A comparative study on the prevalence of Anaplasma parasite was conducted on ticks carrying buffaloes and cattle. Five hundred blood samples of both animals (250 of each) were collected during February, March and Apri...A comparative study on the prevalence of Anaplasma parasite was conducted on ticks carrying buffaloes and cattle. Five hundred blood samples of both animals (250 of each) were collected during February, March and April. Thin blood smears on glass slides were made, fixed in 100% methyl alcohol and examined. Microscopic examination revealed that 205 (41%) animals had Anaplasma parasites, out of which 89, 44 and 72 animals had Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma centrale and mixed infection respectively. Infected buffaloes and cattle were 75 and 130 respectively. The infection in female was 53 and 92 in buffaloes and cattle respectively. Twenty-two and 92 blood samples of male were found positive in buffaloes and cattle respectively. Com- parative study revealed that the cattle were 26.82% more susceptible than buffaloes. The parasite prevailing percentage in female of both animals was slightly higher than that of the male. This investigation was aimed at studying the comparative prevalence of Anaplasma parasite in tick carrying buffaloes and cattle.展开更多
Objective:To estimate the infection of ticks to Anaplasma,Ehrlichia,Babesia,Theileria,and Brucellaceae using molecular methods in borderline of Iran,Azerbaijan,and Armenia.Methods:Totally,2022 ticks were collected fro...Objective:To estimate the infection of ticks to Anaplasma,Ehrlichia,Babesia,Theileria,and Brucellaceae using molecular methods in borderline of Iran,Azerbaijan,and Armenia.Methods:Totally,2022 ticks were collected from different livestock.Then,species were diagnosed under stereomicroscope according to valid morphological keys.Tick DNA was extracted followed by PCR to detect Anaplasma,Ehrlichia,Theileria,Babesia and Brucellaceae infection in ticks.Results:A total of 498 males[24.62%(95%CI 22.76%-26.57%)],741 females[36.64%(95%CI 34.54%-38.79%)],782 nymphs[38.67%(95%CI 36.55%-40.84%)]and 1 larva[0.04%(95%CI 0.00%-0.28%)]were identified.Among identified samples,we found four genera including Hyalomma,Rhipicephalus,Haemaphysalis,and Dermacentor.Molecular assay revealed that the prevalence of ticks to Anaplasma or Ehrlichia,and Brucellaceae was 22.02%(95%CI 16.01%-29.06%)and 15.03%(95%CI 9.43%-22.26%),respectively.Phylogenetic analysis showed that the identified Anaplasma sp.had the most similarity with Anaplasma centrale,Anaplasma platys,Anaplasma camelii,and Anaplasma phagocytophilum,submitted in GenBank.Furthermore,the detected Ehrlichia sp.and Brucellaceae bacterium had the most similarity with Ehrlichia ruminantium and Mycoplana peli,respectively.However,no sign of the presence of Theileria and Babesia spp.was seen in the studied samples.Conclusions:Anaplasmosis,ehrlichiosis and brucellosis should be considered as important health threats in northwestern Iran and consistent monitoring on infection of ticks and livestock should be performed regularly.展开更多
Anaplasmosis, a disease caused by various species of Anaplasma, poses important economic constraints to animal breeders. Ehrlichiosis is a worldwide zoonosis illness and mostly occurs in tropical and subtropical regio...Anaplasmosis, a disease caused by various species of Anaplasma, poses important economic constraints to animal breeders. Ehrlichiosis is a worldwide zoonosis illness and mostly occurs in tropical and subtropical regions that are close to the vector’s distribution. Tick-borne pathogens lead to over 100,000 cases of illness in the world each year. Besides the costs of the additional veterinary care, anaplasmosis causes abortion in animals, reduction of milk production, body weight, and frequently leads to death. In this study, we investigated on infection of ticks to Anaplasma and Ehrlichia pathogens in Zabol and Zahak County in Sistan and Baluchestan Province where is bordered with Afghanistan. Totally from June 2013 to May 2014, 369 ticks were caught from goats, cows and sheep. Molecular studies on 53 of these samples which represented all specimens, showed that Ehrlichia’s DNA and Anaplasma’s DNA was found in 14 (26.4%) out of the 53 selected specimens. The results showed the infection of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Hyalomma anatolicum with Anaplasma ovis. Also we saw infection of H. anatolicum and H. asiaticum ticks to Ehrlichia spp. This study has been intended to do a comprehensive survey of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma distribution in ticks caught from east of Iran;it was designed to investigate the presence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in Zabol and Zahak Counties, Iran. These results show that these pathogens should be controlled in such regions.展开更多
Objective:To determine the prevalence of Anaplasma marginale(A.marginale) and Anaplasma ovis from sheep and goat in different highland pasture in west of Iran.Methods:From July 2015 to October 2015,370 blood samples o...Objective:To determine the prevalence of Anaplasma marginale(A.marginale) and Anaplasma ovis from sheep and goat in different highland pasture in west of Iran.Methods:From July 2015 to October 2015,370 blood samples of sheep and goat were collected from different regions in Hamedan province,Iran.The DNA extracted from blood and subsequently,16 S r RNA and MSP4 genes were analyzed by nested-PCR,semi nested-PCR and RFLP methods.Results:In the PCR assessment,overall 27.5%(102/370) of sheep and goat were positive for Anaplasma ovis and A.marginale infection,which was lower than reports from tropical and subtropical regions of Iran.Statistical analysis(the Chi-square test) did not show any significant relation between infection and variables such as location,tick infestation age and sex(P > 0.05).No significant correlation between the altitude and the Anaplasma species infection was found(Mann–Whitney test:P > 0.05).However,Anaplasma infection in goat significantly is more than the sheep(P = 0.008).Conclusions:The ecological changes affect the frequency and distribution of Anaplasma species.Furthermore,our results indicate that sheep as potential reservoirs of A.marginale.展开更多
Objective: To determine the biochemical and acute phase proteins changes in sheep experimentally infected with Anaplasma ovis(A. ovis). Methods: One Iranian sheep naturally infected with A. ovis(parasitemia 0.02%) but...Objective: To determine the biochemical and acute phase proteins changes in sheep experimentally infected with Anaplasma ovis(A. ovis). Methods: One Iranian sheep naturally infected with A. ovis(parasitemia 0.02%) but with no other blood parasites based on blood smear and polymerase chain reaction methods was selected as donor, and it was splenectomized to induce high level of parasitemia. Then, three weeks after splenectomy when parasitemia was 6%, donor's blood was intravenously administered to each recipient animal. Five 5-6 months old Iranian male sheep without any blood parasites were selected as recipient animals. The percent of parasites, packed cell volume, serum biochemical parameters(urea, creatinine, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase activity, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, Fe), acute phase proteins(haptoglobin, total iron binding capacity, fibrinogen), were evaluated in sheep before and after being experimentally infected with A. ovis(until day 38). In addition, body weights of sheep were measured on days 0, 20 and 38. Results: In recipient sheep, microscopic examination of erythrocytes revealed a significant rise of parasitemia on days 12 and 15. The lowest level of packed cell volume in sheep was seen on day 15 post infection. A significant rise existed in mean urea and bilirubin(total, direct and indirect) on days 15 and 20. The increase of indirect bilirubin level was higher than direct bilirubin. Furthermore, serum Fe significantly increased on days 20 and 23. The mean total protein concentration significantly increased on day 38. A significant increase was found in the serum globulin concentration from days 20 and 27 to 38. Maximum values of haptoglobin were observed on days 27 and 30. Moreover, aspartate aminotransferase activity(from days 20-30) and cholesterol concentration(on day 20) significantly decreased. However, no significant changes were found in other parameters. Conclusions: Experimental ovine anaplasmosis caused by A. ovis could be associated with some changes in measured parameters, which presumably could be helpful for evaluation on staging of disease.展开更多
The serum of foxes and red deer from the Province of Soria (northern Spain) was screened in indirect immunofluorescence assays to determine whether these animals could be used as sentinels of the tick-borne pathogens ...The serum of foxes and red deer from the Province of Soria (northern Spain) was screened in indirect immunofluorescence assays to determine whether these animals could be used as sentinels of the tick-borne pathogens Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. The results suggest that foxes and red deer would not make good sentinels in epidemiological studies on E. chaffeensis in this region, although red deer could be used as such for the study of A. phagocytophilum transmission.展开更多
Chronic kidney disease is commonly diagnosed in dogs,and clinical signs may be aggravated when infected agents are involved.In this case report,33 dogs with chronic kidney disease were clinically evaluated and serolog...Chronic kidney disease is commonly diagnosed in dogs,and clinical signs may be aggravated when infected agents are involved.In this case report,33 dogs with chronic kidney disease were clinically evaluated and serologically tested for Leptospira spp.,Ehrlichia canis,and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.The seroprevalence for Leptospira spp.was 39.4%.The most frequent serovars found were Pyrogenes,Canicola,Bratislava and Australis,with serological titers between 1:100 to 1:800.Clinical signs included fever,depression,decreased body condition,vomiting and hema‑turia.Signifcant laboratory fndings were anemia,leukocytosis,thrombocytopenia,increased liver enzymes,urea and creatinine,hyperbilirubinemia and hyperphosphatemia.All leptospira seronegative dogs were positive for one or both monitored homoparasites(i.e.,E.canis and A.phagocytophilum);only three leptospira seropositive dogs were positive for one or both hemoparasites.Findings also suggest that endemic hemoparasites of dogs should be moni‑tored in dogs with a kidney condition for a better clinical picture of the patients and therapeutic approach.展开更多
Anaplasma species are tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacteria that infect many wild and domestic animals and humans.The prevalence ofAnaplasma spp.in ixodid ticks of Qinghai Province is poorly understood.In t...Anaplasma species are tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacteria that infect many wild and domestic animals and humans.The prevalence ofAnaplasma spp.in ixodid ticks of Qinghai Province is poorly understood.In this study,a total of 1104 questing adult ticks were investigated for the infection ofAnaplasma species.As a result,we demonstrated the total infection rates of 3.1,11.1,5.6,and 4.5%forA.phagocytophilum,A.bovis,A.ovis andA.capra,respectively.All of the tick samples were negative forA.marginale.The positive rates ofA.phagocytophilum,A.ovis andA.capra in different tick species were significantly different.The positive rates ofA.capra andA.bovis in the male ticks were significantly higher than that in the female ticks.Sequence analysis ofA.ovis showed 99.5-100%identity to the previous reported isolates.The sequences ofA.phagocytophilum had 100%identity to strains Ap-SHX21,JC3-3 and ZAM dog-181 from sheep,Mongolian gazelles,and dogs.Two genotypes ofA.capra were found based on 16S rRNA,citrate synthase(gltA)gene and heat shock protein(groEL)gene analysis.In conclusion,A.bovis,A.ovis,A.phagocytophilum,andA.capra were present in the ticks in Qinghai Province.Anaplasma infection is associated with tick species,gender and distribution.These data will be helpful for understanding prevalence status ofAnaplasma infections in ticks in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.展开更多
Background:There has been a growing interest in camel anaplasmosis due to its recent emergence in this reservoir species and concerns for its zoonotic potential.The epidemiology of anaplasmosis in camels therefore rem...Background:There has been a growing interest in camel anaplasmosis due to its recent emergence in this reservoir species and concerns for its zoonotic potential.The epidemiology of anaplasmosis in camels therefore remains poorly understood mostly because camels belong to marginalised poor and often transhumant populations whose interests are largely neglected.Most studies of anaplasmosis in camels have relied on microscopy and serology for diagnosis and only three studies,undertaken in Tunisia,Saudia Arabia and China,have used molecular diagnostics.The present work characterises Anaplasmataceae strains circulating in the Camelus dromedarius reservoir in Morocco using PCR.Methods:Camels(n=106)were randomly sampled from 6 regions representing different agro-ecological areas in southern Morocco.Whole blood was collected and screened using PCR methods targeting the gene groEL.Anaplasmataceae strains were characterised by sequence analysis of the gene groEL.Results:A total of 39.62%(42/106)camels screened were positive for Anaplasmataceae spp.GenBank BLAST analysis of five positive sequenced samples revealed that all strains were 100%identical to“Candidatus Anaplasma camelii”.Phylogenetic investigation and genetic characterisation of the aligned segment(650 bp)of the gene groEL confirmed high similarity with A.platys.Conclusion:This study demonstrates the circulation of a previously unidentified species of the genus Anaplasma in Morocco which is genetically close to the agent causing canine anaplasmosis but whose main reservoir is thought to be Camelus dromedarius.Trial registration number:This study is not a clinical trial and therefore a trial registration number does not apply.展开更多
文摘A comparative study on the prevalence of Anaplasma parasite was conducted on ticks carrying buffaloes and cattle. Five hundred blood samples of both animals (250 of each) were collected during February, March and April. Thin blood smears on glass slides were made, fixed in 100% methyl alcohol and examined. Microscopic examination revealed that 205 (41%) animals had Anaplasma parasites, out of which 89, 44 and 72 animals had Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma centrale and mixed infection respectively. Infected buffaloes and cattle were 75 and 130 respectively. The infection in female was 53 and 92 in buffaloes and cattle respectively. Twenty-two and 92 blood samples of male were found positive in buffaloes and cattle respectively. Com- parative study revealed that the cattle were 26.82% more susceptible than buffaloes. The parasite prevailing percentage in female of both animals was slightly higher than that of the male. This investigation was aimed at studying the comparative prevalence of Anaplasma parasite in tick carrying buffaloes and cattle.
文摘Objective:To estimate the infection of ticks to Anaplasma,Ehrlichia,Babesia,Theileria,and Brucellaceae using molecular methods in borderline of Iran,Azerbaijan,and Armenia.Methods:Totally,2022 ticks were collected from different livestock.Then,species were diagnosed under stereomicroscope according to valid morphological keys.Tick DNA was extracted followed by PCR to detect Anaplasma,Ehrlichia,Theileria,Babesia and Brucellaceae infection in ticks.Results:A total of 498 males[24.62%(95%CI 22.76%-26.57%)],741 females[36.64%(95%CI 34.54%-38.79%)],782 nymphs[38.67%(95%CI 36.55%-40.84%)]and 1 larva[0.04%(95%CI 0.00%-0.28%)]were identified.Among identified samples,we found four genera including Hyalomma,Rhipicephalus,Haemaphysalis,and Dermacentor.Molecular assay revealed that the prevalence of ticks to Anaplasma or Ehrlichia,and Brucellaceae was 22.02%(95%CI 16.01%-29.06%)and 15.03%(95%CI 9.43%-22.26%),respectively.Phylogenetic analysis showed that the identified Anaplasma sp.had the most similarity with Anaplasma centrale,Anaplasma platys,Anaplasma camelii,and Anaplasma phagocytophilum,submitted in GenBank.Furthermore,the detected Ehrlichia sp.and Brucellaceae bacterium had the most similarity with Ehrlichia ruminantium and Mycoplana peli,respectively.However,no sign of the presence of Theileria and Babesia spp.was seen in the studied samples.Conclusions:Anaplasmosis,ehrlichiosis and brucellosis should be considered as important health threats in northwestern Iran and consistent monitoring on infection of ticks and livestock should be performed regularly.
文摘Anaplasmosis, a disease caused by various species of Anaplasma, poses important economic constraints to animal breeders. Ehrlichiosis is a worldwide zoonosis illness and mostly occurs in tropical and subtropical regions that are close to the vector’s distribution. Tick-borne pathogens lead to over 100,000 cases of illness in the world each year. Besides the costs of the additional veterinary care, anaplasmosis causes abortion in animals, reduction of milk production, body weight, and frequently leads to death. In this study, we investigated on infection of ticks to Anaplasma and Ehrlichia pathogens in Zabol and Zahak County in Sistan and Baluchestan Province where is bordered with Afghanistan. Totally from June 2013 to May 2014, 369 ticks were caught from goats, cows and sheep. Molecular studies on 53 of these samples which represented all specimens, showed that Ehrlichia’s DNA and Anaplasma’s DNA was found in 14 (26.4%) out of the 53 selected specimens. The results showed the infection of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Hyalomma anatolicum with Anaplasma ovis. Also we saw infection of H. anatolicum and H. asiaticum ticks to Ehrlichia spp. This study has been intended to do a comprehensive survey of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma distribution in ticks caught from east of Iran;it was designed to investigate the presence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in Zabol and Zahak Counties, Iran. These results show that these pathogens should be controlled in such regions.
基金financially supported by Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University,Tehran,Iran
文摘Objective:To determine the prevalence of Anaplasma marginale(A.marginale) and Anaplasma ovis from sheep and goat in different highland pasture in west of Iran.Methods:From July 2015 to October 2015,370 blood samples of sheep and goat were collected from different regions in Hamedan province,Iran.The DNA extracted from blood and subsequently,16 S r RNA and MSP4 genes were analyzed by nested-PCR,semi nested-PCR and RFLP methods.Results:In the PCR assessment,overall 27.5%(102/370) of sheep and goat were positive for Anaplasma ovis and A.marginale infection,which was lower than reports from tropical and subtropical regions of Iran.Statistical analysis(the Chi-square test) did not show any significant relation between infection and variables such as location,tick infestation age and sex(P > 0.05).No significant correlation between the altitude and the Anaplasma species infection was found(Mann–Whitney test:P > 0.05).However,Anaplasma infection in goat significantly is more than the sheep(P = 0.008).Conclusions:The ecological changes affect the frequency and distribution of Anaplasma species.Furthermore,our results indicate that sheep as potential reservoirs of A.marginale.
基金financially supported in part by the Research Deputy of University of Tehran(No:7508017.6.11/1389)
文摘Objective: To determine the biochemical and acute phase proteins changes in sheep experimentally infected with Anaplasma ovis(A. ovis). Methods: One Iranian sheep naturally infected with A. ovis(parasitemia 0.02%) but with no other blood parasites based on blood smear and polymerase chain reaction methods was selected as donor, and it was splenectomized to induce high level of parasitemia. Then, three weeks after splenectomy when parasitemia was 6%, donor's blood was intravenously administered to each recipient animal. Five 5-6 months old Iranian male sheep without any blood parasites were selected as recipient animals. The percent of parasites, packed cell volume, serum biochemical parameters(urea, creatinine, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase activity, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, Fe), acute phase proteins(haptoglobin, total iron binding capacity, fibrinogen), were evaluated in sheep before and after being experimentally infected with A. ovis(until day 38). In addition, body weights of sheep were measured on days 0, 20 and 38. Results: In recipient sheep, microscopic examination of erythrocytes revealed a significant rise of parasitemia on days 12 and 15. The lowest level of packed cell volume in sheep was seen on day 15 post infection. A significant rise existed in mean urea and bilirubin(total, direct and indirect) on days 15 and 20. The increase of indirect bilirubin level was higher than direct bilirubin. Furthermore, serum Fe significantly increased on days 20 and 23. The mean total protein concentration significantly increased on day 38. A significant increase was found in the serum globulin concentration from days 20 and 27 to 38. Maximum values of haptoglobin were observed on days 27 and 30. Moreover, aspartate aminotransferase activity(from days 20-30) and cholesterol concentration(on day 20) significantly decreased. However, no significant changes were found in other parameters. Conclusions: Experimental ovine anaplasmosis caused by A. ovis could be associated with some changes in measured parameters, which presumably could be helpful for evaluation on staging of disease.
文摘The serum of foxes and red deer from the Province of Soria (northern Spain) was screened in indirect immunofluorescence assays to determine whether these animals could be used as sentinels of the tick-borne pathogens Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. The results suggest that foxes and red deer would not make good sentinels in epidemiological studies on E. chaffeensis in this region, although red deer could be used as such for the study of A. phagocytophilum transmission.
文摘Chronic kidney disease is commonly diagnosed in dogs,and clinical signs may be aggravated when infected agents are involved.In this case report,33 dogs with chronic kidney disease were clinically evaluated and serologically tested for Leptospira spp.,Ehrlichia canis,and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.The seroprevalence for Leptospira spp.was 39.4%.The most frequent serovars found were Pyrogenes,Canicola,Bratislava and Australis,with serological titers between 1:100 to 1:800.Clinical signs included fever,depression,decreased body condition,vomiting and hema‑turia.Signifcant laboratory fndings were anemia,leukocytosis,thrombocytopenia,increased liver enzymes,urea and creatinine,hyperbilirubinemia and hyperphosphatemia.All leptospira seronegative dogs were positive for one or both monitored homoparasites(i.e.,E.canis and A.phagocytophilum);only three leptospira seropositive dogs were positive for one or both hemoparasites.Findings also suggest that endemic hemoparasites of dogs should be moni‑tored in dogs with a kidney condition for a better clinical picture of the patients and therapeutic approach.
基金the National Key Research and Developm ent Program of China(2016YFC 1202000,2017YFD0501200)the Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center Program for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology Project.
文摘Anaplasma species are tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacteria that infect many wild and domestic animals and humans.The prevalence ofAnaplasma spp.in ixodid ticks of Qinghai Province is poorly understood.In this study,a total of 1104 questing adult ticks were investigated for the infection ofAnaplasma species.As a result,we demonstrated the total infection rates of 3.1,11.1,5.6,and 4.5%forA.phagocytophilum,A.bovis,A.ovis andA.capra,respectively.All of the tick samples were negative forA.marginale.The positive rates ofA.phagocytophilum,A.ovis andA.capra in different tick species were significantly different.The positive rates ofA.capra andA.bovis in the male ticks were significantly higher than that in the female ticks.Sequence analysis ofA.ovis showed 99.5-100%identity to the previous reported isolates.The sequences ofA.phagocytophilum had 100%identity to strains Ap-SHX21,JC3-3 and ZAM dog-181 from sheep,Mongolian gazelles,and dogs.Two genotypes ofA.capra were found based on 16S rRNA,citrate synthase(gltA)gene and heat shock protein(groEL)gene analysis.In conclusion,A.bovis,A.ovis,A.phagocytophilum,andA.capra were present in the ticks in Qinghai Province.Anaplasma infection is associated with tick species,gender and distribution.These data will be helpful for understanding prevalence status ofAnaplasma infections in ticks in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
基金This work was supported by the PRAD project under grant agreement number 28027YMthe Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan II,BIPAR and Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse。
文摘Background:There has been a growing interest in camel anaplasmosis due to its recent emergence in this reservoir species and concerns for its zoonotic potential.The epidemiology of anaplasmosis in camels therefore remains poorly understood mostly because camels belong to marginalised poor and often transhumant populations whose interests are largely neglected.Most studies of anaplasmosis in camels have relied on microscopy and serology for diagnosis and only three studies,undertaken in Tunisia,Saudia Arabia and China,have used molecular diagnostics.The present work characterises Anaplasmataceae strains circulating in the Camelus dromedarius reservoir in Morocco using PCR.Methods:Camels(n=106)were randomly sampled from 6 regions representing different agro-ecological areas in southern Morocco.Whole blood was collected and screened using PCR methods targeting the gene groEL.Anaplasmataceae strains were characterised by sequence analysis of the gene groEL.Results:A total of 39.62%(42/106)camels screened were positive for Anaplasmataceae spp.GenBank BLAST analysis of five positive sequenced samples revealed that all strains were 100%identical to“Candidatus Anaplasma camelii”.Phylogenetic investigation and genetic characterisation of the aligned segment(650 bp)of the gene groEL confirmed high similarity with A.platys.Conclusion:This study demonstrates the circulation of a previously unidentified species of the genus Anaplasma in Morocco which is genetically close to the agent causing canine anaplasmosis but whose main reservoir is thought to be Camelus dromedarius.Trial registration number:This study is not a clinical trial and therefore a trial registration number does not apply.
