African Aviation continues to fall short of serving the demands of the fast-growing African population. For major air transport in and out of the African continent, African travellers rely mainly on non-African Airlin...African Aviation continues to fall short of serving the demands of the fast-growing African population. For major air transport in and out of the African continent, African travellers rely mainly on non-African Airlines. There is, however, one successful airline on the continent at the writing of this paper: Ethiopian Airlines and the Ethiopian Aviation Group. Why are no further successful airlines possible on a continent of 1.4 billion people (25% of the world’s population) and only a 2%-share of global air transport? At the introduction of SAATM, which is anticipated as the start of the domestic African aviation boom, most African countries seem unprepared to build a success story like Ethiopia. Transportation infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa does not start with roads and rail but with runways and airlines. This research investigates the basic requirements needed to equip Africa with a competitive aviation industry that would contribute some 5% to the continent’s GDP and create hundreds of thousands of workplaces. Interviews with African SAATM leaders signal a slowdown in the effort to succeed. The research is also concerned about the lack of inclusion in the implementation of a NetZero CO2 emission scheme in Africa.展开更多
Although African swine fever(ASF) has been prevalent for more than a century, it remains the number one swine disease that seriously endangers the global pig industry, and there is no effective means of prevention and...Although African swine fever(ASF) has been prevalent for more than a century, it remains the number one swine disease that seriously endangers the global pig industry, and there is no effective means of prevention and treatment(Wang et al. 2023). Due to its enormous economic and social impact, it is listed as a notifiable animal disease by the World Organization for Animal Health(Costard et al. 2013). Although ASF has been present in Sub-Saharan Africa since its first discovery in Kenya.展开更多
This study explores the epistemic imperative to decolonize African education systems by centering indigenous philosophies such as Ubuntu and introducing the Ubuntu Pedagogy as a pedagogical model.Ubuntu pedagogy trans...This study explores the epistemic imperative to decolonize African education systems by centering indigenous philosophies such as Ubuntu and introducing the Ubuntu Pedagogy as a pedagogical model.Ubuntu pedagogy transforms teacher-learner relationships,it provides a replicable model for relational learning,community partnerships,and reassert the dignity of indigenous epistemologies.The paper examines how language,knowledge production,and pedagogy can be restructured to reflect African epistemologies and educational sovereignty.This research also explores the relationship between mother tongue instruction and cognitive access to learning.Through a qualitative literature analysis of case studies and African scholarly discourse,this paper highlights the continued marginalization of indigenous knowledge systems and the need to embed culturally relevant teaching methodologies.The findings support the broader question of whether there exists an epistemological base for knowledge independence or production within African and Afro-Diasporic contexts,revealing culturally coherent frameworks of learning that resist colonial dominance and an exploration of reclaiming African indigenous knowledge systems for educational and cultural sovereignty.展开更多
Introduction: Obstetric Fistulas (OF) constitute a major public health problem in developing countries in general and in Central African Republic (CAR) in particular because of its numerous consequences. The objective...Introduction: Obstetric Fistulas (OF) constitute a major public health problem in developing countries in general and in Central African Republic (CAR) in particular because of its numerous consequences. The objective of this work is to contribute to the management of OF cases in CAR. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study, including data from several OF care services. The study included 245 cases of OF, operated on from 2009 to 2018. The parameters studied were maternal and obstetrical data, sociodemographic data, the specific characteristics of the fistulas as well as the modalities and outcome of surgical treatment. The data collected came from six (6) OF surgical repair campaigns organized by the Ministry of Health and Population with the support of UNFPA. Results: We recorded 245 patients, representing a prevalence of 0.77% of OF per year. Among these patients, almost half (45.3%) were treated at the Sino-Central African Friendship University Hospital Center (CHUASC). The average age of the patients was 30 years (range 14 to 78 years). They were unschooled (53.9%) and primigravidas (35%). The fistulas had an average duration of evolution of 7.58 years. They were vesicovaginal in 25.3%. Types V and I dominated in 17.4% and 9.2%, respectively. In 85.9% of cases, fistulorrhaphy was performed, half of which (50.2%) via the upper route. The cure rate was 83.3%. Note that our study reveals statistically significant links between the evolution after surgery with age (p = 0.04 Conclusion: OF mainly affected women of childbearing age, uneducated, primiparous. Vesicovaginal fistula was the frequently encountered type and was manifested by urine loss clinically with a positive methylene blue test.展开更多
The just-concluded sessions of the National People’s Congress(NPC)and the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC),known as Two Sessions,represent excellent opportunities t...The just-concluded sessions of the National People’s Congress(NPC)and the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC),known as Two Sessions,represent excellent opportunities to observe how China functions.During the events,five African experts shared with ChinAfrica their perspectives on topics of their interest,excerpts of which follow.展开更多
There has been growing attention to transnational and trans-regional infrastructure cooperation in Africa in recent years.Given that development on the continent has long been plagued by poor infrastructure,trans-regi...There has been growing attention to transnational and trans-regional infrastructure cooperation in Africa in recent years.Given that development on the continent has long been plagued by poor infrastructure,trans-regional cooperation is viewed as both a driving force and a catalyst for African integration.To promote African integration and the construction of the African Continental Free Trade Area(AfCFTA),the African Union(AU)has expedited the implementation of the second ten-year plan under its Agenda 2063,which includes advancing the Second Priority Action Plan(PAP II)under the Program for Infrastructure Development in Africa(PIDA).To consolidate and enhance strategic interests and influence in Africa,Western countries represented by the European Union and the United States have proposed new infrastructure investment plans for Africa,including initiatives such as the Global Gateway and the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment(PGII).These efforts focus on increasing strategic investments in development and strategically important corridors like the Lobito Corridor,intending to strengthen competition with China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI).展开更多
Struik Nature The book celebrates the remarkable diversity and beauty of indigenous trees,o"ering an engaging exploration of their fascinating world.Divided into two sections,the book delves into both the intrica...Struik Nature The book celebrates the remarkable diversity and beauty of indigenous trees,o"ering an engaging exploration of their fascinating world.Divided into two sections,the book delves into both the intricate biology of trees and the unique characteristics of specific species,complemented by stunning photographs.展开更多
This paper is composed of two parts,respectively prepared by Prof.Jerry Ward,Jr.on Oct 6,2021,for an online lecture to the faculty members and graduates of Central China Normal University,and on May 22,2019,as a contr...This paper is composed of two parts,respectively prepared by Prof.Jerry Ward,Jr.on Oct 6,2021,for an online lecture to the faculty members and graduates of Central China Normal University,and on May 22,2019,as a contribution to our journal of Foreign Language and Literature Research.Prof.Ward provides rich insights into the African American literature in the 21st century by exploring continuity and change,and the key features of the ongoing production,especially by referring to five 21st-century writers.Meanwhile Prof.Ward revisits the literary history of USA and casts new light on African American literature from the perspectives of ethos and ethnos.Thus this paper demonstrates some thought-provoking explorations into the major issues the studies of African American literature is confronted in the new century.展开更多
African cultivated rice(Oryza glaberrima)was domesticated from its wild progenitor,Oryza barthii.The transition from long-awn to short-awn or awnless glumes was an important evolutionary event during domestication.A Q...African cultivated rice(Oryza glaberrima)was domesticated from its wild progenitor,Oryza barthii.The transition from long-awn to short-awn or awnless glumes was an important evolutionary event during domestication.A QTL analysis of 331 recombinant inbred lines(RILs)using 194 InDel markers identified five quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with awn length.Locus qObAwn5 made the highest contribution in regulating awn length and was fine-mapped to a 260-kb genomic interval.RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses,combined with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout that disruption of gene G12 caused a significant reduction in awn length indicating that G12 was ObAwn5.Genomic analysis revealed a large structural variation(SV)between W1411 and IRGC104165 within this region,characterized by an inversion and two large deletions.Population genomic analyses revealed that all the cultivated African accessions exhibit a domestication-like(Dom-like)pattern,whereas non-cultivated accessions consisted of two distinct types:W1050-like and W1411-like.The W1411-like type was exclusively found in the AA genome of African wild rice.This discovery of ObAwn5 newly substantiates the independent origin of African cultivated rice.展开更多
How a Tanzanian entrepreneur turned lessons from China into a sustainable farming solution back home At the National Agricultural Exhibition in Tanzania’s Dodoma Region in August 2024,one product stood out among hund...How a Tanzanian entrepreneur turned lessons from China into a sustainable farming solution back home At the National Agricultural Exhibition in Tanzania’s Dodoma Region in August 2024,one product stood out among hundreds:bio-genic fertiliser.Visitors,including farmers,researchers and government o"cials,were intrigued by its promise.展开更多
African swine fever virus(ASFV)pB318L is an important protein for viral replication that acts as a membrane-bound trans-geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase(GGPPS)catalyzing the condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate(...African swine fever virus(ASFV)pB318L is an important protein for viral replication that acts as a membrane-bound trans-geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase(GGPPS)catalyzing the condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate(IPP)with allylic diphosphates.Recently we solved the crystal structure pB318L lacking N-terminal transmembrane region and performed a preliminary structural analysis.In this study,structure-based mutagenesis study and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate(GGPP)production assay further revealed the key residues for the GGPPS activity.Structural comparison showed pB318L displays a strong similarity to typical GGPPSs instead of protein prenyltransferases.The phylogenetic analysis indicated pB318L may share a common ancestor with the GGPPSs from Brassicaceae plants rather than from its natural host.The subcellular localization analysis showed pB318L is localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm(including the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and mitochondria outer membrane).A unique N-terminal nuclear localization signal(NLS)following the transmembrane region was discovered in pB318L and the NLS was confirmed to be required for the nuclear import.We further revealed the NLS plays an essential role in the interaction with nuclear transporter karyopherin subunit alpha 1(KPNA1).Their interaction may suppress signal transducers and activators of transcription 1(STAT1)translocation and subsequently competitively inhibit nuclear import of IFNstimulated gene factor 3(ISGF3)complex.Our biochemical,structural and cellular analyses provide novel insights to pB318L that acts as an essential GGPPS that promotes viral replication and as a nuclear import protein that may be involved in immune evasion of ASFV.展开更多
In sub-Saharan Africa, foodborne Salmonella infections cause around 680,000 deaths per year. The evolutionary aspects of the incidence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella strains no longer seem to attract much inte...In sub-Saharan Africa, foodborne Salmonella infections cause around 680,000 deaths per year. The evolutionary aspects of the incidence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella strains no longer seem to attract much interest in the Central African Republic (CAR), although salmonellosis remains a health problem requiring national and international surveillance. Methodology: The study conducted at the National Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Public Health, Bangui, Central African Republic (LNBCSP) was a retrospective descriptive study. The study duration was five years (January 2019 to December 2023). The study sample consisted of patients who underwent bacteriological testing of stool, blood and urine samples for Salmonella at the LNBCSP in Bangui during this period. Study variables were age, sex, year and bacteriological test results. Statistical tests were used to compare incidences. Relative risks (RR) were calculated to measure the degree of association. Results: From 2019 to 2023, we recorded 353 Salmonella strains, of which 5% were found in blood, 37% in urine and 58% in stool. Patient age ranged from 1 to 86 years, with a mean of 27 ± 22.05 years and a mode of 5 years. Children aged 0 to 14 years (34%) and females (55.81%) predominated. The highest rate of contamination by Salmonella strains was 1.69% in 2022. The overall incidence of salmonellosis was 6.72 in 2019, 7.05 in 2020, 6.91 in 2021, 16.9 in 2022 and 6.26 in 2023 per 1000 samples. Resistance was 30.47% to β_lactam antibiotics, 24.22% to fluroquinolones and 37.97% to Salmonella spp. For Salmonella arizonae strains, resistance was 20.25% to aminoglycosides, 43.67% to chloramphenicol and 7.59% to imipenem. Conclusion: Laboratory-based surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella strains is needed in both human and veterinary medicine. Another study based on molecular characterization will identify new antibiotic-resistant variants circulating in CAR.展开更多
The strategy implemented by the Republic of Turkey in Sub-Saharan Africa needs to be examined not only in terms of Geopolitics,but also in terms of Political Economy.From this point of view,it is necessary to examine ...The strategy implemented by the Republic of Turkey in Sub-Saharan Africa needs to be examined not only in terms of Geopolitics,but also in terms of Political Economy.From this point of view,it is necessary to examine the economic difficulties or advantages that may arise.In our era,it is still being revealed whether it finds a response in“Hierarchical African policies”and whether“white rule”in Africa can continue effectively.The trade systematics and ranking of the top five countries in Africa’s trade system are also changing.The most important data is that the will of African people and decision makers not to be“passive”is also visible.The hypothesis of the article is that the political negotiation process,which will be created under equal conditions,can be organized by increasing commercial dependence.African history and the political structure of Africa have not only a geopolitical point of view.The African continent,which was seen as a raw material and human resource during the colonial period,was also subjected to foreign influence in terms of“European Harmony”and other theories of domination.The role of Africa in the system put forward by Klemens von Metternich is being re-examined by the emerging new powers in the contemporary world.In this context,undoubtedly,the thesis“African solutions to Africa’s problems”put forward by Turkey should be considered not only as a point of view,but also as a historical,economic and sociological proposition.In this study,Turkey’s current policies towards sub-Saharan Africa will be discussed on the example of the Renaissance dam.What policies are needed to avoid increase the welfare of a region?Which ethical processes can be ignoring for conduct by these policies?In order to answer these important questions,a historicity appropriate to the Annales School approach is required in the light of premodern“market”dynamics and social sharing theories.The aim of the article is to cover the weaknesses and strengths of Turkey’s African policy after the presentation of African ecopolitics from a historical perspective.展开更多
Based on seismic,drilling,and source rock analysis data,the petroleum geological characteristics and future exploration direction of the oil-rich sags in the Central and West African Rift System(CWARS)are discussed.Th...Based on seismic,drilling,and source rock analysis data,the petroleum geological characteristics and future exploration direction of the oil-rich sags in the Central and West African Rift System(CWARS)are discussed.The study shows that the Central African Rift System mainly develops high-quality lacustrine source rocks in the Lower Cretaceous,and the West African Rift System mainly develops high-quality terrigenous organic matter-rich marine source rocks in the Upper Cretaceous,and the two types of source rocks provide a material basis for the enrichment of oil and gas in the CWARS.Multiple sets of reservoir rocks including fractured basement and three sets of regional cap rocks in the Lower Cretaceous,the Upper Cretaceous,and the Paleogene are developed in the CWARS.Since the Late Mesozoic,due to the geodynamic factors including the dextral strike-slip movement of the Central African Shear Zone,the basins in different directions of the CWARS differ in terms of rifting stages,intervals of regional cap rocks,trap types and accumulation models.The NE-SW trending basins have mainly preserved one stage of rifting in the Early Cretaceous,with regional cap rocks developed in the Lower Cretaceous strata,forming traps of reverse anticlines,flower-shaped structures and basement buried hill,and two types of hydrocarbon accumulation models of"source and reservoir in the same formation,and accumulation inside source rocks"and"up-source and down-reservoir,and accumulation below source rocks".The NW–SE basins are characterized by multiple rifting stages superimposition,with the development of regional cap rocks in the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene,forming traps of draping anticlines,faulted anticlines,antithetic fault blocks and the accumulation model of"down-source and up-reservoir,and accumulation above source rocks".The combination of reservoir and cap rocks inside source rocks of basins with multiple superimposed rifting stages,as well as the lithologic reservoirs and the shale oil inside source rocks of strong inversion basins are important fields for future exploration in basins of the CWARS.展开更多
African swine fever(ASF)is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs caused by African swine fever virus(ASFV).The mortality rate associated with ASF is remarkably high,almost approaching 100%.Since the in...African swine fever(ASF)is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs caused by African swine fever virus(ASFV).The mortality rate associated with ASF is remarkably high,almost approaching 100%.Since the introduction of ASF into China in 2018,its rapid spread has caused marked economic losses in the country’s swine industry.To date,there are no safe and efective commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs against ASF;thus,there is an urgent need to develop novel prevention and control strategies.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),which comprises various herbs that are abundant in various potential functional components,holds great promise for the prevention and control of ASF.Here,we provide a comprehensive review of the advancements in TCM and the efects of its compound formulas against ASF,including the antiviral abilities,immunoregulatory activities,and practical application of these formulas for the prevention and control of ASF.We specifcally examined the potential and constraints of natural product-derived extracts and TCM formulas in combating ASFV.This review aims to ofer insights and ideas for the holistic management and containment of ASF.展开更多
African swine fever(ASF)continues to cause enormous economic loss to the global pig industry.Since there is no safe and effective vaccine,accurate and timely diagnosis of ASF is essential to implement control measures...African swine fever(ASF)continues to cause enormous economic loss to the global pig industry.Since there is no safe and effective vaccine,accurate and timely diagnosis of ASF is essential to implement control measures.Indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA)is a gold standard serological method recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health(WOAH).In this study,we used primary fetal kidney cells to establish a wild boar cell line(BK2258)that supported the efficient replication of ASF virus(ASFV)SD/DY-I/21 and showed visible cytopathic effect(CPE).Moreover,using BK2258,we established a sensitive and specific IFA for ASFV antibody detection.To standardize and evaluate the performance of this assay,we used serum samples from pigs infected with the low virulent genotype I SD/DY-I/21 and genotype II HLJ/HRB1/20,and immunized with the vaccine candidate HLJ/18-7GD,field samples,and negative serum samples.The IFA reacted with the ASFV-positive sera and displayed bright fluorescence foci.There was no non-specific green fluorescence due to cellular senescence or other cell damage-causing factors.Compared to a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(iELISA),ASFV antibodies were detected 1–4 days earlier using our IFA.The detection limits of the IFA and iELISA for the same ASFV-antibody positive serum samples were 1:25,600 and 1:6,400,respectively,indicating that the IFA is more sensitive than iELISA.The newly established IFA was highly specific and did not cross-react with sera positive for six other important porcine pathogens(i.e.,Classical swine fever virus(CSFV),Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),Porcme circovirus type 2(PCV2),Pseudorabies virus(PRV),Foot-and-Mouth disease virus type O(FMDV/O),and Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)).This study thus provides a sensitive,specific,and reliable detection method that is suitable for the serological diagnosis of ASF.展开更多
Despite the profound cultural and medicinal heritage of traditional African medicines (TAM), their global recognition remains notably limited. This study investigates the factors behind this issue, focusing on cultura...Despite the profound cultural and medicinal heritage of traditional African medicines (TAM), their global recognition remains notably limited. This study investigates the factors behind this issue, focusing on cultural perceptions, scientific validation, regulatory frameworks, and pharmaceutical industry influence. Utilizing a systematic literature review (SLR) to provide a thorough and structured overview, the research addresses these factors with transparency and reproducibility. Key findings reveal that negative cultural perceptions, the dominance of Western medicine, and skepticism towards traditional healers, especially in urban and educated populations, marginalize TAM. Additionally, religious beliefs and historical influences, such as colonialism, further devalue indigenous knowledge systems. The study also highlights a significant lack of scientific research and clinical trials, which challenges the conventional validation of TAM’s efficacy. Moreover, inconsistent international and national regulatory frameworks and the pharmaceutical industry’s dominance impede TAM’s integration into global healthcare systems. To enhance TAM’s credibility and global acceptance, the study advocates for standardized regulatory policies, increased scientific research, and a reevaluation of intellectual property laws. This shift towards a more inclusive and integrative approach in global health systems could bridge the gap between traditional and modern medical practices, promoting a more holistic understanding of health and wellness.展开更多
African swine fever(ASF)is a highly fatal hemorrhagic disease afecting domestic pigs caused by African swine fever virus(ASFV).Genetic analysis of ASFV isolates to date has identifed 24 geographically related genotype...African swine fever(ASF)is a highly fatal hemorrhagic disease afecting domestic pigs caused by African swine fever virus(ASFV).Genetic analysis of ASFV isolates to date has identifed 24 geographically related genotypes with various subgroups,but only genotype I and II ASFVs have been reported outside Africa.ASFV genotype II and genotype I viruses were reported in China in 2018 and 2021,respectively.In this study,unique and highly conserved noncoding regions were found between MGF_505-9R and MGF_505-10R in the 188 genomes of ASFV genotypes I and II.A pair of primers was designed on the basis of this region.By optimizing the reaction system and conditions,a SYBR Green I fuorescence PCR assay that can distinguish between ASFV genotypes I and II was established,and the sensitivity,reproducibility and specifcity were evaluated.The detection limit was 1 TCID_(50)/0.1 mL for both genotypes,with no cross-reactivity observed with other common pig pathogens.The intra-and interbatch variation coefcients were both less than 1.2%.Clinical sample detection analysis revealed 47 positive cases out of 100,including 3 for genotype I and 44 for genotype II,aligning with results from the WOAH-recommended and national standard methods.The method developed in this study allows for the diferentiation of ASFV genotypes I and II without the need for genome sequencing,ofering a convenient and rapid approach for ASFV detection and genotype identifcation.展开更多
It is essential to intensify research on the strike-slip tectonic system in West and Central Africa to better understand regional tectonic evolution and achieve future breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.Based on...It is essential to intensify research on the strike-slip tectonic system in West and Central Africa to better understand regional tectonic evolution and achieve future breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.Based on the structural interpretation of extensive seismic data and stratigraphic paleontological analysis of more than 50 wells, this study investigated the tectonic history, sedimentary filling, and evolution of the rift basins in the West and Central Africa, and identified a novel type of intraplate strike-slip tectonic system. It exhibits the following characteristics:(i) the strike-slip tectonic system in the West and Central Africa consists of the Central African Shear Zone(CASZ) and two rift branches, manifesting as an N-shape;(ii) most of basins and rifts are characterized by rapid subsidence at one end and substantial sedimentary thickness;(iii) two types of strike-slip basins are developed, namely the transform-normal extensional basin(TEB) along CASZ and the strike-slip-induced extensional basin(SEB) at each end of CASZ;(iv) two types of basins display their own temporal and spatial evolution history. TEBs underwent two rifting stages during the Early and Late Cretaceous, with a strong inversion at the end of the Late Cretaceous. SEBs experienced three rifting stages, i.e., the Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous, and Paleogene, with a weak inversion;and(v) this strike-slip tectonic system was formed under intraplate divergent field, indicating a new type of system. This discovery enhances understanding of the breakup of Gondwana and provides valuable guidance for future oil and gas exploration.展开更多
In response to the situation of the African healthcare system,the African Medicines Agency(AMA)was established by the African Union(AU)to regulate access to medicines and support the local manufacture of medications.T...In response to the situation of the African healthcare system,the African Medicines Agency(AMA)was established by the African Union(AU)to regulate access to medicines and support the local manufacture of medications.This study aimed to describe the factors that enabled the establishment of the African Medicines Agency and its successes,challenges,and perceived benefits.We reviewed data sources that explored the progress and challenges of the African Medicines Agency and Medicines Regulation in Africa.The SPIDER framework was used to organise the research focus and to extract the keywords for the literature search.The study data were obtained from PubMed Central,ScienceDirect,and Google Scholar.Out of 249 studies screened,19 were selected for this narrative review.Critical successes observed in the agency's establishment include the appointment of a Special Envoy,the selection of its headquarters,and the signing of its treaty by 37 member states.However,it is hindered by poor political commitment,differences in riskbenefits interpretation and organizational structure,weak legal and regulatory frameworks,inadequate financial mechanisms,and inadequate political and policy leadership in some member states.The value of AMA in achieving optimal health outcomes and its other benefits must be considered despite the challenges being encountered.Therefore,all member states should adopt the best procedures in signing and ratifying the treaty and implementing associated commitments to improve efficiency and accountability in African medicine regulation.展开更多
文摘African Aviation continues to fall short of serving the demands of the fast-growing African population. For major air transport in and out of the African continent, African travellers rely mainly on non-African Airlines. There is, however, one successful airline on the continent at the writing of this paper: Ethiopian Airlines and the Ethiopian Aviation Group. Why are no further successful airlines possible on a continent of 1.4 billion people (25% of the world’s population) and only a 2%-share of global air transport? At the introduction of SAATM, which is anticipated as the start of the domestic African aviation boom, most African countries seem unprepared to build a success story like Ethiopia. Transportation infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa does not start with roads and rail but with runways and airlines. This research investigates the basic requirements needed to equip Africa with a competitive aviation industry that would contribute some 5% to the continent’s GDP and create hundreds of thousands of workplaces. Interviews with African SAATM leaders signal a slowdown in the effort to succeed. The research is also concerned about the lack of inclusion in the implementation of a NetZero CO2 emission scheme in Africa.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1800100)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-35)。
文摘Although African swine fever(ASF) has been prevalent for more than a century, it remains the number one swine disease that seriously endangers the global pig industry, and there is no effective means of prevention and treatment(Wang et al. 2023). Due to its enormous economic and social impact, it is listed as a notifiable animal disease by the World Organization for Animal Health(Costard et al. 2013). Although ASF has been present in Sub-Saharan Africa since its first discovery in Kenya.
文摘This study explores the epistemic imperative to decolonize African education systems by centering indigenous philosophies such as Ubuntu and introducing the Ubuntu Pedagogy as a pedagogical model.Ubuntu pedagogy transforms teacher-learner relationships,it provides a replicable model for relational learning,community partnerships,and reassert the dignity of indigenous epistemologies.The paper examines how language,knowledge production,and pedagogy can be restructured to reflect African epistemologies and educational sovereignty.This research also explores the relationship between mother tongue instruction and cognitive access to learning.Through a qualitative literature analysis of case studies and African scholarly discourse,this paper highlights the continued marginalization of indigenous knowledge systems and the need to embed culturally relevant teaching methodologies.The findings support the broader question of whether there exists an epistemological base for knowledge independence or production within African and Afro-Diasporic contexts,revealing culturally coherent frameworks of learning that resist colonial dominance and an exploration of reclaiming African indigenous knowledge systems for educational and cultural sovereignty.
文摘Introduction: Obstetric Fistulas (OF) constitute a major public health problem in developing countries in general and in Central African Republic (CAR) in particular because of its numerous consequences. The objective of this work is to contribute to the management of OF cases in CAR. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study, including data from several OF care services. The study included 245 cases of OF, operated on from 2009 to 2018. The parameters studied were maternal and obstetrical data, sociodemographic data, the specific characteristics of the fistulas as well as the modalities and outcome of surgical treatment. The data collected came from six (6) OF surgical repair campaigns organized by the Ministry of Health and Population with the support of UNFPA. Results: We recorded 245 patients, representing a prevalence of 0.77% of OF per year. Among these patients, almost half (45.3%) were treated at the Sino-Central African Friendship University Hospital Center (CHUASC). The average age of the patients was 30 years (range 14 to 78 years). They were unschooled (53.9%) and primigravidas (35%). The fistulas had an average duration of evolution of 7.58 years. They were vesicovaginal in 25.3%. Types V and I dominated in 17.4% and 9.2%, respectively. In 85.9% of cases, fistulorrhaphy was performed, half of which (50.2%) via the upper route. The cure rate was 83.3%. Note that our study reveals statistically significant links between the evolution after surgery with age (p = 0.04 Conclusion: OF mainly affected women of childbearing age, uneducated, primiparous. Vesicovaginal fistula was the frequently encountered type and was manifested by urine loss clinically with a positive methylene blue test.
文摘The just-concluded sessions of the National People’s Congress(NPC)and the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC),known as Two Sessions,represent excellent opportunities to observe how China functions.During the events,five African experts shared with ChinAfrica their perspectives on topics of their interest,excerpts of which follow.
文摘There has been growing attention to transnational and trans-regional infrastructure cooperation in Africa in recent years.Given that development on the continent has long been plagued by poor infrastructure,trans-regional cooperation is viewed as both a driving force and a catalyst for African integration.To promote African integration and the construction of the African Continental Free Trade Area(AfCFTA),the African Union(AU)has expedited the implementation of the second ten-year plan under its Agenda 2063,which includes advancing the Second Priority Action Plan(PAP II)under the Program for Infrastructure Development in Africa(PIDA).To consolidate and enhance strategic interests and influence in Africa,Western countries represented by the European Union and the United States have proposed new infrastructure investment plans for Africa,including initiatives such as the Global Gateway and the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment(PGII).These efforts focus on increasing strategic investments in development and strategically important corridors like the Lobito Corridor,intending to strengthen competition with China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI).
文摘Struik Nature The book celebrates the remarkable diversity and beauty of indigenous trees,o"ering an engaging exploration of their fascinating world.Divided into two sections,the book delves into both the intricate biology of trees and the unique characteristics of specific species,complemented by stunning photographs.
文摘This paper is composed of two parts,respectively prepared by Prof.Jerry Ward,Jr.on Oct 6,2021,for an online lecture to the faculty members and graduates of Central China Normal University,and on May 22,2019,as a contribution to our journal of Foreign Language and Literature Research.Prof.Ward provides rich insights into the African American literature in the 21st century by exploring continuity and change,and the key features of the ongoing production,especially by referring to five 21st-century writers.Meanwhile Prof.Ward revisits the literary history of USA and casts new light on African American literature from the perspectives of ethos and ethnos.Thus this paper demonstrates some thought-provoking explorations into the major issues the studies of African American literature is confronted in the new century.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31925029,32401815)
文摘African cultivated rice(Oryza glaberrima)was domesticated from its wild progenitor,Oryza barthii.The transition from long-awn to short-awn or awnless glumes was an important evolutionary event during domestication.A QTL analysis of 331 recombinant inbred lines(RILs)using 194 InDel markers identified five quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with awn length.Locus qObAwn5 made the highest contribution in regulating awn length and was fine-mapped to a 260-kb genomic interval.RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses,combined with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout that disruption of gene G12 caused a significant reduction in awn length indicating that G12 was ObAwn5.Genomic analysis revealed a large structural variation(SV)between W1411 and IRGC104165 within this region,characterized by an inversion and two large deletions.Population genomic analyses revealed that all the cultivated African accessions exhibit a domestication-like(Dom-like)pattern,whereas non-cultivated accessions consisted of two distinct types:W1050-like and W1411-like.The W1411-like type was exclusively found in the AA genome of African wild rice.This discovery of ObAwn5 newly substantiates the independent origin of African cultivated rice.
文摘How a Tanzanian entrepreneur turned lessons from China into a sustainable farming solution back home At the National Agricultural Exhibition in Tanzania’s Dodoma Region in August 2024,one product stood out among hundreds:bio-genic fertiliser.Visitors,including farmers,researchers and government o"cials,were intrigued by its promise.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China to Heng Zhang(31970152)the Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS to Yu-Hui Dong(XDB37040302)the CAS Emergency Research Project on African Swine Fever to Yu-Hui Dong(Grant KJZDSW-L06-01).
文摘African swine fever virus(ASFV)pB318L is an important protein for viral replication that acts as a membrane-bound trans-geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase(GGPPS)catalyzing the condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate(IPP)with allylic diphosphates.Recently we solved the crystal structure pB318L lacking N-terminal transmembrane region and performed a preliminary structural analysis.In this study,structure-based mutagenesis study and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate(GGPP)production assay further revealed the key residues for the GGPPS activity.Structural comparison showed pB318L displays a strong similarity to typical GGPPSs instead of protein prenyltransferases.The phylogenetic analysis indicated pB318L may share a common ancestor with the GGPPSs from Brassicaceae plants rather than from its natural host.The subcellular localization analysis showed pB318L is localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm(including the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and mitochondria outer membrane).A unique N-terminal nuclear localization signal(NLS)following the transmembrane region was discovered in pB318L and the NLS was confirmed to be required for the nuclear import.We further revealed the NLS plays an essential role in the interaction with nuclear transporter karyopherin subunit alpha 1(KPNA1).Their interaction may suppress signal transducers and activators of transcription 1(STAT1)translocation and subsequently competitively inhibit nuclear import of IFNstimulated gene factor 3(ISGF3)complex.Our biochemical,structural and cellular analyses provide novel insights to pB318L that acts as an essential GGPPS that promotes viral replication and as a nuclear import protein that may be involved in immune evasion of ASFV.
文摘In sub-Saharan Africa, foodborne Salmonella infections cause around 680,000 deaths per year. The evolutionary aspects of the incidence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella strains no longer seem to attract much interest in the Central African Republic (CAR), although salmonellosis remains a health problem requiring national and international surveillance. Methodology: The study conducted at the National Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Public Health, Bangui, Central African Republic (LNBCSP) was a retrospective descriptive study. The study duration was five years (January 2019 to December 2023). The study sample consisted of patients who underwent bacteriological testing of stool, blood and urine samples for Salmonella at the LNBCSP in Bangui during this period. Study variables were age, sex, year and bacteriological test results. Statistical tests were used to compare incidences. Relative risks (RR) were calculated to measure the degree of association. Results: From 2019 to 2023, we recorded 353 Salmonella strains, of which 5% were found in blood, 37% in urine and 58% in stool. Patient age ranged from 1 to 86 years, with a mean of 27 ± 22.05 years and a mode of 5 years. Children aged 0 to 14 years (34%) and females (55.81%) predominated. The highest rate of contamination by Salmonella strains was 1.69% in 2022. The overall incidence of salmonellosis was 6.72 in 2019, 7.05 in 2020, 6.91 in 2021, 16.9 in 2022 and 6.26 in 2023 per 1000 samples. Resistance was 30.47% to β_lactam antibiotics, 24.22% to fluroquinolones and 37.97% to Salmonella spp. For Salmonella arizonae strains, resistance was 20.25% to aminoglycosides, 43.67% to chloramphenicol and 7.59% to imipenem. Conclusion: Laboratory-based surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella strains is needed in both human and veterinary medicine. Another study based on molecular characterization will identify new antibiotic-resistant variants circulating in CAR.
文摘The strategy implemented by the Republic of Turkey in Sub-Saharan Africa needs to be examined not only in terms of Geopolitics,but also in terms of Political Economy.From this point of view,it is necessary to examine the economic difficulties or advantages that may arise.In our era,it is still being revealed whether it finds a response in“Hierarchical African policies”and whether“white rule”in Africa can continue effectively.The trade systematics and ranking of the top five countries in Africa’s trade system are also changing.The most important data is that the will of African people and decision makers not to be“passive”is also visible.The hypothesis of the article is that the political negotiation process,which will be created under equal conditions,can be organized by increasing commercial dependence.African history and the political structure of Africa have not only a geopolitical point of view.The African continent,which was seen as a raw material and human resource during the colonial period,was also subjected to foreign influence in terms of“European Harmony”and other theories of domination.The role of Africa in the system put forward by Klemens von Metternich is being re-examined by the emerging new powers in the contemporary world.In this context,undoubtedly,the thesis“African solutions to Africa’s problems”put forward by Turkey should be considered not only as a point of view,but also as a historical,economic and sociological proposition.In this study,Turkey’s current policies towards sub-Saharan Africa will be discussed on the example of the Renaissance dam.What policies are needed to avoid increase the welfare of a region?Which ethical processes can be ignoring for conduct by these policies?In order to answer these important questions,a historicity appropriate to the Annales School approach is required in the light of premodern“market”dynamics and social sharing theories.The aim of the article is to cover the weaknesses and strengths of Turkey’s African policy after the presentation of African ecopolitics from a historical perspective.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Project(92255302)National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05029005)Scientific Research and Technological Development Project of PetroChina(2021DJ31).
文摘Based on seismic,drilling,and source rock analysis data,the petroleum geological characteristics and future exploration direction of the oil-rich sags in the Central and West African Rift System(CWARS)are discussed.The study shows that the Central African Rift System mainly develops high-quality lacustrine source rocks in the Lower Cretaceous,and the West African Rift System mainly develops high-quality terrigenous organic matter-rich marine source rocks in the Upper Cretaceous,and the two types of source rocks provide a material basis for the enrichment of oil and gas in the CWARS.Multiple sets of reservoir rocks including fractured basement and three sets of regional cap rocks in the Lower Cretaceous,the Upper Cretaceous,and the Paleogene are developed in the CWARS.Since the Late Mesozoic,due to the geodynamic factors including the dextral strike-slip movement of the Central African Shear Zone,the basins in different directions of the CWARS differ in terms of rifting stages,intervals of regional cap rocks,trap types and accumulation models.The NE-SW trending basins have mainly preserved one stage of rifting in the Early Cretaceous,with regional cap rocks developed in the Lower Cretaceous strata,forming traps of reverse anticlines,flower-shaped structures and basement buried hill,and two types of hydrocarbon accumulation models of"source and reservoir in the same formation,and accumulation inside source rocks"and"up-source and down-reservoir,and accumulation below source rocks".The NW–SE basins are characterized by multiple rifting stages superimposition,with the development of regional cap rocks in the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene,forming traps of draping anticlines,faulted anticlines,antithetic fault blocks and the accumulation model of"down-source and up-reservoir,and accumulation above source rocks".The combination of reservoir and cap rocks inside source rocks of basins with multiple superimposed rifting stages,as well as the lithologic reservoirs and the shale oil inside source rocks of strong inversion basins are important fields for future exploration in basins of the CWARS.
基金funded by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(Grant No.GZB20230245).
文摘African swine fever(ASF)is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs caused by African swine fever virus(ASFV).The mortality rate associated with ASF is remarkably high,almost approaching 100%.Since the introduction of ASF into China in 2018,its rapid spread has caused marked economic losses in the country’s swine industry.To date,there are no safe and efective commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs against ASF;thus,there is an urgent need to develop novel prevention and control strategies.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),which comprises various herbs that are abundant in various potential functional components,holds great promise for the prevention and control of ASF.Here,we provide a comprehensive review of the advancements in TCM and the efects of its compound formulas against ASF,including the antiviral abilities,immunoregulatory activities,and practical application of these formulas for the prevention and control of ASF.We specifcally examined the potential and constraints of natural product-derived extracts and TCM formulas in combating ASFV.This review aims to ofer insights and ideas for the holistic management and containment of ASF.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFE0107300 and 2021YFD1800101)the Applied Technology Research and Development Project of Heilongjiang Province,China(GA19B301)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(1610302022003)。
文摘African swine fever(ASF)continues to cause enormous economic loss to the global pig industry.Since there is no safe and effective vaccine,accurate and timely diagnosis of ASF is essential to implement control measures.Indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA)is a gold standard serological method recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health(WOAH).In this study,we used primary fetal kidney cells to establish a wild boar cell line(BK2258)that supported the efficient replication of ASF virus(ASFV)SD/DY-I/21 and showed visible cytopathic effect(CPE).Moreover,using BK2258,we established a sensitive and specific IFA for ASFV antibody detection.To standardize and evaluate the performance of this assay,we used serum samples from pigs infected with the low virulent genotype I SD/DY-I/21 and genotype II HLJ/HRB1/20,and immunized with the vaccine candidate HLJ/18-7GD,field samples,and negative serum samples.The IFA reacted with the ASFV-positive sera and displayed bright fluorescence foci.There was no non-specific green fluorescence due to cellular senescence or other cell damage-causing factors.Compared to a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(iELISA),ASFV antibodies were detected 1–4 days earlier using our IFA.The detection limits of the IFA and iELISA for the same ASFV-antibody positive serum samples were 1:25,600 and 1:6,400,respectively,indicating that the IFA is more sensitive than iELISA.The newly established IFA was highly specific and did not cross-react with sera positive for six other important porcine pathogens(i.e.,Classical swine fever virus(CSFV),Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),Porcme circovirus type 2(PCV2),Pseudorabies virus(PRV),Foot-and-Mouth disease virus type O(FMDV/O),and Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)).This study thus provides a sensitive,specific,and reliable detection method that is suitable for the serological diagnosis of ASF.
文摘Despite the profound cultural and medicinal heritage of traditional African medicines (TAM), their global recognition remains notably limited. This study investigates the factors behind this issue, focusing on cultural perceptions, scientific validation, regulatory frameworks, and pharmaceutical industry influence. Utilizing a systematic literature review (SLR) to provide a thorough and structured overview, the research addresses these factors with transparency and reproducibility. Key findings reveal that negative cultural perceptions, the dominance of Western medicine, and skepticism towards traditional healers, especially in urban and educated populations, marginalize TAM. Additionally, religious beliefs and historical influences, such as colonialism, further devalue indigenous knowledge systems. The study also highlights a significant lack of scientific research and clinical trials, which challenges the conventional validation of TAM’s efficacy. Moreover, inconsistent international and national regulatory frameworks and the pharmaceutical industry’s dominance impede TAM’s integration into global healthcare systems. To enhance TAM’s credibility and global acceptance, the study advocates for standardized regulatory policies, increased scientific research, and a reevaluation of intellectual property laws. This shift towards a more inclusive and integrative approach in global health systems could bridge the gap between traditional and modern medical practices, promoting a more holistic understanding of health and wellness.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF1000901)the Hubei Agricultural Research System(grant number HBHZD-ZB-2020-005)+3 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number 2021YFD1800101-2)Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(No.2022 hszd023)Project 2662023DKPY004supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘African swine fever(ASF)is a highly fatal hemorrhagic disease afecting domestic pigs caused by African swine fever virus(ASFV).Genetic analysis of ASFV isolates to date has identifed 24 geographically related genotypes with various subgroups,but only genotype I and II ASFVs have been reported outside Africa.ASFV genotype II and genotype I viruses were reported in China in 2018 and 2021,respectively.In this study,unique and highly conserved noncoding regions were found between MGF_505-9R and MGF_505-10R in the 188 genomes of ASFV genotypes I and II.A pair of primers was designed on the basis of this region.By optimizing the reaction system and conditions,a SYBR Green I fuorescence PCR assay that can distinguish between ASFV genotypes I and II was established,and the sensitivity,reproducibility and specifcity were evaluated.The detection limit was 1 TCID_(50)/0.1 mL for both genotypes,with no cross-reactivity observed with other common pig pathogens.The intra-and interbatch variation coefcients were both less than 1.2%.Clinical sample detection analysis revealed 47 positive cases out of 100,including 3 for genotype I and 44 for genotype II,aligning with results from the WOAH-recommended and national standard methods.The method developed in this study allows for the diferentiation of ASFV genotypes I and II without the need for genome sequencing,ofering a convenient and rapid approach for ASFV detection and genotype identifcation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number 92255302)the Major Scientific and Technological Projects of China National Petroleum Corporation (No. 2023ZZ07)。
文摘It is essential to intensify research on the strike-slip tectonic system in West and Central Africa to better understand regional tectonic evolution and achieve future breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.Based on the structural interpretation of extensive seismic data and stratigraphic paleontological analysis of more than 50 wells, this study investigated the tectonic history, sedimentary filling, and evolution of the rift basins in the West and Central Africa, and identified a novel type of intraplate strike-slip tectonic system. It exhibits the following characteristics:(i) the strike-slip tectonic system in the West and Central Africa consists of the Central African Shear Zone(CASZ) and two rift branches, manifesting as an N-shape;(ii) most of basins and rifts are characterized by rapid subsidence at one end and substantial sedimentary thickness;(iii) two types of strike-slip basins are developed, namely the transform-normal extensional basin(TEB) along CASZ and the strike-slip-induced extensional basin(SEB) at each end of CASZ;(iv) two types of basins display their own temporal and spatial evolution history. TEBs underwent two rifting stages during the Early and Late Cretaceous, with a strong inversion at the end of the Late Cretaceous. SEBs experienced three rifting stages, i.e., the Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous, and Paleogene, with a weak inversion;and(v) this strike-slip tectonic system was formed under intraplate divergent field, indicating a new type of system. This discovery enhances understanding of the breakup of Gondwana and provides valuable guidance for future oil and gas exploration.
文摘In response to the situation of the African healthcare system,the African Medicines Agency(AMA)was established by the African Union(AU)to regulate access to medicines and support the local manufacture of medications.This study aimed to describe the factors that enabled the establishment of the African Medicines Agency and its successes,challenges,and perceived benefits.We reviewed data sources that explored the progress and challenges of the African Medicines Agency and Medicines Regulation in Africa.The SPIDER framework was used to organise the research focus and to extract the keywords for the literature search.The study data were obtained from PubMed Central,ScienceDirect,and Google Scholar.Out of 249 studies screened,19 were selected for this narrative review.Critical successes observed in the agency's establishment include the appointment of a Special Envoy,the selection of its headquarters,and the signing of its treaty by 37 member states.However,it is hindered by poor political commitment,differences in riskbenefits interpretation and organizational structure,weak legal and regulatory frameworks,inadequate financial mechanisms,and inadequate political and policy leadership in some member states.The value of AMA in achieving optimal health outcomes and its other benefits must be considered despite the challenges being encountered.Therefore,all member states should adopt the best procedures in signing and ratifying the treaty and implementing associated commitments to improve efficiency and accountability in African medicine regulation.
