An analytical method for the quantification of residual solvents in annatto extracts, natural food colorants, was established using a static headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) coupled with a flame ionization detector...An analytical method for the quantification of residual solvents in annatto extracts, natural food colorants, was established using a static headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID). As a sample diluent in a headspace sampling, dimethylformamide (DMF) was selected owing to its high capacity for dissolving both bixin-based and norbixin-based annatto extracts. The quantification of residual solvents was performed using the external standard method. The linearity of the calibration curves was assured with relative coefficients (R2) that were greater than 0.999. The recoveries of all standard solvents spiked in the annatto extracts were in the range from 95.1% to 107.1% to verify the accuracy and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) values (n = 3) were in the range from 0.57% to 3.31%. The quantification limits (QL) were sufficiently lower than the limits specified by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). With the established HSGC method, six residual solvents (methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and hexane) in 23 commercial annatto-extract products that consist of seven bixin-based and 16 norbixin-based products were quantified. The levels of residual ethyl acetate and hexane in all products were lower than the specified limits of JECFA. However, three samples of bixin-based products showed higher levels of residual 2-propanol (approximately 313.9 - 427.7 ppm) than the specified limit. Other bixin products also showed higher concentrations of residual methanol (approximately 166.6 - 394.7 ppm) and residual acetone (approximately 75.2 - 179.8 ppm) than the limits of JECFA. In the case of norbixin-based products, nine samples showed higher levels of residual acetone (approximately 42.6 - 139.5 ppm) than the limits of JECFA. This is the first survey of residual solvents in annatto extracts using the validated HSGC method.展开更多
The rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome(MetS),such as obesity and its hepatic complication,and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),necessitates safe,effective,and protective interventions.Natural products,suc...The rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome(MetS),such as obesity and its hepatic complication,and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),necessitates safe,effective,and protective interventions.Natural products,such as carotenoids,including bixin derived from annatto seeds,have emerged as promising candidates due to their multifaceted pharmacological properties.This study aimed to characterize the edible food pigment bixin and other co-existing bioactives in acetone-and ethyl lactate-extracts of Bixa Orellana L.seeds,followed by their anti-adipogenic and anti-steatotic assessments using in-vitro models of obesity and NAFLD.LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various phytochemicals in the bixin rich solvent extracts.In vitro studies demonstrated differential and significant anti-adipogenic and anti-steatotic effects of bixin(pure pigment)and solvent extracts of annatto seeds(P<0.05).The LC-MS profiling of annatto seed extracts revealed the presence of bixin and several bixinoids.Other key phytochemicals that were identified were eicosatrienoic acid,geranylgeraniol,hypolatein,δ-tocotrienol,caffeoyl acid derivative,and zeaxanthin,which were differentially abundant in each solvent extract.Bixin and coexisting bioactives in the annatto seed extracts demonstrated significant anti-oxidant,anti-inflammatory,and anti-lipidemic effects(P<0.05)in the present in vitro MetS models.Further studies may be directed toward evaluating the nutraceutical potential of bixin in combination with the implicated phytochemicals in the extracts for treating metabolic disorders.展开更多
文摘An analytical method for the quantification of residual solvents in annatto extracts, natural food colorants, was established using a static headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID). As a sample diluent in a headspace sampling, dimethylformamide (DMF) was selected owing to its high capacity for dissolving both bixin-based and norbixin-based annatto extracts. The quantification of residual solvents was performed using the external standard method. The linearity of the calibration curves was assured with relative coefficients (R2) that were greater than 0.999. The recoveries of all standard solvents spiked in the annatto extracts were in the range from 95.1% to 107.1% to verify the accuracy and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) values (n = 3) were in the range from 0.57% to 3.31%. The quantification limits (QL) were sufficiently lower than the limits specified by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). With the established HSGC method, six residual solvents (methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and hexane) in 23 commercial annatto-extract products that consist of seven bixin-based and 16 norbixin-based products were quantified. The levels of residual ethyl acetate and hexane in all products were lower than the specified limits of JECFA. However, three samples of bixin-based products showed higher levels of residual 2-propanol (approximately 313.9 - 427.7 ppm) than the specified limit. Other bixin products also showed higher concentrations of residual methanol (approximately 166.6 - 394.7 ppm) and residual acetone (approximately 75.2 - 179.8 ppm) than the limits of JECFA. In the case of norbixin-based products, nine samples showed higher levels of residual acetone (approximately 42.6 - 139.5 ppm) than the limits of JECFA. This is the first survey of residual solvents in annatto extracts using the validated HSGC method.
基金supported by a research grant from the Indian Council of Medical Research(ICMR),New Delhi(Grant No.52/13/2022-BIO/BMS).
文摘The rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome(MetS),such as obesity and its hepatic complication,and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),necessitates safe,effective,and protective interventions.Natural products,such as carotenoids,including bixin derived from annatto seeds,have emerged as promising candidates due to their multifaceted pharmacological properties.This study aimed to characterize the edible food pigment bixin and other co-existing bioactives in acetone-and ethyl lactate-extracts of Bixa Orellana L.seeds,followed by their anti-adipogenic and anti-steatotic assessments using in-vitro models of obesity and NAFLD.LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various phytochemicals in the bixin rich solvent extracts.In vitro studies demonstrated differential and significant anti-adipogenic and anti-steatotic effects of bixin(pure pigment)and solvent extracts of annatto seeds(P<0.05).The LC-MS profiling of annatto seed extracts revealed the presence of bixin and several bixinoids.Other key phytochemicals that were identified were eicosatrienoic acid,geranylgeraniol,hypolatein,δ-tocotrienol,caffeoyl acid derivative,and zeaxanthin,which were differentially abundant in each solvent extract.Bixin and coexisting bioactives in the annatto seed extracts demonstrated significant anti-oxidant,anti-inflammatory,and anti-lipidemic effects(P<0.05)in the present in vitro MetS models.Further studies may be directed toward evaluating the nutraceutical potential of bixin in combination with the implicated phytochemicals in the extracts for treating metabolic disorders.
