals from flowers and/or seeds to attract pollinators and/or seed dispersers have received comparatively little attention.In this study,the pollination biology and seed dispersal of the vulnerable agarwood plant Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.) Gilg,a traditional medicinal plant in China,was studied in its natural distribution range.The reproductive tactics of A.sinensis were studied in detail by employing various tests dealing with fruit set and also seed dispersal.Dynamic headspace extraction followed by GC-MS analysis was also performed in order to reveal the composition of floral scent.The results showed that noctuids and pyralids are the most effective pollinators of pollinator-dependent A.sinensis.The main compounds of the floral scent were(E,E)-α-Farnesene(61.9 ± 3.2%),trans-Ocimene(16.6 ± 1.2%),and Benzyl salicylate(4.6 ± 1.1%).The results obtained from seed dispersal experiments indicate that hornets are effective seed dispersers and they may play an important role in long-distance seed dispersal of A.sinensis.Based on our findings,we recommend several protection methods for this threatened agarwood plant in China.
基金The Special Program for New Drug Innovation of the Ministry of Science and Technology,China(Grant No. 2009ZX311-004,2009ZX0308-004)
文摘To investigate the chemical constituents of the stems ofAquilaria sinensis （Lour.） Gilg, the separation and purification were performed by solvent extraction, repeated chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and prep-HPLC. The structures were determined by spectrum analysis. Thirteen known compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as justicidin A （1）, justidin F （2）, ciwujiatone （3）, （＋） syringaresinol （4）, syringaresinol-4,4＇-di-O-13-D-glucopyranoside （5）, syringaresinol-4＂O-β-D- glucopyranoside （6）, curuilignan D （7）, syringin （8）, koaburaside （9）, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-l-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （10）, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-l-O-13-D-apiofuranosyl-（1 ＂→6＇） glucopyranoside （11）, 7-ketositosterol （12）, 7-oxo-5,6-dihydrostigmasterol （13）. All the compounds described above were isolated from genus Aquilaria for the first time.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30070066)the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou City (No. 2003J1-C0241), China
文摘Aquilaria agallocha can produce fragrant agarwood used for incense, traditional medicine and other products. An efficient plant regeneration system was established via organogenesis from shoots developed from seedlings of Aquilaria agallocha. Shoots generated many buds on MS medium supplemented with 1.3 μmol/L BA （6-benzylaminopurine） in the first 7 weeks, and the buds elongated on MS medium with 1.3 μmol/L BA＋0.5 μmol/L NAA （naphthaleneacetic acid） in another 7 weeks, 2.3 shoots 2 cm in length per explant were obtained within 14 weeks. Plantlets were rooted on l/2 MS medium after being immersed in 5 μmol/L NAA for 48 h, 96.7% of the roots grew up two weeks later. All plantlets that survived acclimatization grew well in the pots.
文摘A new sesquiterpenoid,named baimuxifuranic acid,has been isolated from the volatile oil of Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.)Gilg.belonging to the family Thymelaceae by silica gel column chromatography.Based on spectral analysis its structure was deduced as(1).Reduction of baimuxifuranic acid by LiAlH_4 gave a
文摘Three cDNA clones encoding δ-guaiene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase, were isolated from tissue cultures of Aquilaria microcarpa, and data mining analysis of the orthologous genes suggested that 10 and 9 amino acid residues of N- and C-terminal ends of the translated products of these clones remained undefined. The recombinant enzyme proteins, to which the putative missing Nand C-terminal amino acid sequences (MSSAKLGSAS and ALLRHAIEI, respectively) were ligated, exhibited the catalytic activities of sesquiterpene biosynthesis. Among these three δ-guaiene synthases, two isoforms were capable of liberating α-guaiene, δ-guaiene, β-elemene plus α-humulene as a minor product, while remaining one isoenzyme generated α-, δ-guaiene and β-elemene but not α-humulene. Although the enzyme protein solely lacking in the N-terminal 10 amino acid residues was capable of synthesizing the sesquiterpenoids, the protein without 9 amino acids at Cterminal did not exhibit the catalytic activity. These results suggest that two types of δ-guaiene synthase;α-, δ-guaiene, β-elemene-producing type, and α-, δ-guaiene, β-elemene plus α-humulene-producing type;concomitantly occur in A. microcarpa cell cultures, and several amino acid residues at C-terminal of the synthase protein are essential to exhibit the catalytic activities as the sesquiterpene cyclase.
基金National Key Research & Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC1706400)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31870668)China Agriculture Research System (Grant No. CARS-21)。
文摘Investigations on the chemical constituents from the ethanol extract of the agarwood originating from Aquilaria filaria led to the isolation of 26 compounds by column chromatography,including silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography.Their structures were determined to beβ-sitostenone(1),24α-ethyl-cholestan-3α-ol(2),ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene-3-one(3),gypsogenin(4),hederagenin(5),17αH-trisnorhopanone(6),lupeol(7),friedelin(8),(-)-episyringaresinol(9),(-)-syringaresinol(10),5-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone(11),5,4’-dihydroxy-7,3′-dimethoxyflavone(12),2′-hydroxy-4,3′,6′,4′′-tetramethoxy-p-terphenyl(13),scopularide A(14),4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one(15),zingerone(16),coniferaldehyde(17),scopoletin(18),acetovanillon(19),isovanillin(20),vanillin(21),p-hydroxybenzaldehyde(22),p-hydroxybenzoic acid(23),protocatechuic acid(24),vanillic acid(25)and 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid(26)by using spectroscopic techniques.All compounds were isolated from agarwood of A.filaria for the first time,and this was also the first report about the isolation of compounds 2,4,6,7,9,10,13-15,17-20,22,24 and 26 from agarwood and Aquilaria plants.
文摘One novel spirolactone,aquilarisinolide(1),three new sesquiterpenoids,(2R,4S,5R,7R)-2-hydroxyeremophila-9,11-dien-8-one(2),(1R,4S,5S,7R,11R)-13-hydroxyepidaphnauran-9-en-8-one(3),and(4R,5S,7R,8S,10S,13R)-8,13-dihydroxyrotunda-1,11-dien-3-one(4),together with 13 known compounds(5-17)were isolated from the resinous heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis(Thymelaeaceae).The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of NMR and MS data and theoretical calculations their ECD spectra.The isolated compounds were evaluated for their protective activities against PC12 cell injury induced by corticosterone(CORT)and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine ion(MPP+),as well as inhibitory activities against BACE1.Compound 4,5,6-dihydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone(5),daphnauranol B(7),6-methoxy-2-[2-(3-methyoxyphenyl)ethyl]chromone(10),isoagarotetrol(14),and 1-hydroxy-1,5-diphenylpentan-3-one(16)showed significant protective effects on CORT-induced injury in PC12 cells at a concentration of 20μM(P<0.001).Isoagarotetrol(14)showed a significant protective effect on MPP+-induced injury in PC12 cells at a concentration of 20μM(P<0.001),while compound 4 showed a moderate activity(P<0.01).The BACE1-inhibitory activities of all tested compounds were very weak with less than 30%inhibition at a concentration of 20μM.
基金supported by DBT,Govt. of India through the project "Mapping and quantitative assessment of geographic distribution and population status of plant resources of Eastern Himalayan Region"
文摘We studied seedling survival and growth ofAquilaria malaccensis in three different environmental conditions （homegardens, green house and in different canopy conditions） of northeast India. Results show that mean seasonal survival was highest in green house （95.53%±2.33）, followed by homegardens （89.3%±1.89） and different canopy conditions （77.62%±6.73）; the highest values were found during February to April for both the homegardens （96%±1.68） and green house （98% ± 0.88） and lowest during November to January （78%±2.99） in homegardens and May to July （90%：t：4.53） in green house. In case of transplanted seedlings in different canopy conditions, mean seasonal survival was highest during May to July （98%±1.92） and lowest during August to October （66%±12.81）. However, mean seasonal growth of collar diameter was highest in different canopy conditions （23.99%±1.76） compared to green house （21.52%±2.70） and homegardens （12.44%±1.33） and it was highest during rainy season （May to July） and lowest during dry winter （November to January） in all the three experi- mental sites. These variations may be due to the different microclimatic conditions as well as nutrient status of the soil in all the three experimen- tal sites. Although, seedling quality plays a great role in their survival and growth, based on the result of green house experiment, it can be concluded that maintenance of seedlings in green house conditions during their early growth period may improve both the survival and growth for large scale plantation of the species. Thus, the species can be reintroduced in its natural forest range to compensate the loss of natural population of this precious species in northeast India.
基金supported by the Special Program for New Drug Innovation of the Ministry of Science and Technology, China(Nos.2009ZX311-004,2009ZX0308-004)
文摘Phytochemical investigation on the ethanol extract from the leaves of Aquitaria sinensis led to the isolation of five new benzophenone glycosides,aquilarinensides A-E（1-5）.Their structures were elucidated by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR,HRMS,and chemical analysis.
基金The work was supported by SEAMEO-BIOTROP Indonesia with a special Grant to Dr.Ulfah J.Siregar.
文摘Agarwood is a non-timber forest product found in tropical rain forests.It is a black and fragrant resin valued for the perfume industry and demand continues to increase.However,the Indonesian agarwood-producing species,Aquilaria malaccensis and Gyrinops versteegii do not automatically produce such quality resin.Bio-induction technology or inoculation using Fusarium solani is usually applied to these species to trigger resin production.This research aims to identify agarwood compounds formed in seedlings and trees of A.malaccensis and G.versteegii after these species were inoculated with the fungus F.solani.The chemical compounds were identified by comparing the patterns of mass spectra fragmentation in the sample and in previous studies.Five groups of agarwood compounds were identified:(1)sesquiterpen group-cisjasmone and aromadendrenepoxide;(2)chromones group-8-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromen-4-one and newly-discovered chromone derivative,7-(benzyloxy)-5-hydroxy-2-methylchromone found only in G.versteegii;(3)aromatic group-benzylacetone,guaiacol,p-ethylguaiacol,phenol,syringaldehyde,vanilin,furfuryl alcohol,and furfural;(4)fatty acid group-palmitic acid,oleic acid,and lauric acid;and,(5)triterpen group-squalene.
基金supported by Special Program for New Drug Innovation of the Ministry of Science and Technology,China(2009ZX311-004,2009ZX0308-004)
文摘The present study was designed to determine the chemical constituents and identify new components of the leaves of Aquilaria sinensis （Lour.） Gilg. The compounds were isolated and purified by repeated silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and ODS column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectrometry. Eight megastigmane glycosides and two cucurbitacins were isolated and identified as （95） megastigma-4,7-diene-2,3,9-triol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （1）, （9S） megastigma-4（13）,7-diene-3,6,9-triol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）, macarangloside D （3）, corchoionoside C （4）, staphylionoside H （5）, （＋） 3-oxo-a-ionol-β-D-glucopyranoside （6）, （-） 3-oxo-α-ionol-β-D-glucopyranoside （7）, citroside B （8）, 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl cucurbitacin I （9）, bryoamaride （10）. Compounds 1 and 2 were newly identified megstigmane glucosides and reported from this genus for the first time.
文摘This study aimed to model the kinetic of hydro-distillation of Aquilaria malaccensis leaves oil in order to understand and optimize the extraction process. In addition, this study, for the first time, aimed to identify the chemical compositions of the A. rnalaccensis leave-oil. By assessing both first-order kinetic model and the model of simultaneous washing and diffusion, the result indicated that the model of simultaneous washing and diffusion better describes the hydro-distillation mechanism of the essential oil from A. rnalaccensis leaves. The optimum time, solid to liquid ratio, and the heating power for extracting the highest amount of essential oil were found to be around 3 h, 1：10 （g. ml-1）, and 300 W respectively. Yellow essential oil with a strong smell and a yield of 0.05 v/w was extracted by hydro-distillation Clevenger apparatus. Chemical compounds of the essential oil were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy （GC/MS）, which resulted in identification of 42 compounds that constitute 93% of essential oil. Among the identified components, Pentadecanal （32.082%）, 9-Octadecenal, （Z） （15.894%）, and Tetradecanal （6.927%） were the major compounds. Considering the fact that all the identified major components possess pesticidal properties, A. malaccensis leaves can be regarded as a promising natural source for producing pesticides.
