Six mid-eclipse times of the eclipsing binary XZ And are obtained, which are analyzed together with others collected from the literature. Two sets of cyclic variations with periods of 33.43 and 100.4 yr are found if a...Six mid-eclipse times of the eclipsing binary XZ And are obtained, which are analyzed together with others collected from the literature. Two sets of cyclic variations with periods of 33.43 and 100.4 yr are found if a double-Keplerian model is used to fit the data. The 1:3 ratio of the periods suggests that both cyclic variations arise from dynamic motions of two companions rather than magnetic activity of the eclipsing pair. According to the double-Keplerian model, the companions have masses of^1.32 M_⊙and^1.33 M_⊙, respectively. Comparing with the total mass of the eclipsing pair of 3.12 M_⊙, it is obvious that XZ And is a general N-body system. The strong gravitational perturbation between the two companions invalidates the double-Keplerian model. It is strange that two Keplerian periods with a 1:3 ratio are derived from the best fits with an 'inappropriate' model. This illogical, but interesting phenomenon also appears in two other Algol systems, suggesting that our discoveries deserve attention from astronomers.展开更多
There is an alternate cause for the decay rate defined by Edwin Hubble’s Cosmological Constant Theory. It can be proposed because inward motion is observed in the local Galaxies||Star groups around the Milky Way. The...There is an alternate cause for the decay rate defined by Edwin Hubble’s Cosmological Constant Theory. It can be proposed because inward motion is observed in the local Galaxies||Star groups around the Milky Way. The recession velocity of Galaxies farther out of is reasoned entirely from the increasing redshift in the frequency. The smaller the image of observed Galaxy/Cluster objects, the greater the downward shift in frequency of all Electro-Magnetic signals [EM]. An alternate cause for that downward shift could be through the absorption and re-emission through matter, leading to the absorption of some fraction of the energy quanta. There is nowhere in our Local Universe that is both absolutely devoid of matter and the continual formation of objects of all scales. If redshift was because of space expansion, it would increase the distance that signal had to travel. So a signal from GN-z11 stellar structure at 13.4 billion light years [LY] would take 13.4 billion years to travel. Assuming 13.8 billion years since the Big Bang would mean GN-z11 object travelled 13.4 billion LY in 400 million years. A current value for the Hubble constant is: H<sub>0</sub>=(67.8 ± 0.77) km s <sup>-1</sup> Mpc <sup>-1</sup> a frequency is shift of 67.8/c over a single Mpc. An alternate expression would be a shift factor 2.261560E-5 over a distance of 3.08567E22 m or a redshift of 7.32923E-28 over a metre because of passage through a medium. Dark matter is a currently accepted phenomenon. It is proposed that properties include redshift’s all normal matters that are put upon EM||Boson signals at the fraction stated above. The signal reduction|| frequency distortion happens at a quantum level for each occurrence, and so is not detectable until passage through millions of LY of Dark Matter. Support for this alternate supposition is reasoned from the fact that the M31 Galaxy and the NGC 300 Galaxy are at distances inconsistent with their Hubble recession velocity.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11705111 and U1231121)
文摘Six mid-eclipse times of the eclipsing binary XZ And are obtained, which are analyzed together with others collected from the literature. Two sets of cyclic variations with periods of 33.43 and 100.4 yr are found if a double-Keplerian model is used to fit the data. The 1:3 ratio of the periods suggests that both cyclic variations arise from dynamic motions of two companions rather than magnetic activity of the eclipsing pair. According to the double-Keplerian model, the companions have masses of^1.32 M_⊙and^1.33 M_⊙, respectively. Comparing with the total mass of the eclipsing pair of 3.12 M_⊙, it is obvious that XZ And is a general N-body system. The strong gravitational perturbation between the two companions invalidates the double-Keplerian model. It is strange that two Keplerian periods with a 1:3 ratio are derived from the best fits with an 'inappropriate' model. This illogical, but interesting phenomenon also appears in two other Algol systems, suggesting that our discoveries deserve attention from astronomers.
文摘There is an alternate cause for the decay rate defined by Edwin Hubble’s Cosmological Constant Theory. It can be proposed because inward motion is observed in the local Galaxies||Star groups around the Milky Way. The recession velocity of Galaxies farther out of is reasoned entirely from the increasing redshift in the frequency. The smaller the image of observed Galaxy/Cluster objects, the greater the downward shift in frequency of all Electro-Magnetic signals [EM]. An alternate cause for that downward shift could be through the absorption and re-emission through matter, leading to the absorption of some fraction of the energy quanta. There is nowhere in our Local Universe that is both absolutely devoid of matter and the continual formation of objects of all scales. If redshift was because of space expansion, it would increase the distance that signal had to travel. So a signal from GN-z11 stellar structure at 13.4 billion light years [LY] would take 13.4 billion years to travel. Assuming 13.8 billion years since the Big Bang would mean GN-z11 object travelled 13.4 billion LY in 400 million years. A current value for the Hubble constant is: H<sub>0</sub>=(67.8 ± 0.77) km s <sup>-1</sup> Mpc <sup>-1</sup> a frequency is shift of 67.8/c over a single Mpc. An alternate expression would be a shift factor 2.261560E-5 over a distance of 3.08567E22 m or a redshift of 7.32923E-28 over a metre because of passage through a medium. Dark matter is a currently accepted phenomenon. It is proposed that properties include redshift’s all normal matters that are put upon EM||Boson signals at the fraction stated above. The signal reduction|| frequency distortion happens at a quantum level for each occurrence, and so is not detectable until passage through millions of LY of Dark Matter. Support for this alternate supposition is reasoned from the fact that the M31 Galaxy and the NGC 300 Galaxy are at distances inconsistent with their Hubble recession velocity.
