线性雪崩光电二极管(Avalanche photodiode,APD)焦平面红外探测器有着广泛应用场景,APD探测器耦合具有多种模式的读出电路可在有限像元面积内实现多模式探测,提升探测系统集成度。本文设计了一种具有红外热成像模式、门控3D成像模式、...线性雪崩光电二极管(Avalanche photodiode,APD)焦平面红外探测器有着广泛应用场景,APD探测器耦合具有多种模式的读出电路可在有限像元面积内实现多模式探测,提升探测系统集成度。本文设计了一种具有红外热成像模式、门控3D成像模式、激光测距模式和异步激光脉冲探测模式的APD读出电路,四种模式复用输入级电路。通过Krummenacher结构抑制背景辐射影响,扩展了光子飞行时间探测范围;提出一种改进型时刻鉴别电路,通过减小时刻鉴别误差提升距离测量精度。读出电路采用0.18μm 3.3 V CMOS工艺设计,阵列规模128×128、像元中心距30μm,最大电荷容量3.74 Me^(-)。仿真结果表明,激光测距模式,在积分电容13 f F、背景电流1~150 nA条件下,背景电流响应幅值≤1.35 m V,远小于激光响应电流500 nA时280 m V的响应幅值;异步激光脉冲探测模式的幅值灵敏度约110 nA、脉宽灵敏度约4 ns;改进型时刻鉴别电路对于150~500 nA的激光脉冲响应,时刻鉴别误差约4 ns。本文设计的多模式复用APD读出电路具有一定工程应用价值。展开更多
为了满足无人机群、光计算、激光成像等领域的灵敏探测需求,我们提出并设计了一种高增益低噪声的多通道雪崩光电二极管(Avalanche photodiode, APD)探测器。研究采用了多通道并行设计,每个通道独立工作以降低串扰研究,并集成了跨阻放大...为了满足无人机群、光计算、激光成像等领域的灵敏探测需求,我们提出并设计了一种高增益低噪声的多通道雪崩光电二极管(Avalanche photodiode, APD)探测器。研究采用了多通道并行设计,每个通道独立工作以降低串扰研究,并集成了跨阻放大、高压偏置和噪声滤波等模块,实现了对微弱光信号的高灵敏度同时捕获。我们通过分析APD电流与倍增因子的变化,探究其最佳工作电压范围,最终获得了九通道APD探测器的最大响应度为1.3 × 107 V/W,最小可探测光功率低至5 nW。每路探测器的响应度一致性较高,单路探测在5~50 nW范围内线性相关系数为0.997,可满足高性能光学伊辛机等应用的需求。In order to meet the sensitive detection requirements in the fields of UAV swarm, optical computing, and laser imaging, we propose and design a high-gain and low-noise multi-channel avalanche photodiode (APD) detector. The study employs a multichannel parallel design, where each channel operates independently to reduce crosstalk studies, and integrates modules such as transimpedance amplification, high-voltage biasing, and noise filtering to achieve highly sensitive simultaneous capture of weak optical signals. We analyzed the variation of APD current and multiplication factor to explore its optimal operating voltage range, and finally obtained the average responsivity of the nine-channel APD detector to be 1.3 × 107 V/W, with the minimum detectable optical power as low as 5 nW. The responsivity consistency of each detector is high, and the linear correlation coefficient of the single-channel detection in the range of 5~50 nW is 0.997, which can meet the requirements of high-performance optical applications such as Ising machines.展开更多
本文针对硅基APD探测器电流检测系统展开研究,旨在设计一种测量范围广、测量精度高的电流检测系统。该系统由测量子系统、控制子系统和人机交互子系统组成,能够对0.1 nA级别的电流进行精确测量,为了防止操作失误产生较大电流损坏系统,...本文针对硅基APD探测器电流检测系统展开研究,旨在设计一种测量范围广、测量精度高的电流检测系统。该系统由测量子系统、控制子系统和人机交互子系统组成,能够对0.1 nA级别的电流进行精确测量,为了防止操作失误产生较大电流损坏系统,测量电流范围在0.1 nA~10 mA。硬件设计主要在于测量子系统的设计,其采用电流放大电路、模数转换电路、稳压电路、控制电路和接口电路组成,确保测量的准确性和稳定性。测量的电流不仅可以显示在人机交互子系统上,还可以根据需要将测量的电流值保存在存储卡内,便于后续数据读取与分析。软件设计采用模块化设计,通过串口通信实现子系统间的高效协同工作,具备自动化测量、数据存储功能。实验结果表明,系统能够准确硅基APD探测器的电流值,为性能评估和大规模应用提供了有力支持,具有重要的实际应用价值和推广前景。In this paper, the current detection system of silicon-based APD detector is studied, aiming at designing a current detection system with a wide measurement range and high measurement accuracy. The system consists of measurement subsystem, control subsystem and human-computer interaction subsystem, which can accurately measure the current of 0.1 nA to 10 mA, with an accuracy of 0.1 nA. The hardware design mainly lies in the design of measurement subsystem, which consists of current amplifier circuit, analog-to-digital conversion circuit, voltage stabilizing circuit, control circuit and interface circuit to ensure the accuracy and stability of measurement. The measured current can not only be displayed on the human-computer interaction subsystem but also stored in the memory card as needed, which is convenient for subsequent data reading and analysis. The software design adopts modular design, realizes efficient cooperation among subsystems through serial communication, and has the functions of automatic measurement and data storage. The experimental results show that the system can accurately measure the current value of silicon-based APD detector, which provides strong support for performance evaluation and large-scale application, and has important practical application value and promotion prospect.展开更多
This study presents a low-noise,high-rate front-end readout application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)designed for the electromagnetic calorimeter(ECAL)of the Super Tau-Charm Facility(STCF).To address the high back...This study presents a low-noise,high-rate front-end readout application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)designed for the electromagnetic calorimeter(ECAL)of the Super Tau-Charm Facility(STCF).To address the high background-count rate in the STCF ECAL,the temporal features of signals are analyzed node-by-node along the chain of the analog front-end circuit.Then,the system is optimized to mitigate the pile-up effects and elevate the count rate to megahertz levels.First,a charge-sensitive amplifier(CSA)with a fast reset path is developed,enabling quick resetting when the output reaches the maximum amplitude.This prevents the CSA from entering a pulse-dead zone owing to amplifier saturation caused by the pile-up.Second,a high-order shaper with baseline holder circuits is improved to enhance the anti-pile-up capability while maintaining an effective noise-filtering performance.Third,a high-speed peak-detection and hold circuit with an asynchronous first-input-first-output buffer function is proposed to hold and read the piled-up signals of the shaper.The ASIC is designed and manufactured using a standard commercial 1P6M 0.18μm mixed-signal CMOS process with a chip area of 2.4 mm×1.6 mm.The measurement results demonstrate a dynamic range of 4–500 fC with a nonlinearity error below 1.5%.For periodically distributed input signals,a count rate of 1.5 MHz/Ch is achieved with a peak time of 360 ns,resulting in an equivalent noise charge(ENC)of 2500 e^(-)-.The maximum count rate is 4 MHz/Ch at a peak time of 120 ns.At a peak time of 1.68μs with a 270 pF external capacitance,the minimum ENC is 1966 e^(-)-,and the noise slope is 3.08 e^(-)-∕pF.The timing resolution is better than 125 ps at an input charge of 200 fC.The power consumption is 35 mW/Ch.展开更多
国际水利与环境工程学会亚太地区大会(以下简称“IAHR-APD”大会)是亚太地区极具影响力的水科学技术国际学术交流平台,由国际水利与环境工程学会亚太分会发起并主办,每2年举办一次,自1978年首次召开以来已成功举办23届。第24届IAHR-APD...国际水利与环境工程学会亚太地区大会(以下简称“IAHR-APD”大会)是亚太地区极具影响力的水科学技术国际学术交流平台,由国际水利与环境工程学会亚太分会发起并主办,每2年举办一次,自1978年首次召开以来已成功举办23届。第24届IAHR-APD大会以“水与不断变化的未来(Water for a Changing Future)”为主题。展开更多
In this paper,since the Avalanche Photo Diode(APD)for Light-to-Voltage LTV conversion uses a high voltage in the operating range unlike other Photo Diodes(PD),the quenching resistor must be connected in series to prev...In this paper,since the Avalanche Photo Diode(APD)for Light-to-Voltage LTV conversion uses a high voltage in the operating range unlike other Photo Diodes(PD),the quenching resistor must be connected in series to prevent overcurrent when using the Transimpedance Amplifier(TIA).In such a case,quenching resistance may affect the transfer function of the TIA circuit,resulting in serious stability.Therefore,in this paper,by analyzing the effect of APD quenching resistance on the voltage and current loop transfer function of TIA,we proposed a loop analysis and a method for determining the quenching resistance value to improve stability.A TIA circuit with quenching resistance was designed by the proposed method and its operational stability was verified through simulation and chip fabrication.展开更多
文摘线性雪崩光电二极管(Avalanche photodiode,APD)焦平面红外探测器有着广泛应用场景,APD探测器耦合具有多种模式的读出电路可在有限像元面积内实现多模式探测,提升探测系统集成度。本文设计了一种具有红外热成像模式、门控3D成像模式、激光测距模式和异步激光脉冲探测模式的APD读出电路,四种模式复用输入级电路。通过Krummenacher结构抑制背景辐射影响,扩展了光子飞行时间探测范围;提出一种改进型时刻鉴别电路,通过减小时刻鉴别误差提升距离测量精度。读出电路采用0.18μm 3.3 V CMOS工艺设计,阵列规模128×128、像元中心距30μm,最大电荷容量3.74 Me^(-)。仿真结果表明,激光测距模式,在积分电容13 f F、背景电流1~150 nA条件下,背景电流响应幅值≤1.35 m V,远小于激光响应电流500 nA时280 m V的响应幅值;异步激光脉冲探测模式的幅值灵敏度约110 nA、脉宽灵敏度约4 ns;改进型时刻鉴别电路对于150~500 nA的激光脉冲响应,时刻鉴别误差约4 ns。本文设计的多模式复用APD读出电路具有一定工程应用价值。
文摘为了满足无人机群、光计算、激光成像等领域的灵敏探测需求,我们提出并设计了一种高增益低噪声的多通道雪崩光电二极管(Avalanche photodiode, APD)探测器。研究采用了多通道并行设计,每个通道独立工作以降低串扰研究,并集成了跨阻放大、高压偏置和噪声滤波等模块,实现了对微弱光信号的高灵敏度同时捕获。我们通过分析APD电流与倍增因子的变化,探究其最佳工作电压范围,最终获得了九通道APD探测器的最大响应度为1.3 × 107 V/W,最小可探测光功率低至5 nW。每路探测器的响应度一致性较高,单路探测在5~50 nW范围内线性相关系数为0.997,可满足高性能光学伊辛机等应用的需求。In order to meet the sensitive detection requirements in the fields of UAV swarm, optical computing, and laser imaging, we propose and design a high-gain and low-noise multi-channel avalanche photodiode (APD) detector. The study employs a multichannel parallel design, where each channel operates independently to reduce crosstalk studies, and integrates modules such as transimpedance amplification, high-voltage biasing, and noise filtering to achieve highly sensitive simultaneous capture of weak optical signals. We analyzed the variation of APD current and multiplication factor to explore its optimal operating voltage range, and finally obtained the average responsivity of the nine-channel APD detector to be 1.3 × 107 V/W, with the minimum detectable optical power as low as 5 nW. The responsivity consistency of each detector is high, and the linear correlation coefficient of the single-channel detection in the range of 5~50 nW is 0.997, which can meet the requirements of high-performance optical applications such as Ising machines.
文摘本文针对硅基APD探测器电流检测系统展开研究,旨在设计一种测量范围广、测量精度高的电流检测系统。该系统由测量子系统、控制子系统和人机交互子系统组成,能够对0.1 nA级别的电流进行精确测量,为了防止操作失误产生较大电流损坏系统,测量电流范围在0.1 nA~10 mA。硬件设计主要在于测量子系统的设计,其采用电流放大电路、模数转换电路、稳压电路、控制电路和接口电路组成,确保测量的准确性和稳定性。测量的电流不仅可以显示在人机交互子系统上,还可以根据需要将测量的电流值保存在存储卡内,便于后续数据读取与分析。软件设计采用模块化设计,通过串口通信实现子系统间的高效协同工作,具备自动化测量、数据存储功能。实验结果表明,系统能够准确硅基APD探测器的电流值,为性能评估和大规模应用提供了有力支持,具有重要的实际应用价值和推广前景。In this paper, the current detection system of silicon-based APD detector is studied, aiming at designing a current detection system with a wide measurement range and high measurement accuracy. The system consists of measurement subsystem, control subsystem and human-computer interaction subsystem, which can accurately measure the current of 0.1 nA to 10 mA, with an accuracy of 0.1 nA. The hardware design mainly lies in the design of measurement subsystem, which consists of current amplifier circuit, analog-to-digital conversion circuit, voltage stabilizing circuit, control circuit and interface circuit to ensure the accuracy and stability of measurement. The measured current can not only be displayed on the human-computer interaction subsystem but also stored in the memory card as needed, which is convenient for subsequent data reading and analysis. The software design adopts modular design, realizes efficient cooperation among subsystems through serial communication, and has the functions of automatic measurement and data storage. The experimental results show that the system can accurately measure the current value of silicon-based APD detector, which provides strong support for performance evaluation and large-scale application, and has important practical application value and promotion prospect.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12375191,12275218,12341502,12105224,12205307)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFE0206300,2023YFF0719600)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515012141)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M742850)Innovation Foundation for Doctor Dissertation of Northwestern Polytechnical University(No.CX2021025)。
文摘This study presents a low-noise,high-rate front-end readout application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)designed for the electromagnetic calorimeter(ECAL)of the Super Tau-Charm Facility(STCF).To address the high background-count rate in the STCF ECAL,the temporal features of signals are analyzed node-by-node along the chain of the analog front-end circuit.Then,the system is optimized to mitigate the pile-up effects and elevate the count rate to megahertz levels.First,a charge-sensitive amplifier(CSA)with a fast reset path is developed,enabling quick resetting when the output reaches the maximum amplitude.This prevents the CSA from entering a pulse-dead zone owing to amplifier saturation caused by the pile-up.Second,a high-order shaper with baseline holder circuits is improved to enhance the anti-pile-up capability while maintaining an effective noise-filtering performance.Third,a high-speed peak-detection and hold circuit with an asynchronous first-input-first-output buffer function is proposed to hold and read the piled-up signals of the shaper.The ASIC is designed and manufactured using a standard commercial 1P6M 0.18μm mixed-signal CMOS process with a chip area of 2.4 mm×1.6 mm.The measurement results demonstrate a dynamic range of 4–500 fC with a nonlinearity error below 1.5%.For periodically distributed input signals,a count rate of 1.5 MHz/Ch is achieved with a peak time of 360 ns,resulting in an equivalent noise charge(ENC)of 2500 e^(-)-.The maximum count rate is 4 MHz/Ch at a peak time of 120 ns.At a peak time of 1.68μs with a 270 pF external capacitance,the minimum ENC is 1966 e^(-)-,and the noise slope is 3.08 e^(-)-∕pF.The timing resolution is better than 125 ps at an input charge of 200 fC.The power consumption is 35 mW/Ch.
文摘国际水利与环境工程学会亚太地区大会(以下简称“IAHR-APD”大会)是亚太地区极具影响力的水科学技术国际学术交流平台,由国际水利与环境工程学会亚太分会发起并主办,每2年举办一次,自1978年首次召开以来已成功举办23届。第24届IAHR-APD大会以“水与不断变化的未来(Water for a Changing Future)”为主题。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12027805,62171136,62174166,U2241219)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(2019SHZDZX01,22JC1402902)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB43010200)。
文摘In this paper,since the Avalanche Photo Diode(APD)for Light-to-Voltage LTV conversion uses a high voltage in the operating range unlike other Photo Diodes(PD),the quenching resistor must be connected in series to prevent overcurrent when using the Transimpedance Amplifier(TIA).In such a case,quenching resistance may affect the transfer function of the TIA circuit,resulting in serious stability.Therefore,in this paper,by analyzing the effect of APD quenching resistance on the voltage and current loop transfer function of TIA,we proposed a loop analysis and a method for determining the quenching resistance value to improve stability.A TIA circuit with quenching resistance was designed by the proposed method and its operational stability was verified through simulation and chip fabrication.
