African Indigenous Vegetables are asserted to cope with climate variability besides their great potential as both food and medicine in Zimbabwe.They can be easily grown in drought prone areas with low rainfall as they...African Indigenous Vegetables are asserted to cope with climate variability besides their great potential as both food and medicine in Zimbabwe.They can be easily grown in drought prone areas with low rainfall as they are resistant to adverse environmental factors.Inimitable opportunities are offered through cultivation of AIVs to diversify farming systems so as to ensure food security and are cheap alternatives as compared to their expensive exotic counterparts.Alternative approaches to reduce escalating numbers of current Covid-19 patients and death is to introduce nutrient intervention through rediscovering of pride in agriculture through cultivation and commercialisation of AIVs in Zimbabwe.AIVs have great potential to improve immune response by supplementing dietary requirements(micronutrients)of an individual and can have a positive impact on COVID-19 outcome as they play a significant role in the immune system.AIVs have antifungal,acaricidal,antiviral,anticancer and act as immune stimulants.There is need for persuasive research based information,suitable national legislation and information campaigns on cultivation and consumption of AIVs in Zimbabwe.展开更多
The H4 subtype of avian influenza virus(AIV)is prevalent worldwide,but only receives little attention due to its low pathogenicity in poultry.Consequently,it remains largely unclear whether H4 AIVs pose a potential th...The H4 subtype of avian influenza virus(AIV)is prevalent worldwide,but only receives little attention due to its low pathogenicity in poultry.Consequently,it remains largely unclear whether H4 AIVs pose a potential threat to the poultry industry and public health.During the period from 2011 to 2022,we conducted an active surveillance programm.A total of 154,762 swab samples were collected across various provinces,and 427 H4 viruses were detected,resulting in a positivity rate of 0.28%.All H4 viruses were isolated from poultry,primarily from ducks in live poultry markets.We further investigated the genetic evolutionary characteristics and pathogenicity of 20 H4Nx viruses isolated in our program.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 20 H4Nx viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage and exhibited significant genetic diversity,with 19 distinct genotypes identified.Molecular characterization indicated that these viruses were low-pathogenicity AIVs with limited binding affinity to human receptors,yet they contained mutations associated with enhanced viral replication and pathogenicity in mammals.Pathogenicity tests conducted in ducks demonstrated that H4 viruses were weakly pathogenic,exhibiting limited replication and transmission capabilities.However,some viruses were able to replicate effectively in mice and induce weight loss.For instance,DK/AH/AG61/11(H4N6)can replicate efficiently in MDCK cells,indicating a potential threat to mammals.These findings underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance of H4 AIVs to better understand their evolution and transmission dynamics and to prevent potential public health risks.展开更多
Influenza,a highly contagious respiratory infectious disease caused by an influenza virus,is a threat to public health worldwide.Avian influenza viruses(AIVs)have the potential to cause the next pandemic by crossing t...Influenza,a highly contagious respiratory infectious disease caused by an influenza virus,is a threat to public health worldwide.Avian influenza viruses(AIVs)have the potential to cause the next pandemic by crossing the species barrier through mutation of viral genome.Here,we investigated the pathogenicity of AIVs obtained from South Korea and Mongolia during 2018–2019 by measuring viral titers in the lungs and extrapulmonary organs of mouse models.In addition,we assessed the pathogenicity of AIVs in ferret models.Moreover,we compared the ability of viruses to replicate in mammalian cells,as well as the receptor-binding preferences of AIV isolates.Genetic analyses were finally performed to identify the genetic relationships and amino acid substitutions between viral proteins during mammalian adaptation.Of the 24 AIV isolates tested,A/Mallard/South Korea/KNU2019-34/2019(KNU19-34;H1N1)caused severe bodyweight loss and high mortality in mice.The virus replicated in the lungs,kidneys,and heart.Importantly,KNU19-34-infected ferrets showed high viral loads in both nasal washes and lungs.KNU19-34 replicated rapidly in A549 and bound preferentially to human likeα2,6-linked sialic acids rather than to avian-likeα2,3-linked sialic acids,similar to the pandemic A/California/04/2009(H1N1)strain.Gene segments of KNU19-34 were distributed in Egypt and Asia lineages from 2015 to 2018,and the virus had several amino acid substitutions compared to H1N1 AIV isolates that were non-pathogenic in mice.Collectively,the data suggest that KNU19-34 has zoonotic potential and the possibility of new mutations responsible for mammalian adaptation.展开更多
H9N2 avian influenza viruses(AIVs)are widely distributed,causing continuous outbreaks in poultry and sporadic infections in humans.Vaccination is the primary method used to prevent and control H9N2 AIV infection.Howev...H9N2 avian influenza viruses(AIVs)are widely distributed,causing continuous outbreaks in poultry and sporadic infections in humans.Vaccination is the primary method used to prevent and control H9N2 AIV infection.However,the ongoing evolution and mutation of AIVs often result in limited protection effects from vaccines.Therapeutic mon-oclonal antibodies(mAbs)targeting influenza viruses offer a promising alternative.In this study,we immunized mice with inactivated H9N2-W1 virus,and we screened and acquired five mAbs,namely 4D12,F4,5C8,2G8 and A11.We showed that all five mAbs specifically targeted the HA protein of various H9N2 AIV strains.In vitro neutralization tests demonstrated that all five mAbs exhibited neutralization activity against H9N2 AIVs,with mAb F4 displaying the most potent neutralization effect.The F4 mAb exhibited dose-dependent preventive and therapeutic effects against lethal H9N2-115 infection,and the administration of F4 at a dose of 3μg/g provided complete protection in vivo.Our study presents an alternative approach for preventing and controlling H9N2 AIV infection.Furthermore,the identified F4 mAb holds promise as a solution to potential pandemics in humans caused by H9N2 AIVs.展开更多
On January 30,2024,China announced the first human case of H10N5 influenza infection.Prior to this,human cases of H10N7 and H10N8 had been reported.It is now appropriate to re-examine the evolution and future epidemio...On January 30,2024,China announced the first human case of H10N5 influenza infection.Prior to this,human cases of H10N7 and H10N8 had been reported.It is now appropriate to re-examine the evolution and future epidemiological trends of the H10 and N5 subtypes of avian influenza viruses(AIVs).In this study,we analyzed the reassortment characteristics of the first human-derived H10N5 AIV(A/Zhejiang/ZJU01/2023),as well as the evolutionary dynamics of the wild bird-derived H10 and N5 subtypes of AIVs over the past decade.Our findings indicate that the human-derived H10N5 AIV exhibited low pathogenicity.A/bean_goose/Korea/KNU-10/2022(H10N7)and A/mallard/Novosibirsk_region/962k/2018(H12N5)were identified as the potential reassortment parents.The virus has existed since 2022 and several isolations have been reported in Bangladesh.Phylogenetic analysis showed that H10Ny and HxN5 AIVs in China are clustered differently based on the East Asian-Australian(eastern)and Central Asian-Indian(western)migratory flyways.The H10Ny and HxN5 AIV reassortant strains may cause human infections through accidental spillover.It is possible that another center of AIV evolution,mutation,and reassortment may be developing along the migratory flyways in northeastern Asia,distinct from Europe,the Americas,and China's Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta,which should be closely monitored to ensure the safety of the public.展开更多
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus(AIV)continues to propagate and undergo evolution within China,thereby posing a significant threat to the poultry industry.This study encompassed the collection of 436 samples and...The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus(AIV)continues to propagate and undergo evolution within China,thereby posing a significant threat to the poultry industry.This study encompassed the collection of 436 samples and swabs in East China over the period spanning 2018 to 2019,from which 31 strains of the H9N2 subtype viruses were isolated and purified.We revealed that the HA and NA genes of the 31 isolates categorized within the Y280 branch,while the PB2 and M genes were associated with the G1 branch,and the remaining genes aligned with the F/98 branch.Despite this alignment,antigenic mapping demonstrated differences between the 2018 and 2019 strains,with the early vaccine strains displaying low serological reactivity toward these isolates.Notably,the CK/SH/49/19 isolate exhibited lethality in mice,characterized by a PB2 E627V mutation and a HA deletion at amino acid position 217.Mechanistically,in vitro studies showed that the influenza virus CK/SH/49/19 carrying PB2627V and HA 217M mutations displayed enhanced replication capacity,attributed to the heightened activity of the polymerase with PB2627V.Moreover,the absence of the amino acid at the HA 217 site obstructed viral adsorption and internalization,resulted in lower activation pH,and impeded the virus budding process.Critically,in vivo experiments revealed that CK/SH/49/19(PB2627V,HA 217Δ)triggered a robust activation of interferon response and interferon-stimulated genes.This study furnished a theoretical foundation for the scientific prevention and control strategies against H9N2 subtype avian influenza.展开更多
应用反向遗传技术将含有1998年中国大陆分离株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(Avianinfluenzavirus,AIV)的8个基因片段的质粒共转染COS_1细胞,产生了与野生病毒生物学特性相同的H9N2亚型AIV。将A Chicken Shanghai F 98(CK SH F 98)株H9N2亚型AIV的...应用反向遗传技术将含有1998年中国大陆分离株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(Avianinfluenzavirus,AIV)的8个基因片段的质粒共转染COS_1细胞,产生了与野生病毒生物学特性相同的H9N2亚型AIV。将A Chicken Shanghai F 98(CK SH F 98)株H9N2亚型AIV的8个基因组cDNA分别克隆到polⅠ_polⅡ转录 表达载体pHW2 0 0 0中,构建成8个转录表达载体重组质粒。将这8个质粒共转染COS_1细胞,2 4h后收获细胞及上清接种SPF鸡胚,4 8h后收取鸡胚尿囊液继续进行鸡胚传代,产生能致死鸡胚的病毒。经血凝、血凝抑制试验、序列分析和电镜观察,证实产生了CK SH F 98(H9N2 )株AIV。展开更多
文摘African Indigenous Vegetables are asserted to cope with climate variability besides their great potential as both food and medicine in Zimbabwe.They can be easily grown in drought prone areas with low rainfall as they are resistant to adverse environmental factors.Inimitable opportunities are offered through cultivation of AIVs to diversify farming systems so as to ensure food security and are cheap alternatives as compared to their expensive exotic counterparts.Alternative approaches to reduce escalating numbers of current Covid-19 patients and death is to introduce nutrient intervention through rediscovering of pride in agriculture through cultivation and commercialisation of AIVs in Zimbabwe.AIVs have great potential to improve immune response by supplementing dietary requirements(micronutrients)of an individual and can have a positive impact on COVID-19 outcome as they play a significant role in the immune system.AIVs have antifungal,acaricidal,antiviral,anticancer and act as immune stimulants.There is need for persuasive research based information,suitable national legislation and information campaigns on cultivation and consumption of AIVs in Zimbabwe.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFD1800201).
文摘The H4 subtype of avian influenza virus(AIV)is prevalent worldwide,but only receives little attention due to its low pathogenicity in poultry.Consequently,it remains largely unclear whether H4 AIVs pose a potential threat to the poultry industry and public health.During the period from 2011 to 2022,we conducted an active surveillance programm.A total of 154,762 swab samples were collected across various provinces,and 427 H4 viruses were detected,resulting in a positivity rate of 0.28%.All H4 viruses were isolated from poultry,primarily from ducks in live poultry markets.We further investigated the genetic evolutionary characteristics and pathogenicity of 20 H4Nx viruses isolated in our program.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 20 H4Nx viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage and exhibited significant genetic diversity,with 19 distinct genotypes identified.Molecular characterization indicated that these viruses were low-pathogenicity AIVs with limited binding affinity to human receptors,yet they contained mutations associated with enhanced viral replication and pathogenicity in mammals.Pathogenicity tests conducted in ducks demonstrated that H4 viruses were weakly pathogenic,exhibiting limited replication and transmission capabilities.However,some viruses were able to replicate effectively in mice and induce weight loss.For instance,DK/AH/AG61/11(H4N6)can replicate efficiently in MDCK cells,indicating a potential threat to mammals.These findings underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance of H4 AIVs to better understand their evolution and transmission dynamics and to prevent potential public health risks.
基金funded by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(2018M3A9H4055203 and 2023R1A2C2003679)from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute(KHIDI),funded by the Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea(HV23C1857)from KRIBB Research Initiative Program(KGM9942421).
文摘Influenza,a highly contagious respiratory infectious disease caused by an influenza virus,is a threat to public health worldwide.Avian influenza viruses(AIVs)have the potential to cause the next pandemic by crossing the species barrier through mutation of viral genome.Here,we investigated the pathogenicity of AIVs obtained from South Korea and Mongolia during 2018–2019 by measuring viral titers in the lungs and extrapulmonary organs of mouse models.In addition,we assessed the pathogenicity of AIVs in ferret models.Moreover,we compared the ability of viruses to replicate in mammalian cells,as well as the receptor-binding preferences of AIV isolates.Genetic analyses were finally performed to identify the genetic relationships and amino acid substitutions between viral proteins during mammalian adaptation.Of the 24 AIV isolates tested,A/Mallard/South Korea/KNU2019-34/2019(KNU19-34;H1N1)caused severe bodyweight loss and high mortality in mice.The virus replicated in the lungs,kidneys,and heart.Importantly,KNU19-34-infected ferrets showed high viral loads in both nasal washes and lungs.KNU19-34 replicated rapidly in A549 and bound preferentially to human likeα2,6-linked sialic acids rather than to avian-likeα2,3-linked sialic acids,similar to the pandemic A/California/04/2009(H1N1)strain.Gene segments of KNU19-34 were distributed in Egypt and Asia lineages from 2015 to 2018,and the virus had several amino acid substitutions compared to H1N1 AIV isolates that were non-pathogenic in mice.Collectively,the data suggest that KNU19-34 has zoonotic potential and the possibility of new mutations responsible for mammalian adaptation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFD1801005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32025036 and 32060795)+4 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662023PY005)Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(2022hszd005)the earmarked fund for CARS-41the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2021CFA016)Flexible talent introduction project of Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College(00000198)。
文摘H9N2 avian influenza viruses(AIVs)are widely distributed,causing continuous outbreaks in poultry and sporadic infections in humans.Vaccination is the primary method used to prevent and control H9N2 AIV infection.However,the ongoing evolution and mutation of AIVs often result in limited protection effects from vaccines.Therapeutic mon-oclonal antibodies(mAbs)targeting influenza viruses offer a promising alternative.In this study,we immunized mice with inactivated H9N2-W1 virus,and we screened and acquired five mAbs,namely 4D12,F4,5C8,2G8 and A11.We showed that all five mAbs specifically targeted the HA protein of various H9N2 AIV strains.In vitro neutralization tests demonstrated that all five mAbs exhibited neutralization activity against H9N2 AIVs,with mAb F4 displaying the most potent neutralization effect.The F4 mAb exhibited dose-dependent preventive and therapeutic effects against lethal H9N2-115 infection,and the administration of F4 at a dose of 3μg/g provided complete protection in vivo.Our study presents an alternative approach for preventing and controlling H9N2 AIV infection.Furthermore,the identified F4 mAb holds promise as a solution to potential pandemics in humans caused by H9N2 AIVs.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81872673)the Shanghai New Three-year Action Plan for Public Health(GWVI-11.1-03).
文摘On January 30,2024,China announced the first human case of H10N5 influenza infection.Prior to this,human cases of H10N7 and H10N8 had been reported.It is now appropriate to re-examine the evolution and future epidemiological trends of the H10 and N5 subtypes of avian influenza viruses(AIVs).In this study,we analyzed the reassortment characteristics of the first human-derived H10N5 AIV(A/Zhejiang/ZJU01/2023),as well as the evolutionary dynamics of the wild bird-derived H10 and N5 subtypes of AIVs over the past decade.Our findings indicate that the human-derived H10N5 AIV exhibited low pathogenicity.A/bean_goose/Korea/KNU-10/2022(H10N7)and A/mallard/Novosibirsk_region/962k/2018(H12N5)were identified as the potential reassortment parents.The virus has existed since 2022 and several isolations have been reported in Bangladesh.Phylogenetic analysis showed that H10Ny and HxN5 AIVs in China are clustered differently based on the East Asian-Australian(eastern)and Central Asian-Indian(western)migratory flyways.The H10Ny and HxN5 AIV reassortant strains may cause human infections through accidental spillover.It is possible that another center of AIV evolution,mutation,and reassortment may be developing along the migratory flyways in northeastern Asia,distinct from Europe,the Americas,and China's Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta,which should be closely monitored to ensure the safety of the public.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant number:32272992(JP),31772775(JP)]National Key Research and Development Program of China[Grant number:2021YFD1800205(JP)].
文摘The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus(AIV)continues to propagate and undergo evolution within China,thereby posing a significant threat to the poultry industry.This study encompassed the collection of 436 samples and swabs in East China over the period spanning 2018 to 2019,from which 31 strains of the H9N2 subtype viruses were isolated and purified.We revealed that the HA and NA genes of the 31 isolates categorized within the Y280 branch,while the PB2 and M genes were associated with the G1 branch,and the remaining genes aligned with the F/98 branch.Despite this alignment,antigenic mapping demonstrated differences between the 2018 and 2019 strains,with the early vaccine strains displaying low serological reactivity toward these isolates.Notably,the CK/SH/49/19 isolate exhibited lethality in mice,characterized by a PB2 E627V mutation and a HA deletion at amino acid position 217.Mechanistically,in vitro studies showed that the influenza virus CK/SH/49/19 carrying PB2627V and HA 217M mutations displayed enhanced replication capacity,attributed to the heightened activity of the polymerase with PB2627V.Moreover,the absence of the amino acid at the HA 217 site obstructed viral adsorption and internalization,resulted in lower activation pH,and impeded the virus budding process.Critically,in vivo experiments revealed that CK/SH/49/19(PB2627V,HA 217Δ)triggered a robust activation of interferon response and interferon-stimulated genes.This study furnished a theoretical foundation for the scientific prevention and control strategies against H9N2 subtype avian influenza.
文摘应用反向遗传技术将含有1998年中国大陆分离株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(Avianinfluenzavirus,AIV)的8个基因片段的质粒共转染COS_1细胞,产生了与野生病毒生物学特性相同的H9N2亚型AIV。将A Chicken Shanghai F 98(CK SH F 98)株H9N2亚型AIV的8个基因组cDNA分别克隆到polⅠ_polⅡ转录 表达载体pHW2 0 0 0中,构建成8个转录表达载体重组质粒。将这8个质粒共转染COS_1细胞,2 4h后收获细胞及上清接种SPF鸡胚,4 8h后收取鸡胚尿囊液继续进行鸡胚传代,产生能致死鸡胚的病毒。经血凝、血凝抑制试验、序列分析和电镜观察,证实产生了CK SH F 98(H9N2 )株AIV。
