The aquafeed industry continues to expand in response to the rapidly growing aquaculture sector.However,the identification of alternative protein sources in aquatic animal diets to replace conventional sources due to ...The aquafeed industry continues to expand in response to the rapidly growing aquaculture sector.However,the identification of alternative protein sources in aquatic animal diets to replace conventional sources due to cost and sustainability issues remains a major challenge.Recently,insects have shown tremendous results as potential replacers of fishmeal in aquafeed.The present study aimed to review the utilization of insects in aquafeeds and their effects on aquatic animals’growth and feed utilization,immune response and disease resistance,and fish flesh quality and safety.While many insect species have been investigated in aquaculture,the black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens),and the mealworm(Tenebrio molitor)are the most studied and most promising insects to replace fishmeal in aquafeed.Generally,insect rearing conditions and biomass processing methods may affect the product’s nutritional composition,digestibility,shelf life and required insect inclusion level by aquatic animals.Also,insect-recommended inclusion levels for aquatic animals vary depending on the insect species used,biomass processing method,and test organism.Overall,while an appropriate inclusion level of insects in aquafeed provides several nutritional and health benefits to aquatic animals,more studies are needed to establish optimum requirements levels for different aquaculture species at different stages of development and under different culture systems.展开更多
Fishmeal is the most preferred source of protein in aquafeeds, but it is expensive and scarce. Hence, Achatina fulica meat meal (AFM), which is much less preferred for human consumption out of three species of African...Fishmeal is the most preferred source of protein in aquafeeds, but it is expensive and scarce. Hence, Achatina fulica meat meal (AFM), which is much less preferred for human consumption out of three species of African giant land snails, was tested as a fishmeal substitute for Clarias gariepinus growth. Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-calorific diets were formulated, in which AFM substituted fish meal at 0% (control or Diet A), 25% (Diet B), 50% (Diet C), 75% (Diet D) and 100% (Diet E). These dietary treatments were each replicated thrice in a completely randomized design experiment, using 36-L plastic tanks in which the fish were fed daily rations corresponding to 5% of their body weight, for 8 weeks. Water quality parameters in the tanks were monitored. Proximate analyses were conducted on the fish meal, snail meal and experimental diets before the feeding trials. Cost-benefit analysis of the different diets was performed. The crude protein content of AFM (69.18%) was significantly higher than that of fish meal (55.81%). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mean weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and survival rate in fish fed Diet A and Diet B. The best protein efficiency ratio (0.77) was recorded in fish fed Diet B. Furthermore, the survival rate of fish increased with increased levels of AFM substitution. Water quality parameters were within a suitable range for tropical fish culture, indicating that the AFM did not pollute the water. The fish fed 25% AFM diet significantly (P Clarias gariepinus diets at a 25% substitution level. The aquaculture industry can thus exploit the availability of this feed resource.展开更多
This article presents a comprehensive review on the achievements obtained in the past a few decades and the prospects in aquaculture and aquafeed industry in China. The total production of aquaculture in China increas...This article presents a comprehensive review on the achievements obtained in the past a few decades and the prospects in aquaculture and aquafeed industry in China. The total production of aquaculture in China increased from 2.38 million tons in 1978 to 36 million tons in 2008, growing 15 times in 30 years.展开更多
Antarctic krill meal(KM)(Euphausia superba) as a substitute for fishmeal in aquatic animal diets is gaining popularity worldwide. A quantitative approach investigating the efficacy of using this protein on the product...Antarctic krill meal(KM)(Euphausia superba) as a substitute for fishmeal in aquatic animal diets is gaining popularity worldwide. A quantitative approach investigating the efficacy of using this protein on the production performance of aquatic animals remains widely limited. Here, we employed a meta-analysis to quantify the overall effects(Hedges' g [g] value effect size) of KM on the specific growth rate(SGR), feed conversion ratio(FCR), protein efficiency ratio(PER), and survival rate(SR) of several aquaculture species.A total of 22 records published during 2006 to 2022 from different countries, targeting 14 aquatic species,were employed in the present study. Overall, KM has a high nutritional value relative to fishmeal,particularly from the high protein and amino acid composition. Dietary KM significantly increased the overall effect size of SGR(g = 1.92)(P = 0.001);the positive effect was illustrated in marine species(g = 1.32 to 9.10)(P < 0.05) and sturgeon(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)(g = 6.59)(P < 0.001). The overall g value for FCR(-2.42) was significantly improved compared to the control group(P < 0.001). The inclusion of KM in aquatic animal diets did not affect g value of PER(1.52, 95% confidence interval:-1.04 to 4.07) and survival rate(0.08, 95% confidence interval:-0.63 to 0.79)(P = 0.252 and 0.208, respectively). The metaregression models indicated that SGR of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) was significantly correlated with dietary KM by a positive linear model(P = 0.022). The cod and sturgeon(A. gueldenstaedtii) appeared to efficiently utilize krill-containing diets as illustrated by a negative linear model(P = 0.011 and P = 0.024,respectively) between dietary KM and FCR. Dietary KM positively correlated with PER for Atlantic cod(P = 0.021). Our meta-analysis highlighted the significant outcome of KM in diets for aquaculture species by reducing pressure on forage fish from marine resources and sparing edible foods. Specifically, including KM significantly reduced economic fish-in fish-out(eFIFO) in four taxa-the top forage fish consumers(P < 0.05): marine fish, salmon, shrimp, and trout. The meta-analysis revealed the decreased foodcompetition feedstuff in diets for important aquaculture species(P < 0.05) fed dietary KM. The outlook for efficient use of KM from marine resources in aquafeeds was elucidated in the present work.展开更多
Low-fishmeal and protein-saving diets are two prominent nutritional strategies utilized to address challenges related to the scarcity and sustainability of protein sources in aquaculture.However,these diets have been ...Low-fishmeal and protein-saving diets are two prominent nutritional strategies utilized to address challenges related to the scarcity and sustainability of protein sources in aquaculture.However,these diets have been associated with adverse effects on the growth performance,feed utilization,and disease resistance of aquatic animals.To mitigate these challenges,exogenous protease has been applied to enhance the quality of diets with lower protein contents or fishmeal alternatives,thereby improving the bioavailability of nutritional ingredients.Additionally,protease preparations were also used to enzymatically hydrolyze fishmeal alternatives,thus enhancing their nutritional utilization.The present review aims to consolidate recent research progress on the use of protease in aquaculture and conclude the benefits and limitations of its application,thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject and identifying opportunities for future research.展开更多
The complete quantitative essential amino acid(EAA)requirements of aquacultured animals are largely unknown except for a handful of species.This is problematic because formulation of least-cost diets for target animal...The complete quantitative essential amino acid(EAA)requirements of aquacultured animals are largely unknown except for a handful of species.This is problematic because formulation of least-cost diets for target animals demands precise knowledge of EAA requirements.One way of approximating EAA requirements is to use correlations between whole-body and/or muscle EAA profiles using essential to total EAA ratios(A/E ratios).This method requires a reference,quantified EAA requirement,usually lysine(Lys).To systematically evaluate the A/E ratio method,muscle AA profiles were measured in 10 species of teleost and whiteleg shrimp.In fish,Lys represented the dominant muscle EAA measured,ranging between 7.06 and 9.58 g/100 g protein,whereas,in shrimp,arginine(Arg)was quantified as the principal EAA.For non-EAA,glutamate(Glu)and glutamine were consistently the NEAA recorded at highest levels whereas,in shrimp,Glu+Gln was highest followed by aspartate(Asp)plus asparagine(Asn).Except for Arg,which was twice that of fish(P<0.05),whiteleg shrimp expressed similar muscle A/E profiles.Strength of relationship between muscle EAA levels and known requirements were all strongly and positively correlated for non-salmonid species.When using Lys as the reference EAA there were few semblances between measured and estimated EAA requirements.展开更多
The aquaculture sector provides the primary protein source for the global population while generating income and revenue(FAO,2020).Apart from that,aquaculturists are responsible for developing and maintaining sustaina...The aquaculture sector provides the primary protein source for the global population while generating income and revenue(FAO,2020).Apart from that,aquaculturists are responsible for developing and maintaining sustainable production methods,including aquafeed production(Albrektsen et al.,2022).展开更多
Aquaculture contributes remarkably to the global economy and food security through seafood production,an important part of the global food supply chain.The success of this industry depends heavily on aquafeeds,and the...Aquaculture contributes remarkably to the global economy and food security through seafood production,an important part of the global food supply chain.The success of this industry depends heavily on aquafeeds,and the nutritional composition of the feed is an important factor for the quality,productivity,and profitability of aquaculture species.The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends on the accessibility of quality feed ingredients,such as fishmeal and fish oil.These traditional feedstuffs are under increasing significant pressure due to the rapid expansion of aquaculture for human consumption and the decline of natural fish harvest.In this review,we evaluated the development of microalgal molecules in aquaculture and expanded the use of these high-value compounds in the production of aquaculture diets.Microalgae-derived functional ingredients emerged as one of the promising alternatives for aquafeed production with positive health benefits.Several compounds found in microalgae,including carotenoids(lutein,astaxanthin,and𝛽-carotene),essential amino acids(leucine,valine,and threonine),𝛽-1-3-glucan,essential oils(docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid),minerals,and vitamins,are of high nutritional value to aquaculture.展开更多
The present study evaluated the effects of exogenous protease supplementation in low-and high-fishmeal(FM)diets on growth performance,feed utilization,innate immunity,digestive enzyme activity,nutrient digestibility,g...The present study evaluated the effects of exogenous protease supplementation in low-and high-fishmeal(FM)diets on growth performance,feed utilization,innate immunity,digestive enzyme activity,nutrient digestibility,gut microbiota and intestinal morphology of Pacific white shrimp(Penaeus vannamei).A 2 x3 factorial experiment was designed with two dietaryFM levels(200 g/kg,positive control[PC];and 100 g/kg,negative control[NC])and three protease levels(0,400 and 800 mg/kg)to obtain six experimental diets designated as PC,PC400,PC800,NC,NC400,and NC800.Six replicate groups of 30 shrimp(initial weight 0.30±0.01 g)were fed the diets for 8 wk.Protease supplementation significantly improved(P<0.001)growth performancle and feed utilization efficiency in both high-and low-FM diets.Innate immunity and antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly enhanced(P<0.001)with increasing FM and protease levels.Furthermore,the inclusion of protease in low-FM diets significantly increased(P<0.001)total hemocyte count and phagocytic,phenoloxidase,lyso-zyme and superoxide dismutase activities,reaching levels comparable to the PC group.Increasing FM and protease levels significantly upregulated(P<0.001)the expression of proPO,crustin,TGF-β,LvIKK-βand TLR3 genes,while downregulating TNF-a.The inclusion of protease in the low FM diet significantly increased(P<0.05)digestive enzyme activities,intestinal villi length,whole-body amino acid composition and nutrient digestibility to the levels comparable to the PC group.The relative abundance of heterotrophic marine bacteria(P<0.001),Gram-positive bacteria(P=0.034)and Lactobacillispp.(P<0.001)in the gut significantly increased(P<0.05)with increasing protease levels,while an inverse relationship was observed for Vibrio spp.(P<0.001).These results demonstrated that protease supplementation in either the high-or low-FM diets could improve shrimp growth,feed utilization efficiency,immunity,nutrientdigestibility,intestinal morphology and gut microbiome.Notably,supplementing the low-FM diet with 800mg/kg protease improved shrimp performance,reaching levels comparable to those obtained with the PC diet.展开更多
基金funded by the Ministry of Education of Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS)(R/FRGS/A07.00/00387A/005/2013/00107)Niche Research Grant Scheme(NRGS)(R/NRGS/A0.700/00387A/006/2014/00152)partially supported by Chiang Mai University。
文摘The aquafeed industry continues to expand in response to the rapidly growing aquaculture sector.However,the identification of alternative protein sources in aquatic animal diets to replace conventional sources due to cost and sustainability issues remains a major challenge.Recently,insects have shown tremendous results as potential replacers of fishmeal in aquafeed.The present study aimed to review the utilization of insects in aquafeeds and their effects on aquatic animals’growth and feed utilization,immune response and disease resistance,and fish flesh quality and safety.While many insect species have been investigated in aquaculture,the black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens),and the mealworm(Tenebrio molitor)are the most studied and most promising insects to replace fishmeal in aquafeed.Generally,insect rearing conditions and biomass processing methods may affect the product’s nutritional composition,digestibility,shelf life and required insect inclusion level by aquatic animals.Also,insect-recommended inclusion levels for aquatic animals vary depending on the insect species used,biomass processing method,and test organism.Overall,while an appropriate inclusion level of insects in aquafeed provides several nutritional and health benefits to aquatic animals,more studies are needed to establish optimum requirements levels for different aquaculture species at different stages of development and under different culture systems.
文摘Fishmeal is the most preferred source of protein in aquafeeds, but it is expensive and scarce. Hence, Achatina fulica meat meal (AFM), which is much less preferred for human consumption out of three species of African giant land snails, was tested as a fishmeal substitute for Clarias gariepinus growth. Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-calorific diets were formulated, in which AFM substituted fish meal at 0% (control or Diet A), 25% (Diet B), 50% (Diet C), 75% (Diet D) and 100% (Diet E). These dietary treatments were each replicated thrice in a completely randomized design experiment, using 36-L plastic tanks in which the fish were fed daily rations corresponding to 5% of their body weight, for 8 weeks. Water quality parameters in the tanks were monitored. Proximate analyses were conducted on the fish meal, snail meal and experimental diets before the feeding trials. Cost-benefit analysis of the different diets was performed. The crude protein content of AFM (69.18%) was significantly higher than that of fish meal (55.81%). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mean weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and survival rate in fish fed Diet A and Diet B. The best protein efficiency ratio (0.77) was recorded in fish fed Diet B. Furthermore, the survival rate of fish increased with increased levels of AFM substitution. Water quality parameters were within a suitable range for tropical fish culture, indicating that the AFM did not pollute the water. The fish fed 25% AFM diet significantly (P Clarias gariepinus diets at a 25% substitution level. The aquaculture industry can thus exploit the availability of this feed resource.
文摘This article presents a comprehensive review on the achievements obtained in the past a few decades and the prospects in aquaculture and aquafeed industry in China. The total production of aquaculture in China increased from 2.38 million tons in 1978 to 36 million tons in 2008, growing 15 times in 30 years.
文摘Antarctic krill meal(KM)(Euphausia superba) as a substitute for fishmeal in aquatic animal diets is gaining popularity worldwide. A quantitative approach investigating the efficacy of using this protein on the production performance of aquatic animals remains widely limited. Here, we employed a meta-analysis to quantify the overall effects(Hedges' g [g] value effect size) of KM on the specific growth rate(SGR), feed conversion ratio(FCR), protein efficiency ratio(PER), and survival rate(SR) of several aquaculture species.A total of 22 records published during 2006 to 2022 from different countries, targeting 14 aquatic species,were employed in the present study. Overall, KM has a high nutritional value relative to fishmeal,particularly from the high protein and amino acid composition. Dietary KM significantly increased the overall effect size of SGR(g = 1.92)(P = 0.001);the positive effect was illustrated in marine species(g = 1.32 to 9.10)(P < 0.05) and sturgeon(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)(g = 6.59)(P < 0.001). The overall g value for FCR(-2.42) was significantly improved compared to the control group(P < 0.001). The inclusion of KM in aquatic animal diets did not affect g value of PER(1.52, 95% confidence interval:-1.04 to 4.07) and survival rate(0.08, 95% confidence interval:-0.63 to 0.79)(P = 0.252 and 0.208, respectively). The metaregression models indicated that SGR of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) was significantly correlated with dietary KM by a positive linear model(P = 0.022). The cod and sturgeon(A. gueldenstaedtii) appeared to efficiently utilize krill-containing diets as illustrated by a negative linear model(P = 0.011 and P = 0.024,respectively) between dietary KM and FCR. Dietary KM positively correlated with PER for Atlantic cod(P = 0.021). Our meta-analysis highlighted the significant outcome of KM in diets for aquaculture species by reducing pressure on forage fish from marine resources and sparing edible foods. Specifically, including KM significantly reduced economic fish-in fish-out(eFIFO) in four taxa-the top forage fish consumers(P < 0.05): marine fish, salmon, shrimp, and trout. The meta-analysis revealed the decreased foodcompetition feedstuff in diets for important aquaculture species(P < 0.05) fed dietary KM. The outlook for efficient use of KM from marine resources in aquafeeds was elucidated in the present work.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1300600)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS,China(IFR-ZDRW202303)+1 种基金Beijing Innovation Consortium of Agriculture Research System(BAIC07-2023)Xinjiang key Research and Development Program(2022B02039-3)
文摘Low-fishmeal and protein-saving diets are two prominent nutritional strategies utilized to address challenges related to the scarcity and sustainability of protein sources in aquaculture.However,these diets have been associated with adverse effects on the growth performance,feed utilization,and disease resistance of aquatic animals.To mitigate these challenges,exogenous protease has been applied to enhance the quality of diets with lower protein contents or fishmeal alternatives,thereby improving the bioavailability of nutritional ingredients.Additionally,protease preparations were also used to enzymatically hydrolyze fishmeal alternatives,thus enhancing their nutritional utilization.The present review aims to consolidate recent research progress on the use of protease in aquaculture and conclude the benefits and limitations of its application,thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject and identifying opportunities for future research.
文摘The complete quantitative essential amino acid(EAA)requirements of aquacultured animals are largely unknown except for a handful of species.This is problematic because formulation of least-cost diets for target animals demands precise knowledge of EAA requirements.One way of approximating EAA requirements is to use correlations between whole-body and/or muscle EAA profiles using essential to total EAA ratios(A/E ratios).This method requires a reference,quantified EAA requirement,usually lysine(Lys).To systematically evaluate the A/E ratio method,muscle AA profiles were measured in 10 species of teleost and whiteleg shrimp.In fish,Lys represented the dominant muscle EAA measured,ranging between 7.06 and 9.58 g/100 g protein,whereas,in shrimp,arginine(Arg)was quantified as the principal EAA.For non-EAA,glutamate(Glu)and glutamine were consistently the NEAA recorded at highest levels whereas,in shrimp,Glu+Gln was highest followed by aspartate(Asp)plus asparagine(Asn).Except for Arg,which was twice that of fish(P<0.05),whiteleg shrimp expressed similar muscle A/E profiles.Strength of relationship between muscle EAA levels and known requirements were all strongly and positively correlated for non-salmonid species.When using Lys as the reference EAA there were few semblances between measured and estimated EAA requirements.
文摘The aquaculture sector provides the primary protein source for the global population while generating income and revenue(FAO,2020).Apart from that,aquaculturists are responsible for developing and maintaining sustainable production methods,including aquafeed production(Albrektsen et al.,2022).
基金supported by the National Institute of Food and Agri-culture(NIFA)/United States Department of Agriculture(USDA)under the Grant number:2018-38821-27752.
文摘Aquaculture contributes remarkably to the global economy and food security through seafood production,an important part of the global food supply chain.The success of this industry depends heavily on aquafeeds,and the nutritional composition of the feed is an important factor for the quality,productivity,and profitability of aquaculture species.The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends on the accessibility of quality feed ingredients,such as fishmeal and fish oil.These traditional feedstuffs are under increasing significant pressure due to the rapid expansion of aquaculture for human consumption and the decline of natural fish harvest.In this review,we evaluated the development of microalgal molecules in aquaculture and expanded the use of these high-value compounds in the production of aquaculture diets.Microalgae-derived functional ingredients emerged as one of the promising alternatives for aquafeed production with positive health benefits.Several compounds found in microalgae,including carotenoids(lutein,astaxanthin,and𝛽-carotene),essential amino acids(leucine,valine,and threonine),𝛽-1-3-glucan,essential oils(docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid),minerals,and vitamins,are of high nutritional value to aquaculture.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(2019R1A6A1A03033553)DSM Nutritional Products,Bangkok 10310,Thailand.
文摘The present study evaluated the effects of exogenous protease supplementation in low-and high-fishmeal(FM)diets on growth performance,feed utilization,innate immunity,digestive enzyme activity,nutrient digestibility,gut microbiota and intestinal morphology of Pacific white shrimp(Penaeus vannamei).A 2 x3 factorial experiment was designed with two dietaryFM levels(200 g/kg,positive control[PC];and 100 g/kg,negative control[NC])and three protease levels(0,400 and 800 mg/kg)to obtain six experimental diets designated as PC,PC400,PC800,NC,NC400,and NC800.Six replicate groups of 30 shrimp(initial weight 0.30±0.01 g)were fed the diets for 8 wk.Protease supplementation significantly improved(P<0.001)growth performancle and feed utilization efficiency in both high-and low-FM diets.Innate immunity and antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly enhanced(P<0.001)with increasing FM and protease levels.Furthermore,the inclusion of protease in low-FM diets significantly increased(P<0.001)total hemocyte count and phagocytic,phenoloxidase,lyso-zyme and superoxide dismutase activities,reaching levels comparable to the PC group.Increasing FM and protease levels significantly upregulated(P<0.001)the expression of proPO,crustin,TGF-β,LvIKK-βand TLR3 genes,while downregulating TNF-a.The inclusion of protease in the low FM diet significantly increased(P<0.05)digestive enzyme activities,intestinal villi length,whole-body amino acid composition and nutrient digestibility to the levels comparable to the PC group.The relative abundance of heterotrophic marine bacteria(P<0.001),Gram-positive bacteria(P=0.034)and Lactobacillispp.(P<0.001)in the gut significantly increased(P<0.05)with increasing protease levels,while an inverse relationship was observed for Vibrio spp.(P<0.001).These results demonstrated that protease supplementation in either the high-or low-FM diets could improve shrimp growth,feed utilization efficiency,immunity,nutrientdigestibility,intestinal morphology and gut microbiome.Notably,supplementing the low-FM diet with 800mg/kg protease improved shrimp performance,reaching levels comparable to those obtained with the PC diet.
