The biogenic amine octopamine(OA,invertebrate counterpart of nora-drenaline)plays critical roles in the regulation of olfactory behavior.Historically,OA has been thought to mediate appetitive but not aversive learning...The biogenic amine octopamine(OA,invertebrate counterpart of nora-drenaline)plays critical roles in the regulation of olfactory behavior.Historically,OA has been thought to mediate appetitive but not aversive learning in honeybees,fruit flies(Drosophila),and crickets.However,this viewpoint has recently been challenged because OA activity through aβ-adrenergic-like receptor drives both appetitive and aversive learn-ing.Here,we explored the roles of OA neurons in olfactory learning and memory retrieval in Bactrocera dorsalis.We trained flies to associate an orange odor with a sucrose reward or to associate methyl eugenol,a male lure,with N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide(DEET)punishment.We then treated flies with OA receptor antagonists before appetitive or aversive conditioning and a memory retention test.Injection of OA receptor antagonist mianserin or epinastine into the abdomen of flies led to impaired of appetitive learning and memory retention with a sucrose reward,while aversive learning and memory reten-tion with DEET punishment remained intact.Our results suggest that the OA signaling participates in appetitive but not aversive learning and memory retrieval in B.dorsalis through OA receptors.展开更多
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)recurrence within a year post-surgery poses significant challenges for stage II/III patients.Few models currently predict this early recu-rrence with multi-dimensional considerations f...BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)recurrence within a year post-surgery poses significant challenges for stage II/III patients.Few models currently predict this early recu-rrence with multi-dimensional considerations for risk stratification.AIM To develop a model for predicting the risk of recurrence within one year after sur-gery in patients with stage II/III CRC.METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study at Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine,including 349 stage II/III CRC patients.Clinical data were collected,and the dataset was randomly divided into training(n=244)and testing(n=105)sets.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified risk factors for postoperative recurrence.Then a nomogram model was constructed and evaluated via receiver operating characteristic curves,calibration curves and decision curve analysis.RESULTS During the one-year follow-up,10.9%(38/349)of patients experienced recurrence.Univariate analysis identified tumor size,lymph node metastasis(N2 stage),neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,fatigue,and appetite loss as significant correlates of recurrence.Multivariate logistic regression con-firmed N2 stage,appetite loss,tumor size,and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as independent risk factors.The nomogram model showed excellent performance.The area under the receiver operating characteristic was 0.98(95%confidence interval:0.97-1.00)in training set and 0.91(95%confidence interval:0.84-0.97)in testing set.The decision curve analysis curves showed strong concordance between predicted and observed recurrence probabilities.CONCLUSION The model effectively predicts early postoperative recurrence in stage II/III CRC,integrating clinical,inflam-matory,and symptomatic factors.展开更多
Obesity has brought great challenges to global human health,and how to effectively prevent and control the occurrence and development of obesity has become an urgent problem.The role and mechanism of 4-[(α-Lrhamnosyl...Obesity has brought great challenges to global human health,and how to effectively prevent and control the occurrence and development of obesity has become an urgent problem.The role and mechanism of 4-[(α-Lrhamnosyloxy)benzyl]isothiocyanate(MITC),an active ingredient of Moringa oleifera Lam.,in the regulation of lipid metabolism have not been comprehensively investigated.In the present study,we investigated the mechanism of MITC in inhibiting lipid accumulation in mice fed with a high-fat diet(HFD)in terms of both lipolysis and central appetite regulation mediated by the gut microbe-gut-brain axis.MITC enhanced the characteristic indices associated with HFD mice and also promoted adipocytolysis and brown fat thermogenesis.Moreover,MITC was observed to improve leptin resistance,modulate the composition of gut microbiota such as Ruminococcaceae,Parasutterella,and Acetatifactor,promote 5-hydroxytryptamine secretion,further enhance the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine(PYY)to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)signaling in the hypothalamus,and modulate feeding behavior to inhibit lipid accumulation in HFD mice.These data suggest that MITC supplementation can help to alleviate obesity or obesity-related diseases.展开更多
Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.Obesity is associated with numerous pathological changes including insulin resistance,fatty liver,hyperlipidemias,and other obesity-r...Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.Obesity is associated with numerous pathological changes including insulin resistance,fatty liver,hyperlipidemias,and other obesity-related diseases.These comorbidities comprise a significant public health threat.Existing anti-obesity drugs have been limited by side effects that include depression,suicidal thoughts,cardiovascular complications and stroke.Acupuncture treatment has been shown to be effective for treating obesity and obesity-related conditions,while avoiding side effects.However,the mechanisms of acupuncture in treating obesity-related diseases,especially its effect on neural circuits,are not well understood.A growing body of research has studied acupuncture’s effects on the endocrine system and other mechanisms related to the regulation of neural circuits.In this article,recent research that was relevant to the use of acupuncture to treat obesity and obesity-related diseases through the neuroendocrine system,as well as some neural circuits involved,was summarized.Based on this,acupuncture’s potential ability to regulate neural circuits and its mechanisms of action in the endocrine system were reviewed,leading to a deeper mechanistic understanding of acupuncture’s effects and providing insight and direction for future research about obesity.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Buzhongyiqi pills(BZYQP, 补中益气丸) in improving the appetite of patients with colorectal cancer(CRC) receiving chemotherapy. TRIAL DESIGN: A pilot, randomiz...OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Buzhongyiqi pills(BZYQP, 补中益气丸) in improving the appetite of patients with colorectal cancer(CRC) receiving chemotherapy. TRIAL DESIGN: A pilot, randomized, single-blind crossover clinical trial was conducted on diagnosed stage II-IV CRC patients receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to either the BZYQP-placebo or placebo-BZYQP groups. The BZYQP-placebo group received BZYQP for 1-2 d before the first cycle of chemotherapy and continued until the end of the third cycle. A 7-day washout followed, after which they received a placebo until the end of the sixth cycle. The placebo-BZYQP group followed the opposite treatment order. The oral dose of BZYQP and placebo was ten pills three times daily. A total of 12 visit points were scheduled in this study, with each visit point carried out before and after each of the six cycles of chemotherapy. The Simplified Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire(SNAQ), the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire(EORTC QLQ-C30, version 3.0), and the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events(CTCAE, V5.0) were used to evaluate patient appetite, quality of life, and drug safety. RESULTS: Totally 62 patients completed the study, and baseline characteristics were balanced between the BZYQP-placebo and placebo-BZYQP groups. The primary outcome, as assessed by SNAQ scores, demonstrates a statistically significant difference between the two groups during the first three cycles of chemotherapy, with the mean SNAQ score of the BZYQP-placebo group consistently higher than that of the placebo-BZYQP group from V1(P < 0.001). After the washout period, the SNAQ score of the BZYQP-placebo group decreased from V7, and the difference in SNAQ scores between the two groups gradually became more significant after the intersection at V9. Secondary outcomes showed that during the first three cycles of chemotherapy, the BZYQP-placebo group had significantly lower scores in physical, role, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning domains, as well as in fatigue, loss of appetite, and diarrhea symptoms, compared to the placebo-BZYQP group(P < 0.001). Scores for physical, role, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning in the BZYQP-placebo group remained lower(P < 0.05) at V11. The chemotherapy-induced adverse events(AEs) in the BZYQP-placebo group were significantly lower than those in the placebo-BZYQP group at V5, mainly in nausea and vomiting(9.1% vs 62.1%, P < 0.001), diarrhea(12.1% vs 44.8%, P = 0.004), and anemia(15.2% vs 41.4%, P = 0.021). No drugrelated events were reported in this study. CONCLUSION: BZYQP is feasible and safe to effectively improve the appetite of patients with CRC receiving chemotherapy and help them with better quality of life.展开更多
Background:Chewing Khat(Catha edulis)releases cathine and cathinone,which may reduce appetite via an unknown mechanism.This study investigated the peripheral and central effects of fresh leaves and buds of Catha eduli...Background:Chewing Khat(Catha edulis)releases cathine and cathinone,which may reduce appetite via an unknown mechanism.This study investigated the peripheral and central effects of fresh leaves and buds of Catha edulis water extract(CEWE)on appetite biomarkers,gene expression,and body weight,using in vivo,ex vivo,and in silico models.Methods:Rats of both sexes were orally administered CEWE at different doses and durations in three different experiments.Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy(LC-MS)-MS was used to detect cathinone and cathine in the murine blood.The effect of Khat on serotonin receptors was studied in isolated rat fundus samples.Docking of the two Khat ligands was performed on G(The 5-hydroxytryptamine-type 2C receptor(5-HT2C)in an agonist-bound active conformation)and H(5-HT2C in an antagonist-bound inactive conformation)proteins to determine which ligands are most likely to act as agonists or antagonists.Results:Significant differences(P<0.05)in body weight were observed between the CEWE-treated groups and the controls over eight weeks.However,the plasma leptin and ghrelin levels did not change significantly(P>0.05).The expression of the ghrelin and leptin genes was also unaffected,but the expression of the 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)gene decreased(P<0.05)with CEWE treatment.CEWE antagonizes 5-HT receptors in isolated rat fundus samples.Docking findings indicated that the khat ligands bound to 5-HT2C receptors.Cathine and cathinone levels in rat plasma were measured.Conclusion:Khat extract may suppress appetite by antagonizing the 5-HT receptors.Further research is required to understand its mechanism and potential applications.展开更多
Feeding habit which is regulated by many factors including the intrinsic and external factors, such as appetite, structure of the digestive tract and feed palatability, is an important content in the study of genetic ...Feeding habit which is regulated by many factors including the intrinsic and external factors, such as appetite, structure of the digestive tract and feed palatability, is an important content in the study of genetic improvement. The genetic regulation is one of the major parts among the researches. This research reported the progress of the polymorphism of genes associated with appetite and its correla- tion with feeding habits, and summarized the studies on improvements of fish feed- ing and protein sources of the artificial feeding in order to provide theoretic basis for cultivating the improved varieties in feeding habit.展开更多
Predatory hunting is an important type of innate behavior evolutionarily conserved across the animal king-dom.It is typically composed of a set of sequential actions,including prey search,pursuit,attack,and consumptio...Predatory hunting is an important type of innate behavior evolutionarily conserved across the animal king-dom.It is typically composed of a set of sequential actions,including prey search,pursuit,attack,and consumption.This behavior is subject to control by the nervous system.Early studies used toads as a model to probe the neuroethology of hunting,which led to the proposal of a sensory-triggered release mechanism for hunting actions.More recent stud-ies have used genetically-trackable zebrafish and rodents and have made breakthrough discoveries in the neuroethol-ogy and neurocircuits underlying this behavior.Here,we review the sophisticated neurocircuitry involved in hunting and summarize the detailed mechanism for the circuitry to encode various aspects of hunting neuroethology,including sensory processing,sensorimotor transformation,motivation,and sequential encoding of hunting actions.We also discuss the overlapping brain circuits for hunting and feeding and point out the limitations of current studies.We propose that hunting is an ideal behavioral paradigm in which to study the neuroethology of motivated behaviors,which may shed new light on epidemic disorders,including bingeeating,obesity,and obsessive-compulsive disorders.展开更多
There is emerging evidence implicating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in reward, including palatable food reinforcement and alcohol-based reward circuitry. While recent findings suggest that mesolimbic structures, su...There is emerging evidence implicating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in reward, including palatable food reinforcement and alcohol-based reward circuitry. While recent findings suggest that mesolimbic structures, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), are critical anatomical sites mediating the role of GLP-1’s inhibitory actions, the present study focused on the potential novel impact of GLP-1 within the habenula, a region of the forebrain expressing GLP-1 receptors. Given that the habenula has also been implicated in the neural control of reward and reinforcement, we hypothesized that this brain region, like the VTA and NAc, might mediate the anhedonic effects of GLP-1. Rats were stereotaxically implanted with guide cannula targeting the habenula and trained on a progressive ratio 3 (PR3) schedule of reinforcement. Separate rats were trained on an alcohol two-bottle choice paradigm with intermittent access. The GLP-1 agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4) was administered directly into the habenula to determine the effects on operant responding for palatable food as well as alcohol intake. Our results indicated that Ex-4 reliably suppressed PR3 responding and that this effect was dose-dependent. A similar suppressive effect on alcohol consumption was observed. These findings provide initial and compelling evidence that the habenula may mediate the inhibitory action of GLP-1 on reward, including operant and drug reward. Our findings further suggest that GLP-1 receptor mechanisms outside of the midbrain and ventral striatum are critically involved in brain reward neurotransmission.展开更多
Ghrelin is predominantly produced by the gastric enteroendocrine cell compartment and is octanoylated by the recently discovered ghrelin o-acyltransferase （GOAT） before secretion into the bloodstream. This octanoyla...Ghrelin is predominantly produced by the gastric enteroendocrine cell compartment and is octanoylated by the recently discovered ghrelin o-acyltransferase （GOAT） before secretion into the bloodstream. This octanoylation is essential for many of the biological properties of ghrelin including appetite stimulation and anti-inflammatory properties as only the acylated form of ghrelin binds to the ghrelin receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor （GHS-R）. Given the gastric location of ghrelin production, it is perhaps not surprising that insult to the gastric mucosa affects circulating ghrelin levels in humans. Helicobacter pylori （H. pylon） infects more than fifty percent of the world＇s population and once established within the gastric mucosa, can persist for life. Infection is associated with chronic gastritis, gastric atrophy and ulceration, reduced appetite and a lower body mass index （BMI）. The large majority of studies investigating levels of circulating ghrelin and ghrelin expression in the stomach in patients with H. pylori infection indicate that the bacterium has a negative impact on ghrelin production and/or secretion. Eradication of infection restores ghrelin, improves appetite and increases BMI in some studies, however, a causative relationship between H. pylori-associated serum ghrelin decline and food intake and obesity has not been established. Most studies measure total ghrelin in the circulation although the measurement of the ratio of acyl/total ghrelin gives a clearer indication that the ghrelin acylation process is altered during infection and atrophy. GOAT is essential for the production of biologically-active, acyl ghrelin and the impact of H. pylori on GOAT expression and activity will be highly informative in the future.展开更多
AIM: To investigate changes in serum ghrelin and obestatin levels before and after Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) eradication. METHODS: A total of 92 patients presenting with symptoms of dyspepsia were enrolled in t...AIM: To investigate changes in serum ghrelin and obestatin levels before and after Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) eradication. METHODS: A total of 92 patients presenting with symptoms of dyspepsia were enrolled in the study. Upper endoscopy was performed on all patients and used to diagnose H. pylori infection according to the presence of characteristic histopathological findings; seventy patients were diagnosed with H. pylori infection and the remaining 22 non-infected patients were classified as healthy controls. H. pylori eradication was accomplished by administering the classical triple therapy drug regimen, consisting of lansoprazole 30 mg bid , amoxicillin 1 g bid , and clarithromycin 500 mg tid for 14 d. The eradication of H. pylori was assessed with C14-urea breath test, which was performed at eight weeks after treatment. Levels of serum active ghrelin and obestatin were assessed at beginning of the study (prior to treatment) and after eight weeks. The levels were comparatively analyzed between the H. pylori negative control group, the H. pylori eradicated group, and the H. pylori non-eradicated group. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients, 50 females and 42 males with a mean age of 38.2 ± 11.9 years (range: 19-64), were analyzed. H. pylori eradication success was achieved in 74.3% (52/70) of H. pylori positive patients. The initial levels of ghrelin in the H. pylori positive and control cases were 63.6 ± 19.8 pg/mL and 65.1 ± 19.2 pg/mL (P=0.78), respectively, and initial obestatin levels were 771±427 pg/mL and 830 ± 296 pg/mL (P=0.19), respectively. The difference between the initial levels and the week 8 levels of ghrelin and obestatin in the control group was insignificant [4.5% (P=0.30) and -0.9% (P=0.65), respectively]. The difference between the initial and week 8 levels of ghrelin and obestatin in the H. pylori non-eradicated group were also insignificant [0.9% (P=0.64) and 5.3% (P=0.32), respectively]. The H. pylori eradicated group had a greater change in obestatin levels when compared to the control and the non-eradicated groups (148 ± 381 pg/mL vs -12±138 pg/mL and -72.8±203 pg/mL, respectively, P=0.015), while decreases in ghrelin levels were insignificant (-7.2 pg/mL vs -1.4 pg/mL and -1.9 pg/mL, respectively, P=0.52). The ghrelin/obestatin ratio for the initial and week 8 levels changed significantly in only the H. pylori eradicated group (0.11 vs 0.08, respectively, P=0.015). For overweight patients (as designated by body mass index), we observed significant increases in obestatin levels in the eradicated group as compared to non-eradicated group (201 ± 458 pg/mL vs -5 ± 81 pg/mL, respectively, P=0.02). In the H. pylori-eradicated group, the levels did not differ between the sexes for ghrelin (-6.3 ± 26.9 pg/mL vs -8.0 ± 24.0 pg/mL, respectively, P=0.97) or obestatin (210 ± 390 pg/mL vs 96 ± 372 pg/mL, respectively, P=0.23).CONCLUSION: Serum levels of ghrelin decreased while obestatin levels increased in H. pylori eradicated subjects, especially in overweight and male patients.展开更多
Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effects of a 3-month vigorous physical activity(VPA) intervention on eating behavior and body composition in overweight and obese children and adolescents.Methods: Forty-seven p...Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effects of a 3-month vigorous physical activity(VPA) intervention on eating behavior and body composition in overweight and obese children and adolescents.Methods: Forty-seven participants(7–16 years) took part in the study: 28 were assigned to the intervention group(IG)(10 boys and 18 girls) and19 in a control group(CG)(8 boys and 11 girls). Body composition(dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), anthropometrics(body mass, height, and body mass index(BMI)), and eating behavior traits(Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21 C) were determined before and after the VPA intervention.Results: A decrease in the percentage of body fat and BMI(-2.8% and-1.8%, respectively), and an increase in most lean mass variables were found in the IG(all p ≤ 0.05). In relation to the eating behavior traits, IG subjects showed a 14% reduction in the Emotional Eating score(p = 0.04),while Cognitive Restraint score did not change after the VPA intervention. The baseline factors of the questionnaire predicted changes in body mass and fat mass variables only in the CG.Conclusion: A 3-month VPA intervention influenced eating behaviors of overweight or obese young, especially the Emotional Eating factor, in the presence of favorable body composition changes.展开更多
Appetite regulation by nutritional intervention is required early in life that involves the anti-aging gene Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) with Sirt 1 maintenance of other cellular anti-aging genes involved in cell circadian rhyt...Appetite regulation by nutritional intervention is required early in life that involves the anti-aging gene Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) with Sirt 1 maintenance of other cellular anti-aging genes involved in cell circadian rhythm, senescence and apoptosis. Interests in anti-aging therapy with appetite regulation improve an individual’s survival to metabolic disease induced by gene-environment interactions by maintenance of the anti-aging genes connected to the metabolism of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, drugs and xenobiotics. Interventions to the aging process involve early calorie restriction with appetite regulation connected to appropriate genetic mechanisms that involve mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA repair in neurons. In the aging process as the anti-aging genes are suppressed as a result of transcriptional dysregulation chronic disease accelerations and connected to insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Interests in the gene-environment interaction indicate that the anti-aging gene Sirt 1that regulates food intake has been repressed early in the aging process in various global populations. The connections between Sirt 1 and other anti-aging genes such as Klotho, p66Shc (longevity protein) and Forkhead box proteins (FOXO1/ FOXO3a) have been associated with programmed cell death and alterations in these anti-aging genesregulate glucose, lipid and amyloid beta metabolism that are important to various chronic diseases.展开更多
Breakfast is considered an important meal for daily appetite control. We examined the effect of high-protein breakfasts on within-day appetite sensations and subsequent ad libitum intake, in men and women. Twenty subj...Breakfast is considered an important meal for daily appetite control. We examined the effect of high-protein breakfasts on within-day appetite sensations and subsequent ad libitum intake, in men and women. Twenty subjects attended on 4 occasions, to consume in a randomised order high-protein (30% energy) breakfast meals, as, 1) maintenance (MTD) fed to energy requirements (2.67 MJ), 2) a weight-loss (WL) bacon-based meal breakfast (WL-B, 2.13 MJ), 3) a WL-chicken salad (WL-CS, 2.13 MJ) and 4) a WL-smoothie (WL-S, 2.08 MJ). The 3 HP-WL breakfasts elicited differences in hunger (p = 0.007), fullness (p = 0.029), desire to eat (p = 0.006) and prospective consumption (p = 0.020). The WL-B meal reduced hunger (p = 0.002) and enhanced fullness (p = 0.02), compared with the two other WL breakfasts. Although these differences were not reflected in ad libitum energy intake later in the day, a HP breakfast can modify morning satiety, which is important during dieting.展开更多
This study explored associations between children’s appetites and maternal feeding practices. The participants, 614 parents of 3- to 6-year-old children from kindergartens in Tokyo, Japan, completed self-administered...This study explored associations between children’s appetites and maternal feeding practices. The participants, 614 parents of 3- to 6-year-old children from kindergartens in Tokyo, Japan, completed self-administered questionnaires. The children’s appetites were measured using the Enjoyment of Food (EF) and Food Responsiveness (FR) scales of the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Using cluster analysis, we examined three appetite patterns (“both low,” “high EF and low FR,” and “both high”). The three appetite patterns were associated with children’s obesity index. The “both low” pattern was associated with the highest maternal pressure to eat. The “high EF and low FR” patterns were related to an established snack time. The “both high” pattern was associated with higher maternal instrumental feeding compared with the “high EF and low FR” types. The results of this study will facilitate the development of targeted interventions and better parental guidance on maternal feeding practices and their association with children’s eating behaviours.展开更多
Environmental factors such as stress, anxiety and depression are important to consider with the global increase in chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stroke, obesity, diabetes and neurodegenerat...Environmental factors such as stress, anxiety and depression are important to consider with the global increase in chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stroke, obesity, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain metabolic diseases associated with conditions such as obesity and diabetes require early intervention with diet, lifestyle and drug therapy to prevent diseases to various organs such as the liver with non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and other organs such as the heart, lungs thyroid, pancreas, brain, kidneys and reproductive systems. Behavioural stress and the molecular mechanisms that are involved in neuroendocrine diseases such as insulin resistance in obesity require attention since associated inflammatory processes early in the disease process have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Molecular neuroendocrine disturbances that cause appetite dysregulation and hyperphagia are closely linked to hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidaemia and reduced lifespan. The origins of metabolic diseases that afflict various organs possibly arise from hypothalamic disturbances with loss of control of peripheral endocrine hormones and neuropeptides released from the brain. Diet and drug therapies that are directed to the autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine and limbic systems may help regulate and integrate leptin and insulin signals involving various neuropeptides associated with chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. The understanding of brain circuits and stabilization of neuroanatomical structures in the brain is currently under investigation. Research that is involved in the understanding of diet and drugs in the stabilization of brain structures such as frontostriatal limbic circuits, hypothalamus brainstem circuits and parasympathetic nervous system is required. Information related to neuropeptides and neurotransmitters that are released from the brain and their regulation by therapeutic drugs requires further assessment. The promise of appropriate diets, lifestyle and drugs that target the CNS and peripheral tissues such as the adipose tissue, liver and pancreas may improve the prognosis of chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes that are also closely associated with neurodegeneration.展开更多
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary pyridoxine on the gene expression of appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract of rabbits. Thirty-two rabbits were ran...An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary pyridoxine on the gene expression of appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract of rabbits. Thirty-two rabbits were randomly divided into 2 treatments for 8 weeks (16 replicates/group and 1 rabbit/replicate). The treatments were fed a basal diet (control, measured pyridoxine content is 4.51 mg/kg) and the basal diet with a pyridoxine supplementation at 10 mg/kg (pyridoxine, measured pyridoxine content is 14.64 mg/kg). The results showed that dietary pyridoxine did not significantly alter the mRNA levels of neuropeptide Y, agouti related peptide, pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine, amphetamine regulated transcript, peptide YY and cholecystokinin in arcuate nucleus, peptide YY in jejunum and ileum, and cholecystokinin in duodenum, jejunum and ileum (P > 0.05). Compared with the control, the mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone and melanocortin 4 receptor in paraventricular nuclei and peptide YY in duodenum were significantly decreased after pyridoxine treatment (P 0.05). In conclusion, the appetite genes of melanocortin 4 receptor and corticotropin-releasing hormone in paraventricular nuclei and peptide YY in duodenum are involved in the pyridoxine-caused hyperphagia.展开更多
Aim To investigate the effects of astragaloside IV （ASI） on high-fat diet （HFD） induced obese mice. Methods The male mice aged 6 weeks were randomly divided into three groups （u- 18/group）, namely control group,...Aim To investigate the effects of astragaloside IV （ASI） on high-fat diet （HFD） induced obese mice. Methods The male mice aged 6 weeks were randomly divided into three groups （u- 18/group）, namely control group, model group and ASI-treated group. Control group were fed with standard diet, whereas the other two groups were given high fat diet. ASI-treated mice were daily intraperitoneally injected with ASI （25 nag · kg^-1）. Mean- while, the other group mice were treated with saline. Body weight of mice was monitored every week and lasted for 13 weeks. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride content were measured with respective kits. Serum leptin level was deter- mined by ELISA kit. Expression of leptin receptor in hypothalamus was measured by Western blot assay. Gene ex- pression of neuropeptide Y （NPY） and agouti-related protein （AGRP） in hypothalamus was detected by qPCR assay. In addition, leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice were given intraperitoneally with ASI （25 mg ~ kg-1） or saline for 13 weeks （u- 8/group）. Results ASI blocked body weight gain, suppressed appetite, improved leptin resistance, lowered serum triacylglycerol （TG） and total cholesterol （TC） contents, reduced accumulation of fat tissues and pre- vented enlargement of adipose cells in HFD fed mice. Furthermore, ASI increased the protein expression level of lep- tin receptor in hypothalamus, and inhibited the mRNA expression levels of NPY and AGRP. However, ASI could not decrease body gain in leptin receptor - deficient db/db mice as well as the mRNA expression levels of NPY and AGRP. Conclusion The study suggested that ASI could efficiently prevent HFD-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice,which was partially mediated through enhancing leptin signaling transduction.展开更多
Since Markowitz proposed modern portfolio theory,portfolio optimization has been being a classic topic in financial engineering.Although it is generally accepted that options help to improve the market,there is still ...Since Markowitz proposed modern portfolio theory,portfolio optimization has been being a classic topic in financial engineering.Although it is generally accepted that options help to improve the market,there is still an improvement for the portrayal of their unique properties in portfolio problems.In this paper,an intelligent option portfolio model is developed that allows selling options contracts to earn option fees and considers the high leverage of options in the market.Deep learning methods are used to predict the forward price of the underlying asset,making the model smarter.It can find an optimal option portfolio that maximizes the final wealth among the call and put options with multiple strike prices.We use the duality theory to analyze the marginal contribution of initial assets,risk tolerance limit,and portfolio leverage limit for the final wealth.The leverage limit of the option portfolio has a significant impact on the return.To satisfy the investors with different risk preferences,we also give the conditions for the option portfolio to gain a risk-free return and replace the Conditional Value-at-Risk.Numerical experiments demonstrate that the intelligent option portfolio model obtains a satisfactory out-of-sample return,which is significantly positively correlated with the volatility of the underlying asset and negatively correlated with the forecast error of the forward price.The risk-free option model is effective in achieving the goal of no drawdown and gaining satisfactory returns.Investors can adjust the balance point between returns and risks according to their risk preference.展开更多
Background: It is not known whether plasma amino acids levels are different between young and old men in Japan. No research has been reported about changes in plasma levels of amino acids after the administration of g...Background: It is not known whether plasma amino acids levels are different between young and old men in Japan. No research has been reported about changes in plasma levels of amino acids after the administration of glucose or sucrose to young and aged men. Objective: We want to know whether there are age differences in plasma levels of amino acids and if the administration of glucose or sucrose influences their levels. Results: Old people had lower plasma levels of most of amino acids, especially essential and branched-chain amino acids than young men. Plasma levels of amino acids were measured after the administration of 50 grams of glucose or sucrose to young (18 - 22 years old) and aged (≥50 years old) male adults. Plasma levels of total amino acids decreased after the administration of glucose. Decrease in the total amino acid levels was significant in aged men after the administration of sucrose. A significant decrease in plasma levels of total non-essential amino acids was observed at 120 min after the administration of glucose but not sucrose in both aged and young men. Both glucose and sucrose administrations resulted in a significant decrease in the plasma levels of the total essential amino acid levels and branched amino acids in young and aged men. Conclusion: These results suggest that there are age differences in plasma levels of amino acids. Upon the administration of glucose or sucrose amino acids, particularly essential amino acids, decreased in plasma. These amino acids may be transported from the blood soon after the administration of sugar (glucose or sucrose) to the tissues, such as muscles, possibly due to an increase in the insulin levels.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072486,31971424,and 31572314).
文摘The biogenic amine octopamine(OA,invertebrate counterpart of nora-drenaline)plays critical roles in the regulation of olfactory behavior.Historically,OA has been thought to mediate appetitive but not aversive learning in honeybees,fruit flies(Drosophila),and crickets.However,this viewpoint has recently been challenged because OA activity through aβ-adrenergic-like receptor drives both appetitive and aversive learn-ing.Here,we explored the roles of OA neurons in olfactory learning and memory retrieval in Bactrocera dorsalis.We trained flies to associate an orange odor with a sucrose reward or to associate methyl eugenol,a male lure,with N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide(DEET)punishment.We then treated flies with OA receptor antagonists before appetitive or aversive conditioning and a memory retention test.Injection of OA receptor antagonist mianserin or epinastine into the abdomen of flies led to impaired of appetitive learning and memory retention with a sucrose reward,while aversive learning and memory reten-tion with DEET punishment remained intact.Our results suggest that the OA signaling participates in appetitive but not aversive learning and memory retrieval in B.dorsalis through OA receptors.
文摘BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)recurrence within a year post-surgery poses significant challenges for stage II/III patients.Few models currently predict this early recu-rrence with multi-dimensional considerations for risk stratification.AIM To develop a model for predicting the risk of recurrence within one year after sur-gery in patients with stage II/III CRC.METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study at Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine,including 349 stage II/III CRC patients.Clinical data were collected,and the dataset was randomly divided into training(n=244)and testing(n=105)sets.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified risk factors for postoperative recurrence.Then a nomogram model was constructed and evaluated via receiver operating characteristic curves,calibration curves and decision curve analysis.RESULTS During the one-year follow-up,10.9%(38/349)of patients experienced recurrence.Univariate analysis identified tumor size,lymph node metastasis(N2 stage),neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,fatigue,and appetite loss as significant correlates of recurrence.Multivariate logistic regression con-firmed N2 stage,appetite loss,tumor size,and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as independent risk factors.The nomogram model showed excellent performance.The area under the receiver operating characteristic was 0.98(95%confidence interval:0.97-1.00)in training set and 0.91(95%confidence interval:0.84-0.97)in testing set.The decision curve analysis curves showed strong concordance between predicted and observed recurrence probabilities.CONCLUSION The model effectively predicts early postoperative recurrence in stage II/III CRC,integrating clinical,inflam-matory,and symptomatic factors.
基金supported by the Basic Research Project of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department(202201AT070262)the Project of Yunnan Province Food and Drug Homologous Resources Functional Food Innovation Team(A3032023057)+1 种基金the Yunnan Province Ten Thousand Plan Industrial Technology Talents Project(YNWR-CYJS-2020-010)the Yunnan Province-City Integration Project(202302 AN360002).
文摘Obesity has brought great challenges to global human health,and how to effectively prevent and control the occurrence and development of obesity has become an urgent problem.The role and mechanism of 4-[(α-Lrhamnosyloxy)benzyl]isothiocyanate(MITC),an active ingredient of Moringa oleifera Lam.,in the regulation of lipid metabolism have not been comprehensively investigated.In the present study,we investigated the mechanism of MITC in inhibiting lipid accumulation in mice fed with a high-fat diet(HFD)in terms of both lipolysis and central appetite regulation mediated by the gut microbe-gut-brain axis.MITC enhanced the characteristic indices associated with HFD mice and also promoted adipocytolysis and brown fat thermogenesis.Moreover,MITC was observed to improve leptin resistance,modulate the composition of gut microbiota such as Ruminococcaceae,Parasutterella,and Acetatifactor,promote 5-hydroxytryptamine secretion,further enhance the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine(PYY)to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)signaling in the hypothalamus,and modulate feeding behavior to inhibit lipid accumulation in HFD mice.These data suggest that MITC supplementation can help to alleviate obesity or obesity-related diseases.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81804180)。
文摘Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.Obesity is associated with numerous pathological changes including insulin resistance,fatty liver,hyperlipidemias,and other obesity-related diseases.These comorbidities comprise a significant public health threat.Existing anti-obesity drugs have been limited by side effects that include depression,suicidal thoughts,cardiovascular complications and stroke.Acupuncture treatment has been shown to be effective for treating obesity and obesity-related conditions,while avoiding side effects.However,the mechanisms of acupuncture in treating obesity-related diseases,especially its effect on neural circuits,are not well understood.A growing body of research has studied acupuncture’s effects on the endocrine system and other mechanisms related to the regulation of neural circuits.In this article,recent research that was relevant to the use of acupuncture to treat obesity and obesity-related diseases through the neuroendocrine system,as well as some neural circuits involved,was summarized.Based on this,acupuncture’s potential ability to regulate neural circuits and its mechanisms of action in the endocrine system were reviewed,leading to a deeper mechanistic understanding of acupuncture’s effects and providing insight and direction for future research about obesity.
基金Shanghai Municipal Administrator of Traditional Chinese Medicine-funded Project:Ding’s Clinical Medicine Huang Wendong Base Li Dongyuan"Yin Fire"Theory Inheritance and Innovation Team (No. 2021LPTD-009)。
文摘OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Buzhongyiqi pills(BZYQP, 补中益气丸) in improving the appetite of patients with colorectal cancer(CRC) receiving chemotherapy. TRIAL DESIGN: A pilot, randomized, single-blind crossover clinical trial was conducted on diagnosed stage II-IV CRC patients receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to either the BZYQP-placebo or placebo-BZYQP groups. The BZYQP-placebo group received BZYQP for 1-2 d before the first cycle of chemotherapy and continued until the end of the third cycle. A 7-day washout followed, after which they received a placebo until the end of the sixth cycle. The placebo-BZYQP group followed the opposite treatment order. The oral dose of BZYQP and placebo was ten pills three times daily. A total of 12 visit points were scheduled in this study, with each visit point carried out before and after each of the six cycles of chemotherapy. The Simplified Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire(SNAQ), the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire(EORTC QLQ-C30, version 3.0), and the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events(CTCAE, V5.0) were used to evaluate patient appetite, quality of life, and drug safety. RESULTS: Totally 62 patients completed the study, and baseline characteristics were balanced between the BZYQP-placebo and placebo-BZYQP groups. The primary outcome, as assessed by SNAQ scores, demonstrates a statistically significant difference between the two groups during the first three cycles of chemotherapy, with the mean SNAQ score of the BZYQP-placebo group consistently higher than that of the placebo-BZYQP group from V1(P < 0.001). After the washout period, the SNAQ score of the BZYQP-placebo group decreased from V7, and the difference in SNAQ scores between the two groups gradually became more significant after the intersection at V9. Secondary outcomes showed that during the first three cycles of chemotherapy, the BZYQP-placebo group had significantly lower scores in physical, role, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning domains, as well as in fatigue, loss of appetite, and diarrhea symptoms, compared to the placebo-BZYQP group(P < 0.001). Scores for physical, role, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning in the BZYQP-placebo group remained lower(P < 0.05) at V11. The chemotherapy-induced adverse events(AEs) in the BZYQP-placebo group were significantly lower than those in the placebo-BZYQP group at V5, mainly in nausea and vomiting(9.1% vs 62.1%, P < 0.001), diarrhea(12.1% vs 44.8%, P = 0.004), and anemia(15.2% vs 41.4%, P = 0.021). No drugrelated events were reported in this study. CONCLUSION: BZYQP is feasible and safe to effectively improve the appetite of patients with CRC receiving chemotherapy and help them with better quality of life.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research&Innovation,Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia,for funding this research work through project number ISP23-82.
文摘Background:Chewing Khat(Catha edulis)releases cathine and cathinone,which may reduce appetite via an unknown mechanism.This study investigated the peripheral and central effects of fresh leaves and buds of Catha edulis water extract(CEWE)on appetite biomarkers,gene expression,and body weight,using in vivo,ex vivo,and in silico models.Methods:Rats of both sexes were orally administered CEWE at different doses and durations in three different experiments.Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy(LC-MS)-MS was used to detect cathinone and cathine in the murine blood.The effect of Khat on serotonin receptors was studied in isolated rat fundus samples.Docking of the two Khat ligands was performed on G(The 5-hydroxytryptamine-type 2C receptor(5-HT2C)in an agonist-bound active conformation)and H(5-HT2C in an antagonist-bound inactive conformation)proteins to determine which ligands are most likely to act as agonists or antagonists.Results:Significant differences(P<0.05)in body weight were observed between the CEWE-treated groups and the controls over eight weeks.However,the plasma leptin and ghrelin levels did not change significantly(P>0.05).The expression of the ghrelin and leptin genes was also unaffected,but the expression of the 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)gene decreased(P<0.05)with CEWE treatment.CEWE antagonizes 5-HT receptors in isolated rat fundus samples.Docking findings indicated that the khat ligands bound to 5-HT2C receptors.Cathine and cathinone levels in rat plasma were measured.Conclusion:Khat extract may suppress appetite by antagonizing the 5-HT receptors.Further research is required to understand its mechanism and potential applications.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31201985)the National Key Technology R&D Program(2012BAD26B03)~~
文摘Feeding habit which is regulated by many factors including the intrinsic and external factors, such as appetite, structure of the digestive tract and feed palatability, is an important content in the study of genetic improvement. The genetic regulation is one of the major parts among the researches. This research reported the progress of the polymorphism of genes associated with appetite and its correla- tion with feeding habits, and summarized the studies on improvements of fish feed- ing and protein sources of the artificial feeding in order to provide theoretic basis for cultivating the improved varieties in feeding habit.
文摘Predatory hunting is an important type of innate behavior evolutionarily conserved across the animal king-dom.It is typically composed of a set of sequential actions,including prey search,pursuit,attack,and consumption.This behavior is subject to control by the nervous system.Early studies used toads as a model to probe the neuroethology of hunting,which led to the proposal of a sensory-triggered release mechanism for hunting actions.More recent stud-ies have used genetically-trackable zebrafish and rodents and have made breakthrough discoveries in the neuroethol-ogy and neurocircuits underlying this behavior.Here,we review the sophisticated neurocircuitry involved in hunting and summarize the detailed mechanism for the circuitry to encode various aspects of hunting neuroethology,including sensory processing,sensorimotor transformation,motivation,and sequential encoding of hunting actions.We also discuss the overlapping brain circuits for hunting and feeding and point out the limitations of current studies.We propose that hunting is an ideal behavioral paradigm in which to study the neuroethology of motivated behaviors,which may shed new light on epidemic disorders,including bingeeating,obesity,and obsessive-compulsive disorders.
文摘There is emerging evidence implicating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in reward, including palatable food reinforcement and alcohol-based reward circuitry. While recent findings suggest that mesolimbic structures, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), are critical anatomical sites mediating the role of GLP-1’s inhibitory actions, the present study focused on the potential novel impact of GLP-1 within the habenula, a region of the forebrain expressing GLP-1 receptors. Given that the habenula has also been implicated in the neural control of reward and reinforcement, we hypothesized that this brain region, like the VTA and NAc, might mediate the anhedonic effects of GLP-1. Rats were stereotaxically implanted with guide cannula targeting the habenula and trained on a progressive ratio 3 (PR3) schedule of reinforcement. Separate rats were trained on an alcohol two-bottle choice paradigm with intermittent access. The GLP-1 agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4) was administered directly into the habenula to determine the effects on operant responding for palatable food as well as alcohol intake. Our results indicated that Ex-4 reliably suppressed PR3 responding and that this effect was dose-dependent. A similar suppressive effect on alcohol consumption was observed. These findings provide initial and compelling evidence that the habenula may mediate the inhibitory action of GLP-1 on reward, including operant and drug reward. Our findings further suggest that GLP-1 receptor mechanisms outside of the midbrain and ventral striatum are critically involved in brain reward neurotransmission.
基金Supported by The Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrdet: K2008-58X-20693-01-4)Novo Nordisk Foundation (SL), National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Project No. 488811) and a Queensland Government Smart Futures Fellowship (PLJ)
文摘Ghrelin is predominantly produced by the gastric enteroendocrine cell compartment and is octanoylated by the recently discovered ghrelin o-acyltransferase （GOAT） before secretion into the bloodstream. This octanoylation is essential for many of the biological properties of ghrelin including appetite stimulation and anti-inflammatory properties as only the acylated form of ghrelin binds to the ghrelin receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor （GHS-R）. Given the gastric location of ghrelin production, it is perhaps not surprising that insult to the gastric mucosa affects circulating ghrelin levels in humans. Helicobacter pylori （H. pylon） infects more than fifty percent of the world＇s population and once established within the gastric mucosa, can persist for life. Infection is associated with chronic gastritis, gastric atrophy and ulceration, reduced appetite and a lower body mass index （BMI）. The large majority of studies investigating levels of circulating ghrelin and ghrelin expression in the stomach in patients with H. pylori infection indicate that the bacterium has a negative impact on ghrelin production and/or secretion. Eradication of infection restores ghrelin, improves appetite and increases BMI in some studies, however, a causative relationship between H. pylori-associated serum ghrelin decline and food intake and obesity has not been established. Most studies measure total ghrelin in the circulation although the measurement of the ratio of acyl/total ghrelin gives a clearer indication that the ghrelin acylation process is altered during infection and atrophy. GOAT is essential for the production of biologically-active, acyl ghrelin and the impact of H. pylori on GOAT expression and activity will be highly informative in the future.
文摘AIM: To investigate changes in serum ghrelin and obestatin levels before and after Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) eradication. METHODS: A total of 92 patients presenting with symptoms of dyspepsia were enrolled in the study. Upper endoscopy was performed on all patients and used to diagnose H. pylori infection according to the presence of characteristic histopathological findings; seventy patients were diagnosed with H. pylori infection and the remaining 22 non-infected patients were classified as healthy controls. H. pylori eradication was accomplished by administering the classical triple therapy drug regimen, consisting of lansoprazole 30 mg bid , amoxicillin 1 g bid , and clarithromycin 500 mg tid for 14 d. The eradication of H. pylori was assessed with C14-urea breath test, which was performed at eight weeks after treatment. Levels of serum active ghrelin and obestatin were assessed at beginning of the study (prior to treatment) and after eight weeks. The levels were comparatively analyzed between the H. pylori negative control group, the H. pylori eradicated group, and the H. pylori non-eradicated group. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients, 50 females and 42 males with a mean age of 38.2 ± 11.9 years (range: 19-64), were analyzed. H. pylori eradication success was achieved in 74.3% (52/70) of H. pylori positive patients. The initial levels of ghrelin in the H. pylori positive and control cases were 63.6 ± 19.8 pg/mL and 65.1 ± 19.2 pg/mL (P=0.78), respectively, and initial obestatin levels were 771±427 pg/mL and 830 ± 296 pg/mL (P=0.19), respectively. The difference between the initial levels and the week 8 levels of ghrelin and obestatin in the control group was insignificant [4.5% (P=0.30) and -0.9% (P=0.65), respectively]. The difference between the initial and week 8 levels of ghrelin and obestatin in the H. pylori non-eradicated group were also insignificant [0.9% (P=0.64) and 5.3% (P=0.32), respectively]. The H. pylori eradicated group had a greater change in obestatin levels when compared to the control and the non-eradicated groups (148 ± 381 pg/mL vs -12±138 pg/mL and -72.8±203 pg/mL, respectively, P=0.015), while decreases in ghrelin levels were insignificant (-7.2 pg/mL vs -1.4 pg/mL and -1.9 pg/mL, respectively, P=0.52). The ghrelin/obestatin ratio for the initial and week 8 levels changed significantly in only the H. pylori eradicated group (0.11 vs 0.08, respectively, P=0.015). For overweight patients (as designated by body mass index), we observed significant increases in obestatin levels in the eradicated group as compared to non-eradicated group (201 ± 458 pg/mL vs -5 ± 81 pg/mL, respectively, P=0.02). In the H. pylori-eradicated group, the levels did not differ between the sexes for ghrelin (-6.3 ± 26.9 pg/mL vs -8.0 ± 24.0 pg/mL, respectively, P=0.97) or obestatin (210 ± 390 pg/mL vs 96 ± 372 pg/mL, respectively, P=0.23).CONCLUSION: Serum levels of ghrelin decreased while obestatin levels increased in H. pylori eradicated subjects, especially in overweight and male patients.
基金supported by the Consejo Superior de Deportes-High Council for Sports in Spain (CSD-089/ UPB10/11)grant from the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, Spain (AP20105476)
文摘Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effects of a 3-month vigorous physical activity(VPA) intervention on eating behavior and body composition in overweight and obese children and adolescents.Methods: Forty-seven participants(7–16 years) took part in the study: 28 were assigned to the intervention group(IG)(10 boys and 18 girls) and19 in a control group(CG)(8 boys and 11 girls). Body composition(dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), anthropometrics(body mass, height, and body mass index(BMI)), and eating behavior traits(Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21 C) were determined before and after the VPA intervention.Results: A decrease in the percentage of body fat and BMI(-2.8% and-1.8%, respectively), and an increase in most lean mass variables were found in the IG(all p ≤ 0.05). In relation to the eating behavior traits, IG subjects showed a 14% reduction in the Emotional Eating score(p = 0.04),while Cognitive Restraint score did not change after the VPA intervention. The baseline factors of the questionnaire predicted changes in body mass and fat mass variables only in the CG.Conclusion: A 3-month VPA intervention influenced eating behaviors of overweight or obese young, especially the Emotional Eating factor, in the presence of favorable body composition changes.
文摘Appetite regulation by nutritional intervention is required early in life that involves the anti-aging gene Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) with Sirt 1 maintenance of other cellular anti-aging genes involved in cell circadian rhythm, senescence and apoptosis. Interests in anti-aging therapy with appetite regulation improve an individual’s survival to metabolic disease induced by gene-environment interactions by maintenance of the anti-aging genes connected to the metabolism of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, drugs and xenobiotics. Interventions to the aging process involve early calorie restriction with appetite regulation connected to appropriate genetic mechanisms that involve mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA repair in neurons. In the aging process as the anti-aging genes are suppressed as a result of transcriptional dysregulation chronic disease accelerations and connected to insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Interests in the gene-environment interaction indicate that the anti-aging gene Sirt 1that regulates food intake has been repressed early in the aging process in various global populations. The connections between Sirt 1 and other anti-aging genes such as Klotho, p66Shc (longevity protein) and Forkhead box proteins (FOXO1/ FOXO3a) have been associated with programmed cell death and alterations in these anti-aging genesregulate glucose, lipid and amyloid beta metabolism that are important to various chronic diseases.
文摘Breakfast is considered an important meal for daily appetite control. We examined the effect of high-protein breakfasts on within-day appetite sensations and subsequent ad libitum intake, in men and women. Twenty subjects attended on 4 occasions, to consume in a randomised order high-protein (30% energy) breakfast meals, as, 1) maintenance (MTD) fed to energy requirements (2.67 MJ), 2) a weight-loss (WL) bacon-based meal breakfast (WL-B, 2.13 MJ), 3) a WL-chicken salad (WL-CS, 2.13 MJ) and 4) a WL-smoothie (WL-S, 2.08 MJ). The 3 HP-WL breakfasts elicited differences in hunger (p = 0.007), fullness (p = 0.029), desire to eat (p = 0.006) and prospective consumption (p = 0.020). The WL-B meal reduced hunger (p = 0.002) and enhanced fullness (p = 0.02), compared with the two other WL breakfasts. Although these differences were not reflected in ad libitum energy intake later in the day, a HP breakfast can modify morning satiety, which is important during dieting.
文摘This study explored associations between children’s appetites and maternal feeding practices. The participants, 614 parents of 3- to 6-year-old children from kindergartens in Tokyo, Japan, completed self-administered questionnaires. The children’s appetites were measured using the Enjoyment of Food (EF) and Food Responsiveness (FR) scales of the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Using cluster analysis, we examined three appetite patterns (“both low,” “high EF and low FR,” and “both high”). The three appetite patterns were associated with children’s obesity index. The “both low” pattern was associated with the highest maternal pressure to eat. The “high EF and low FR” patterns were related to an established snack time. The “both high” pattern was associated with higher maternal instrumental feeding compared with the “high EF and low FR” types. The results of this study will facilitate the development of targeted interventions and better parental guidance on maternal feeding practices and their association with children’s eating behaviours.
文摘Environmental factors such as stress, anxiety and depression are important to consider with the global increase in chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stroke, obesity, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain metabolic diseases associated with conditions such as obesity and diabetes require early intervention with diet, lifestyle and drug therapy to prevent diseases to various organs such as the liver with non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and other organs such as the heart, lungs thyroid, pancreas, brain, kidneys and reproductive systems. Behavioural stress and the molecular mechanisms that are involved in neuroendocrine diseases such as insulin resistance in obesity require attention since associated inflammatory processes early in the disease process have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Molecular neuroendocrine disturbances that cause appetite dysregulation and hyperphagia are closely linked to hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidaemia and reduced lifespan. The origins of metabolic diseases that afflict various organs possibly arise from hypothalamic disturbances with loss of control of peripheral endocrine hormones and neuropeptides released from the brain. Diet and drug therapies that are directed to the autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine and limbic systems may help regulate and integrate leptin and insulin signals involving various neuropeptides associated with chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. The understanding of brain circuits and stabilization of neuroanatomical structures in the brain is currently under investigation. Research that is involved in the understanding of diet and drugs in the stabilization of brain structures such as frontostriatal limbic circuits, hypothalamus brainstem circuits and parasympathetic nervous system is required. Information related to neuropeptides and neurotransmitters that are released from the brain and their regulation by therapeutic drugs requires further assessment. The promise of appropriate diets, lifestyle and drugs that target the CNS and peripheral tissues such as the adipose tissue, liver and pancreas may improve the prognosis of chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes that are also closely associated with neurodegeneration.
文摘An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary pyridoxine on the gene expression of appetite-regulating peptides in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract of rabbits. Thirty-two rabbits were randomly divided into 2 treatments for 8 weeks (16 replicates/group and 1 rabbit/replicate). The treatments were fed a basal diet (control, measured pyridoxine content is 4.51 mg/kg) and the basal diet with a pyridoxine supplementation at 10 mg/kg (pyridoxine, measured pyridoxine content is 14.64 mg/kg). The results showed that dietary pyridoxine did not significantly alter the mRNA levels of neuropeptide Y, agouti related peptide, pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine, amphetamine regulated transcript, peptide YY and cholecystokinin in arcuate nucleus, peptide YY in jejunum and ileum, and cholecystokinin in duodenum, jejunum and ileum (P > 0.05). Compared with the control, the mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone and melanocortin 4 receptor in paraventricular nuclei and peptide YY in duodenum were significantly decreased after pyridoxine treatment (P 0.05). In conclusion, the appetite genes of melanocortin 4 receptor and corticotropin-releasing hormone in paraventricular nuclei and peptide YY in duodenum are involved in the pyridoxine-caused hyperphagia.
文摘Aim To investigate the effects of astragaloside IV （ASI） on high-fat diet （HFD） induced obese mice. Methods The male mice aged 6 weeks were randomly divided into three groups （u- 18/group）, namely control group, model group and ASI-treated group. Control group were fed with standard diet, whereas the other two groups were given high fat diet. ASI-treated mice were daily intraperitoneally injected with ASI （25 nag · kg^-1）. Mean- while, the other group mice were treated with saline. Body weight of mice was monitored every week and lasted for 13 weeks. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride content were measured with respective kits. Serum leptin level was deter- mined by ELISA kit. Expression of leptin receptor in hypothalamus was measured by Western blot assay. Gene ex- pression of neuropeptide Y （NPY） and agouti-related protein （AGRP） in hypothalamus was detected by qPCR assay. In addition, leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice were given intraperitoneally with ASI （25 mg ~ kg-1） or saline for 13 weeks （u- 8/group）. Results ASI blocked body weight gain, suppressed appetite, improved leptin resistance, lowered serum triacylglycerol （TG） and total cholesterol （TC） contents, reduced accumulation of fat tissues and pre- vented enlargement of adipose cells in HFD fed mice. Furthermore, ASI increased the protein expression level of lep- tin receptor in hypothalamus, and inhibited the mRNA expression levels of NPY and AGRP. However, ASI could not decrease body gain in leptin receptor - deficient db/db mice as well as the mRNA expression levels of NPY and AGRP. Conclusion The study suggested that ASI could efficiently prevent HFD-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice,which was partially mediated through enhancing leptin signaling transduction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11631013,11571271,11971372).
文摘Since Markowitz proposed modern portfolio theory,portfolio optimization has been being a classic topic in financial engineering.Although it is generally accepted that options help to improve the market,there is still an improvement for the portrayal of their unique properties in portfolio problems.In this paper,an intelligent option portfolio model is developed that allows selling options contracts to earn option fees and considers the high leverage of options in the market.Deep learning methods are used to predict the forward price of the underlying asset,making the model smarter.It can find an optimal option portfolio that maximizes the final wealth among the call and put options with multiple strike prices.We use the duality theory to analyze the marginal contribution of initial assets,risk tolerance limit,and portfolio leverage limit for the final wealth.The leverage limit of the option portfolio has a significant impact on the return.To satisfy the investors with different risk preferences,we also give the conditions for the option portfolio to gain a risk-free return and replace the Conditional Value-at-Risk.Numerical experiments demonstrate that the intelligent option portfolio model obtains a satisfactory out-of-sample return,which is significantly positively correlated with the volatility of the underlying asset and negatively correlated with the forecast error of the forward price.The risk-free option model is effective in achieving the goal of no drawdown and gaining satisfactory returns.Investors can adjust the balance point between returns and risks according to their risk preference.
文摘Background: It is not known whether plasma amino acids levels are different between young and old men in Japan. No research has been reported about changes in plasma levels of amino acids after the administration of glucose or sucrose to young and aged men. Objective: We want to know whether there are age differences in plasma levels of amino acids and if the administration of glucose or sucrose influences their levels. Results: Old people had lower plasma levels of most of amino acids, especially essential and branched-chain amino acids than young men. Plasma levels of amino acids were measured after the administration of 50 grams of glucose or sucrose to young (18 - 22 years old) and aged (≥50 years old) male adults. Plasma levels of total amino acids decreased after the administration of glucose. Decrease in the total amino acid levels was significant in aged men after the administration of sucrose. A significant decrease in plasma levels of total non-essential amino acids was observed at 120 min after the administration of glucose but not sucrose in both aged and young men. Both glucose and sucrose administrations resulted in a significant decrease in the plasma levels of the total essential amino acid levels and branched amino acids in young and aged men. Conclusion: These results suggest that there are age differences in plasma levels of amino acids. Upon the administration of glucose or sucrose amino acids, particularly essential amino acids, decreased in plasma. These amino acids may be transported from the blood soon after the administration of sugar (glucose or sucrose) to the tissues, such as muscles, possibly due to an increase in the insulin levels.
