Taoren and Xingren are commonly used herbs in East Asian medicine with different medication functions but huge economic differences,and there are cases of adulterated sales in market transactions.An effective adultera...Taoren and Xingren are commonly used herbs in East Asian medicine with different medication functions but huge economic differences,and there are cases of adulterated sales in market transactions.An effective adulteration recognition based on hyperspectral technology and machine learning was designed as a non-destructive testing method in this paper.A hyperspectral dataset comprising 500 Taoren and 500 Xingren samples was established;six feature selection methods were considered in the modeling of radial basis function-support vector machine(RBF-SVM),whose interaction between the two optimization methods was further researched.Two mixed metaheuristics modeling methods,Mixed-PSO and Mixed-SA,were designed,which fused both band selection and hyperparameter optimization from two-stage into one with detailed process analysis.The metrics of this mixed model were improved by comparing with traditional two-stage method.The accuracy of Mixed-PSO was 89.2%in five-floods crossvalidation that increased 4.818%than vanilla RBF-SVM;the accuracy of Mixed-SA was 88.7%which could reach the same as the traditional two-stage method,but it only relied on 48 crux bands in full 100 bands in RBF-SVM model fitting.展开更多
The adulteration concentration of palm kernel oil(PKO)in virgin coconut oil(VCO)was quantified using near-infrared(NIR)hyperspectral imaging.Nowadays,some VCO is adulterated with lower-priced PKO to reduce production ...The adulteration concentration of palm kernel oil(PKO)in virgin coconut oil(VCO)was quantified using near-infrared(NIR)hyperspectral imaging.Nowadays,some VCO is adulterated with lower-priced PKO to reduce production costs,which diminishes the quality of the VCO.This study used NIR hyperspectral imaging in the wavelength region 900-1,650 nm to create a quantitative model for the detection of PKO contaminants(0-100%)in VCO and to develop predictive mapping.The prediction equation for the adulteration of VCO with PKO was constructed using the partial least squares regression method.The best predictive model was pre-processed using the standard normal variate method,and the coefficient of determination of prediction was 0.991,the root mean square error of prediction was 2.93%,and the residual prediction deviation was 10.37.The results showed that this model could be applied for quantifying the adulteration concentration of PKO in VCO.The prediction adulteration concentration mapping of VCO with PKO was created from a calibration model that showed the color level according to the adulteration concentration in the range of 0-100%.NIR hyperspectral imaging could be clearly used to quantify the adulteration of VCO with a color level map that provides a quick,accurate,and non-destructive detection method.展开更多
Plant protein beverage adulteration occurs frequently,which may cause health problems for consumers due to the hidden allergens.Hence,a novel method was developed for authentication by ultra-performance liquid chromat...Plant protein beverage adulteration occurs frequently,which may cause health problems for consumers due to the hidden allergens.Hence,a novel method was developed for authentication by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).Almond,peanut,walnut and soybean were hydrolyzed,followed by separation by NanoLC-Triple TOF MS.The obtained fingerprints were identified by ProteinPilotTM combined with Uniprot,and 16 signature peptides were selected.Afterwards,plant protein beverages treated by trypsin hydrolysis were analyzed with UPLC-MS/MS.This method showed a good linear relationship with R2>0.99403.The limit of quantification(LOQ)were 0.015,0.01,0.5 and 0.05 g/L for almond,peanut,walnut and soybean,respectively.Mean recoveries ranged from 84.77%to 110.44%with RSDs<15%.The developed method was successfully applied to the adulteration detection of 31 plant protein beverages to reveal adulteration and false labeling.Conclusively,this method could provide technical support for authentication of plant protein beverages to protect the rights and health of consumers.展开更多
A FAST (fluorescence of advanced Maillard products and Soluble Tryptophan) method for identification of recon- stituted milk made from skim milk powder in the fresh milk was developed. Considering milk and skim milk p...A FAST (fluorescence of advanced Maillard products and Soluble Tryptophan) method for identification of recon- stituted milk made from skim milk powder in the fresh milk was developed. Considering milk and skim milk powders variations from different seasons and countries, milk was collected from different dairy farms in different seasons and skim milk powders were collected from different countries to measure the Tryptophan (Trp), advanced Maillard products (AMP) fluorescence values. The results showed that there were differences (P<0.01) between raw and reconstituted milk. The plot of values in each mixed level of raw and reconstituted milk had a correlation coefficient >0.97. The FAST method is a simple, rapid, low-cost and sensitive method enabling the detection of 5% reconstituted milk in fresh milk. The measurement of the Trp, AMP fluorescence values and calculation of the FAST index is a suitable method for large-scale monitoring of fresh milk samples.展开更多
In this paper,a methodology based on characteristic spectral bands of near infrared spectroscopy(1000-2500 nm)and multivariate analysis was proposed to identify camellia oil adulteration withvegetable oils,Sunflower,p...In this paper,a methodology based on characteristic spectral bands of near infrared spectroscopy(1000-2500 nm)and multivariate analysis was proposed to identify camellia oil adulteration withvegetable oils,Sunflower,peanut and corn oils were selected to conduct the test.Pure camlia oiland that adulterated with varying concentrations(1-10%with the gradient of 1%,10-40%withthe gradient of 5%,40-100%with the gradient of 10%)of each type of the three vegetable oilswere prepared,respectively.For each type of adulterated oil,full-spectrum partial least squarespartial least squares(PLS)models and synergy interval partial least squares(SI-PLS)modelswere developed.Parameters of these models were optimized simultaneously by cross-validation,The SI-PLS models were proved to be better than the full-spectrum PLS models.In SI-PLSmodels,the correlation coefficients of predition set(Rp)were 0.9992,0.9998 and 0.9999 foradulteration with sunflower oil,peanut oiloil seperately;the corresponding root meansquare errors of prediction set(RMSEP).66nd 0.37.Furthermore,a new genericPLS model was built based on the chalselected from the intervals of thethree SI-PLS models to identify the oil adulterantsardless of the adultrated oil types.Themodel achieved with Rp=0.9988 and RMSEP==1.52,These results indicated that the charac-teristic near infrared spectral regions could determine the level of adulteration in the camllia oil.展开更多
PCR-RFLP based technique for identification of sea snakes in Thai waters was achieved by developing species-specific markers.To distinguish between sea snake species,the PCR products of cytochrome b(Cyt b),12S and 16S...PCR-RFLP based technique for identification of sea snakes in Thai waters was achieved by developing species-specific markers.To distinguish between sea snake species,the PCR products of cytochrome b(Cyt b),12S and 16S rRNA were sequenced and cut with different restriction endonuclease,Alu I and Hinf I.Each enzyme generated different-sized fragments which specific to Cyt b of eight sea snake species.However,the identical pattern was found among Hydrophis group.This result could be resolved by using these enzymes 12S rRNA digestion.This technique was successfully applied to blood,shed skin,raw meat,cooked meat,sea snake-fish binary admixture,and sea snake-pork binary admixture.Hence,it could be applied for identification when sea snake meat adulteration in meat products and sold as meatballs to reduce production costs.Hopefully,this technique would improve sea snake species identification when morphological examination is no longer possible because the animals are already processed.This is very important to track when sea snake species are being hunted and also used to assess the conservation and management of the sea snakes in Thai waters,especially the Gulf of Thailand.展开更多
Drug adulteration and contamination are serious threats to human health therefore,their accurate monitoring is very important.Allopurinol(Alp)and theophylline(Thp)are commonly used drugs for the treatment of gout and ...Drug adulteration and contamination are serious threats to human health therefore,their accurate monitoring is very important.Allopurinol(Alp)and theophylline(Thp)are commonly used drugs for the treatment of gout and bronchitis,while their isomers hypoxanthine(Hyt)and theobromine(Thm)have no effect and affect the efficacy of the drug.In this work,the drug isomers of Alp/Hyt and Thp/Thm are simply mixed withα-,β-,γ-cyclodextrin(CD)and metal ions and separated using trapped ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry(TIMS-MS).TIMS-MS results showed that Alp/Hyt and Thp/Thm isomers could interact with CD and metal ions and form corresponding binary or ternary complexes to achieve their TIMS separation.Different metal ions and CDs showed different separation effect for the isomers,among which Alp and Hyt could be successfully distinguished from the complexes of[Alp/Hyt+γ-CD+Cu–H]^(+)with separation resolution(RP–P)of 1.51;whereas Thp and Thm could be baseline separated by[Thp/Thm+γ-CD+Ca–H]^(+)with RP–P of 1.96.Besides,chemical calculations revealed that the complexes were in the inclusion forms,and microscopic interactions were somewhat different,making their mobility separation.Moreover,relative and absolute quantification was investigated with an internal standard to determine the precise isomers content,and good linearity(R^(2)>0.99)was obtained.Finally,the method was applied for the adulteration detection where different drugs and urine were analyzed.In addition,due to the advantages of fast speed,simple operation,high sensitivity,and no chromatographic separation required,the proposed method provides an effective strategy for the drug adulteration detection of isomers.展开更多
This paper presents a process which allows the determination of milk adulteration by water. Considering the limitations of the reference method （cryoscopy）, the proposed methodology matches electrical conductivity a...This paper presents a process which allows the determination of milk adulteration by water. Considering the limitations of the reference method （cryoscopy）, the proposed methodology matches electrical conductivity and cryoscopy index measurements. Based on statistical procedures, a linear descriptive model is achieved to quantify adulteration of milk with water. It is also shown that electrical conductivity measurements allow the detection of adulteration with water and sodium chloride.展开更多
The identification of soy sauce adulteration can avoid fraud, and protect the rights and interests of producers and consumers. Based on two measurement models (1 mm, 10 mm), the visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spe...The identification of soy sauce adulteration can avoid fraud, and protect the rights and interests of producers and consumers. Based on two measurement models (1 mm, 10 mm), the visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy combined with standard normal variate-partial least squares-discriminant analysis (SNV-PLS-DA) was used to establish the discriminant analysis models for adulterated and brewed soy sauces. Chubang soy sauce was selected as an identification brand (negative, 70). The adulteration samples (positive, 72) were prepared by mixing Chubang soy sauce and blended soy sauce with different adulteration rates. Among them, the “blended soy sauce” sample was concocted of salt water (NaCl), monosodium glutamate (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>NNaO<sub>5</sub>) and caramel color (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>3</sub>). The rigorous calibration-prediction-validation sample design was adopted. For the case of 1 mm, five waveband models (visible, short-NIR, long-NIR, whole NIR and whole scanning regions) were established respectively;in the case of 10 mm, three waveband models (visible, short-NIR and visible-short-NIR regions) for unsaturated absorption were also established respectively. In independent validation, the models of all wavebands in the cases of 1 mm and 10 mm have achieved good discrimination effects. For the case of 1 mm, the visible model achieved the optimal validation effect, the validation recognition-accuracy rate (RAR<sub>V</sub>) was 99.6%;while in the case of 10 mm, both the visible and visible-short-NIR models achieved the optimal validation effect (RAR<sub>V</sub> = 100%). The detection method does not require reagents and is fast and simple, which is easy to promote the application. The results can provide valuable reference for designing small dedicated spectrometers with different measurement modals and different spectral regions.展开更多
A fast and direct method for determination of milk adulteration by monitoring of calcium and sodium concentrations variations was described. Milk samples were furnished by a dairy company located at S?o Carlos (S?o Pa...A fast and direct method for determination of milk adulteration by monitoring of calcium and sodium concentrations variations was described. Milk samples were furnished by a dairy company located at S?o Carlos (S?o Paulo State, Brazil) and and spiked with tap-water, whey, hydrogen peroxide, synthetic urine, urea and synthetic milk in the ranged from 5% to 50% (v/v), expect for caustic soda. Caustic soda was added in the milk until establish the original pH. The milk samples were analyzed by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and no acid digestion process was required. Results showed a significant decrease in the Na and Ca concentrations with addition of synthetic milk and tap-water, a nonlinear variation with addition of synthetic urine, whey and hydrogen peroxide and a largest increase in the Na concentration with addition of NaOH. Correlation between Na and Ca concentrations in pure and adulterated milk were evaluated by paired t-test at a 95% confidence level. Results showed that the method proposed is efficient to identify samples adulterated with tap-water, caustic soda, synthetics milk and urine.展开更多
Developing a method of adulteration detection is critical for protecting customers＂ rights which is a particular concern in food quality. In this study, fatty acid profiles of castor oils were estab-lished by GC and ...Developing a method of adulteration detection is critical for protecting customers＂ rights which is a particular concern in food quality. In this study, fatty acid profiles of castor oils were estab-lished by GC and employed to classify 4 types of edible oils and castor oil with multivariate statistical methods. The results indicated that fatty acid profiles of edible oils could be used to classify the 5 kinds of oils. Meanwhile, simulated data test indicated that fatty acid profiles could be used to detect adultera-ted by 5% . Finally, a RF model was built to detect adulteration of edible oils with castor oils by fatty acid composition. The results from cross validation indicated that the oils adulterated by castor oil at low levels （5% 7V/V） could be completely separated from 4 kinds of edible oils. Therefore this model could be used to detect adulteration of 4 kinds of edible oil with castor oils.展开更多
[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a method for determination of adulteration dye auramine O in Gegen Qinlian tablets by HPLC-MS/MS.[Methods]The instrument conditions were as follows:column,Agilent Eclipse plus...[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a method for determination of adulteration dye auramine O in Gegen Qinlian tablets by HPLC-MS/MS.[Methods]The instrument conditions were as follows:column,Agilent Eclipse plus C18(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm);mobile phase,acetonitrile-0.01 mol/L ammonium acetate;gradient elution;flow rate,0.3 mL/min;column temperature,35℃;injection volume,2μL;ion source,electrospray ionization source(ESI);and scanning mode,multiple reaction monitoring(MRM).[Results]Methodological validation shows that auramine O had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.0934-1.869 pg(r=0.9999),and the average recovery rate was 94.38%(RSD=3.60%,n=9).[Conclusions]The method established is accurate,convenient,precise,reproducible,and stable,with good linear relationship,and it can be used determine the content of adulteration dye auramine O in Gegen Qinlian tablets.展开更多
Fuel is a very important factor and has considerable influence on the air quality in the environment,which is the heart of the world.The increase of vehi-cles in lived-in areas results in greater emission of carbon par...Fuel is a very important factor and has considerable influence on the air quality in the environment,which is the heart of the world.The increase of vehi-cles in lived-in areas results in greater emission of carbon particles in the envir-onment.Adulterated fuel causes more contaminated particles to mix with breathing air and becomes the main source of dangerous pollution.Adulteration is the mixing of foreign substances in fuel,which damages vehicles and causes more health problems in living beings such as humans,birds,aquatic life,and even water resources by emitting high levels of hydrocarbons,nitrogen oxides,and carbon monoxide.Most frequent blending liquids are lubricants and kerosene in the petrol,and its adulteration is a considerable problem that adds to environ-mental pollution.This study focuses on detecting the adulteration in petrol using sensors and machine learning algorithms.A modified evanescent wave opticalfiber sensor with discrete wavelet transform is proposed for classification of adult-erated data from the samples.Furthermore,support vector machine classifier is used for accurate categorization.The sensor isfirst tested with fuel and numerical data is classified based on machine learning algorithms.Finally,the result is eval-uated with less error and high accuracy of 99.9%,which is higher than all existing techniques.展开更多
The complication of adulterated ingredients in processed food items is widely observed in the food industry and remains a continuous disquiet for end users. This problem may affect consumers’ spiritual beliefs, likew...The complication of adulterated ingredients in processed food items is widely observed in the food industry and remains a continuous disquiet for end users. This problem may affect consumers’ spiritual beliefs, likewise with their fitness and diet. Hence commercial foods should be scrutinized for the precision of the avowed ingredients. This study is dedicated to developing a Fluorescent light Spectroscope to identify the pork adulteration. A simple way of DNA extraction process has been introduced to make the system more convenient. The spectral bands linked with pork fat (PF), beef fat (BF) and their combinations in different food formulation were skimmed, and recognized by correlating them to those spectroscopically illustrative to clean Pork or PF and other different items. Every material has the properties to absorb some light of specific wavelength, and our activity is to determine thus wavelength range at which are absorbed or make any change by the target material. The findings have revealed that spectroscopy can be used as one of the procedures to detect and quantify of pork in different foods and beverages formulation for Halal verification purposes. Special laborious procedures and equipment both are essential for the existing testing methods named RT-PCR (Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Most of the food processors and dealers are not skillful to conduct sufficient testing for their products with all these sample preparation, extraction, analysis, and obtaining results which can be overcome by our proposed setup.展开更多
Honey was serially diluted with different percentages of glucose, fructose and water and each was analysed rheologically at room temperature of 27°C. Pure honey exhibits thixotropic time-dependent rheological beh...Honey was serially diluted with different percentages of glucose, fructose and water and each was analysed rheologically at room temperature of 27°C. Pure honey exhibits thixotropic time-dependent rheological behaviour, the behaviour of glucose and fructose solutions in water (a Newtonian solvent) tends towards near Newtonian. The rheological profiles of pure and adulterated honey samples were determined using RV DV-III Ultra Programmable Rheometer at low rates of share. A Structural Kinetic Model was developed which provided good correlations with the rheological data. The new model was used to classify samples using their average molecular weights as one of the distinguishing parameters. Also the order of the kinetics in the new model suggests the number of active components in the “honey” undergoing deformation as 3. Carreau-Yasuda model was also improved upon to provide an independent assessment of average molecular weight of samples.展开更多
Granulated coconut sugar has been well-known as a sweetener which is more nutritious and has lower glycemic index than cane sugar.Adding cane sugar to coconut sap during heating may result in coconut sugar with an und...Granulated coconut sugar has been well-known as a sweetener which is more nutritious and has lower glycemic index than cane sugar.Adding cane sugar to coconut sap during heating may result in coconut sugar with an undesirable export quality.The purpose of this study was to develop a novel approach by designing a low-cost portable spectrometer capable of detecting the presence of cane sugar in granulated coconut sugar using machine learning.The AS7265x multispectral sensor chipset is the main component of the proposed LED-based spectrometer.This chipset uses two integrated LEDs as the light source and has 18 channels output ranging from the visible to near-infrared spectrum as the predictor variables to identify the adulteration in granulated coconut sugar.A variety of machine learning techniques were used to determine the purity of granulated coconut sugar as well as the quantity of cane sugar added.Backpropagation neural networks outperformed various machine learning methods,including the support vector machine,k-nearest neighbor,and naïve Bayes methods,in determining the purity of granulated coconut sugar.The developed portable LED-based spectrometer by means of backpropagation neural networks as the classifier can successfully detect adulteration in granulated coconut sugar with very high accuracy level.展开更多
Avocados,including the peels and seeds,have beneficial nutritional value and can be processed into oils.To understand the trends and promote the use of avocado waste,it is essential to ascertain the scientific contrib...Avocados,including the peels and seeds,have beneficial nutritional value and can be processed into oils.To understand the trends and promote the use of avocado waste,it is essential to ascertain the scientific contributions,productivity,quality,and gaps in the avocado oil research field.This research identifies the changes in the research trend over the last ten years compared to previous studies.Additionally,this study examines and summarizes the research question,significant study findings,and future directions for avocado oil research through an overview format.Results show that the market for avocado oil has been growing,received greater attention,and been extensively studied in the last 10 years as opposed to the preceding century.There is more collaborative research on this topic globally from 2014 to 2023 than from 1928 to 2013.The direction of avocado oil research has not changed significantly;rather,it has expanded from the foundational studies and become more focused.Surprisingly,recent advancements indicate a notable increase in the research topic of avocado oil adulteration,implying that such practices have become more prevalent in the last decade compared to earlier periods.Though research hotspots noted that avocado oil is still being tested on animals,such as rats,the use of avocado oil for cosmetic purposes was not emphasized till 1928–2013.Other persisting hotspots include avocado being tried for antioxidant or oxidative stress prevention,insulin resistance prevention,extraction,compositional analysis,and avocado oils being compared alongside other oils.展开更多
Edible oils play important roles in people's daily diets, so it is necessary to evaluate their quality. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(LF-NMR) is a fast, accurate and nondestructive technology that has devel...Edible oils play important roles in people's daily diets, so it is necessary to evaluate their quality. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(LF-NMR) is a fast, accurate and nondestructive technology that has developed rapidly in recent years and is widely used in food quality detection. In this paper, the application of LF-NMR combined stoichiometry in the detection of oilseed oil content, the physicochemical properties of different oil systems, the accurate detection of different indices(i.e., acid value, peroxide value, free fatty acid, total polar compounds, and viscosity) of edible oils and the identification of edible oil adulteration are reviewed and discussed. This study provides a reference for further rapid and nondestructive control of oil quality and accurate evaluation of oil-containing systems. In addition, this work will provide an excellent summary for the application of LF-NMR technology in the edible oil field.展开更多
Synthetic food dyes,widely used to enhance the visual appeal of food and beverages,are associated with potential neurobehavioral impacts,particularly in children.Despite its banned status in many regions,Auramine O(AO...Synthetic food dyes,widely used to enhance the visual appeal of food and beverages,are associated with potential neurobehavioral impacts,particularly in children.Despite its banned status in many regions,Auramine O(AO)has been detected as a contaminant in various food products.In silico studies have demonstrated that AO can induce neurotoxic effects.Zebrafish were exposed to varying concentrations of AO(5 and 10 mg/L)and acrylamide at 100 mg/L in the positive control(PC)group.Behavioral tests(Novel Object Recognition,Open Field Test,Light-Dark Test,Novel Tank Test,T-maze Test),enzymatic assays,histological analysis,and gene expression studies were conducted.Staining assays such as dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate(DCFH-DA)for reactive oxygen species(ROS),acridine orange for apoptosis,thioflavin for amyloid plaques,Alizarin Red S for calcification,and AO accumulation in brain tissue were conducted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)analysis.AO exposure led to dose-dependent cognitive impairment,anxietylike behaviors,decreased enzymatic marker levels,increased ROS levels,apoptosis,amyloid plaques,and calcification.Gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of stress and inflammation-related genes and the downregulation of antioxidant and neuroprotective genes.HPLC confirmed AO accumulation in brain tissue.AO induces significant neurotoxicity in zebrafish,with higher concentrations causing more pronounced effects.These findings raise concerns about potential neurotoxic impacts on humans,particularly children,and highlight the need for stringent regulatory measures.展开更多
Fraudulent labeling and adulteration are the major concerns in the global rice industry.Almost all the paddy varieties being sold in the market are prone to adulteration.It is very difficult to differentiate paddy gra...Fraudulent labeling and adulteration are the major concerns in the global rice industry.Almost all the paddy varieties being sold in the market are prone to adulteration.It is very difficult to differentiate paddy grains of various varieties in the mixed bulk sample based on visual observation.Currently,there is no sophisticated appearance-based commercial scale technology to reliably detect and quantify adulteration in bulk paddy grain samples.The paper presents a cost-effective image processing technique for the recognition of adulteration and classification of adulteration levels(%)from the images of adulterated bulk paddy samples using state-of-the-art color and texture features.In this work,seven adulterated bulk paddy samples are considered and each of the samples is prepared by mixing a premium paddy variety with the identical looking and commercially inferior paddy variety at five different adulteration levels(weight ratios)of 10%,15%,20%,25%and 30%.The study compares the performances of three different classification models,namely,Multilayer Back Propagation Neural Network(BPNN),Support Vector Machine(SVM)and k-Nearest Neighbor(k-NN).The Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Sequential Forward Floating Selection(SFFS)methods have been employed separately for the automatic selection of optimal feature subsets from the combined color and texture features.The maximum average adulteration level classification accuracy of 93.31%is obtained using the BPNN classification model trained with PCA-based reduced features.The proposed technique can be used as an economic,rapid,non-destructive and quantitative technique for testing adulteration,authenticity,and quality of bulk paddy grain samples.展开更多
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LH2020C003)。
文摘Taoren and Xingren are commonly used herbs in East Asian medicine with different medication functions but huge economic differences,and there are cases of adulterated sales in market transactions.An effective adulteration recognition based on hyperspectral technology and machine learning was designed as a non-destructive testing method in this paper.A hyperspectral dataset comprising 500 Taoren and 500 Xingren samples was established;six feature selection methods were considered in the modeling of radial basis function-support vector machine(RBF-SVM),whose interaction between the two optimization methods was further researched.Two mixed metaheuristics modeling methods,Mixed-PSO and Mixed-SA,were designed,which fused both band selection and hyperparameter optimization from two-stage into one with detailed process analysis.The metrics of this mixed model were improved by comparing with traditional two-stage method.The accuracy of Mixed-PSO was 89.2%in five-floods crossvalidation that increased 4.818%than vanilla RBF-SVM;the accuracy of Mixed-SA was 88.7%which could reach the same as the traditional two-stage method,but it only relied on 48 crux bands in full 100 bands in RBF-SVM model fitting.
基金supported by the Thailand Research Fund through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program(PHD/0225/2561)the Faculty of Engineering,Kamphaeng Saen Campus,Kasetsart University,Thailand。
文摘The adulteration concentration of palm kernel oil(PKO)in virgin coconut oil(VCO)was quantified using near-infrared(NIR)hyperspectral imaging.Nowadays,some VCO is adulterated with lower-priced PKO to reduce production costs,which diminishes the quality of the VCO.This study used NIR hyperspectral imaging in the wavelength region 900-1,650 nm to create a quantitative model for the detection of PKO contaminants(0-100%)in VCO and to develop predictive mapping.The prediction equation for the adulteration of VCO with PKO was constructed using the partial least squares regression method.The best predictive model was pre-processed using the standard normal variate method,and the coefficient of determination of prediction was 0.991,the root mean square error of prediction was 2.93%,and the residual prediction deviation was 10.37.The results showed that this model could be applied for quantifying the adulteration concentration of PKO in VCO.The prediction adulteration concentration mapping of VCO with PKO was created from a calibration model that showed the color level according to the adulteration concentration in the range of 0-100%.NIR hyperspectral imaging could be clearly used to quantify the adulteration of VCO with a color level map that provides a quick,accurate,and non-destructive detection method.
基金supported by the High-level Talent Funding Project of Hebei Province(A202005015)Youth Top Talent Support Plan of Hebei Province.
文摘Plant protein beverage adulteration occurs frequently,which may cause health problems for consumers due to the hidden allergens.Hence,a novel method was developed for authentication by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).Almond,peanut,walnut and soybean were hydrolyzed,followed by separation by NanoLC-Triple TOF MS.The obtained fingerprints were identified by ProteinPilotTM combined with Uniprot,and 16 signature peptides were selected.Afterwards,plant protein beverages treated by trypsin hydrolysis were analyzed with UPLC-MS/MS.This method showed a good linear relationship with R2>0.99403.The limit of quantification(LOQ)were 0.015,0.01,0.5 and 0.05 g/L for almond,peanut,walnut and soybean,respectively.Mean recoveries ranged from 84.77%to 110.44%with RSDs<15%.The developed method was successfully applied to the adulteration detection of 31 plant protein beverages to reveal adulteration and false labeling.Conclusively,this method could provide technical support for authentication of plant protein beverages to protect the rights and health of consumers.
基金Project (No. 2002BA518A06) supported by the Hi-Tech Researchand Development Program (863) of China
文摘A FAST (fluorescence of advanced Maillard products and Soluble Tryptophan) method for identification of recon- stituted milk made from skim milk powder in the fresh milk was developed. Considering milk and skim milk powders variations from different seasons and countries, milk was collected from different dairy farms in different seasons and skim milk powders were collected from different countries to measure the Tryptophan (Trp), advanced Maillard products (AMP) fluorescence values. The results showed that there were differences (P<0.01) between raw and reconstituted milk. The plot of values in each mixed level of raw and reconstituted milk had a correlation coefficient >0.97. The FAST method is a simple, rapid, low-cost and sensitive method enabling the detection of 5% reconstituted milk in fresh milk. The measurement of the Trp, AMP fluorescence values and calculation of the FAST index is a suitable method for large-scale monitoring of fresh milk samples.
基金supported¯nancially by the China National Science and Technology Support Program(Grant No.2012BAK08B04)Gannan Camellia Industry Development and Innovative Center Open Fund(Grant No.YK201610).
文摘In this paper,a methodology based on characteristic spectral bands of near infrared spectroscopy(1000-2500 nm)and multivariate analysis was proposed to identify camellia oil adulteration withvegetable oils,Sunflower,peanut and corn oils were selected to conduct the test.Pure camlia oiland that adulterated with varying concentrations(1-10%with the gradient of 1%,10-40%withthe gradient of 5%,40-100%with the gradient of 10%)of each type of the three vegetable oilswere prepared,respectively.For each type of adulterated oil,full-spectrum partial least squarespartial least squares(PLS)models and synergy interval partial least squares(SI-PLS)modelswere developed.Parameters of these models were optimized simultaneously by cross-validation,The SI-PLS models were proved to be better than the full-spectrum PLS models.In SI-PLSmodels,the correlation coefficients of predition set(Rp)were 0.9992,0.9998 and 0.9999 foradulteration with sunflower oil,peanut oiloil seperately;the corresponding root meansquare errors of prediction set(RMSEP).66nd 0.37.Furthermore,a new genericPLS model was built based on the chalselected from the intervals of thethree SI-PLS models to identify the oil adulterantsardless of the adultrated oil types.Themodel achieved with Rp=0.9988 and RMSEP==1.52,These results indicated that the charac-teristic near infrared spectral regions could determine the level of adulteration in the camllia oil.
基金The authors would like to thank the staffs of snake farm,Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute for collecting snake samples.This work was supported by a grant from The Thai Red Cross Society,Bangkok,Thailand(Grant Number QSMI 5809).
文摘PCR-RFLP based technique for identification of sea snakes in Thai waters was achieved by developing species-specific markers.To distinguish between sea snake species,the PCR products of cytochrome b(Cyt b),12S and 16S rRNA were sequenced and cut with different restriction endonuclease,Alu I and Hinf I.Each enzyme generated different-sized fragments which specific to Cyt b of eight sea snake species.However,the identical pattern was found among Hydrophis group.This result could be resolved by using these enzymes 12S rRNA digestion.This technique was successfully applied to blood,shed skin,raw meat,cooked meat,sea snake-fish binary admixture,and sea snake-pork binary admixture.Hence,it could be applied for identification when sea snake meat adulteration in meat products and sold as meatballs to reduce production costs.Hopefully,this technique would improve sea snake species identification when morphological examination is no longer possible because the animals are already processed.This is very important to track when sea snake species are being hunted and also used to assess the conservation and management of the sea snakes in Thai waters,especially the Gulf of Thailand.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:22004074 and 21927805)Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.:LY22B050006)Foundation of Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry Technology and Molecular Detection(Grant No.:AMSMAKF2102).
文摘Drug adulteration and contamination are serious threats to human health therefore,their accurate monitoring is very important.Allopurinol(Alp)and theophylline(Thp)are commonly used drugs for the treatment of gout and bronchitis,while their isomers hypoxanthine(Hyt)and theobromine(Thm)have no effect and affect the efficacy of the drug.In this work,the drug isomers of Alp/Hyt and Thp/Thm are simply mixed withα-,β-,γ-cyclodextrin(CD)and metal ions and separated using trapped ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry(TIMS-MS).TIMS-MS results showed that Alp/Hyt and Thp/Thm isomers could interact with CD and metal ions and form corresponding binary or ternary complexes to achieve their TIMS separation.Different metal ions and CDs showed different separation effect for the isomers,among which Alp and Hyt could be successfully distinguished from the complexes of[Alp/Hyt+γ-CD+Cu–H]^(+)with separation resolution(RP–P)of 1.51;whereas Thp and Thm could be baseline separated by[Thp/Thm+γ-CD+Ca–H]^(+)with RP–P of 1.96.Besides,chemical calculations revealed that the complexes were in the inclusion forms,and microscopic interactions were somewhat different,making their mobility separation.Moreover,relative and absolute quantification was investigated with an internal standard to determine the precise isomers content,and good linearity(R^(2)>0.99)was obtained.Finally,the method was applied for the adulteration detection where different drugs and urine were analyzed.In addition,due to the advantages of fast speed,simple operation,high sensitivity,and no chromatographic separation required,the proposed method provides an effective strategy for the drug adulteration detection of isomers.
文摘This paper presents a process which allows the determination of milk adulteration by water. Considering the limitations of the reference method （cryoscopy）, the proposed methodology matches electrical conductivity and cryoscopy index measurements. Based on statistical procedures, a linear descriptive model is achieved to quantify adulteration of milk with water. It is also shown that electrical conductivity measurements allow the detection of adulteration with water and sodium chloride.
文摘The identification of soy sauce adulteration can avoid fraud, and protect the rights and interests of producers and consumers. Based on two measurement models (1 mm, 10 mm), the visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy combined with standard normal variate-partial least squares-discriminant analysis (SNV-PLS-DA) was used to establish the discriminant analysis models for adulterated and brewed soy sauces. Chubang soy sauce was selected as an identification brand (negative, 70). The adulteration samples (positive, 72) were prepared by mixing Chubang soy sauce and blended soy sauce with different adulteration rates. Among them, the “blended soy sauce” sample was concocted of salt water (NaCl), monosodium glutamate (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>NNaO<sub>5</sub>) and caramel color (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>3</sub>). The rigorous calibration-prediction-validation sample design was adopted. For the case of 1 mm, five waveband models (visible, short-NIR, long-NIR, whole NIR and whole scanning regions) were established respectively;in the case of 10 mm, three waveband models (visible, short-NIR and visible-short-NIR regions) for unsaturated absorption were also established respectively. In independent validation, the models of all wavebands in the cases of 1 mm and 10 mm have achieved good discrimination effects. For the case of 1 mm, the visible model achieved the optimal validation effect, the validation recognition-accuracy rate (RAR<sub>V</sub>) was 99.6%;while in the case of 10 mm, both the visible and visible-short-NIR models achieved the optimal validation effect (RAR<sub>V</sub> = 100%). The detection method does not require reagents and is fast and simple, which is easy to promote the application. The results can provide valuable reference for designing small dedicated spectrometers with different measurement modals and different spectral regions.
基金The authors are grateful to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq),Min-istério da Agricultura,Pecuária e Abastecimento(MAPA) Fundacao de AmparoàPesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo-FAPESP(processes number 2009/01345-6 and 2009/10541-3)for the financial support.
文摘A fast and direct method for determination of milk adulteration by monitoring of calcium and sodium concentrations variations was described. Milk samples were furnished by a dairy company located at S?o Carlos (S?o Paulo State, Brazil) and and spiked with tap-water, whey, hydrogen peroxide, synthetic urine, urea and synthetic milk in the ranged from 5% to 50% (v/v), expect for caustic soda. Caustic soda was added in the milk until establish the original pH. The milk samples were analyzed by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and no acid digestion process was required. Results showed a significant decrease in the Na and Ca concentrations with addition of synthetic milk and tap-water, a nonlinear variation with addition of synthetic urine, whey and hydrogen peroxide and a largest increase in the Na concentration with addition of NaOH. Correlation between Na and Ca concentrations in pure and adulterated milk were evaluated by paired t-test at a 95% confidence level. Results showed that the method proposed is efficient to identify samples adulterated with tap-water, caustic soda, synthetics milk and urine.
基金This work was supported by the Project of National Science ＆ Technology Pillar Plan （2012BAK08B03 ）；the National Major Project for Agro - product Quality ＆ Safety Risk Assessment （ GJFP2016006）；the National Natural Science Foundation of China （21205118 ）；the earmarked fund for China Agriculture research system （ CARS - 13 ）.
文摘Developing a method of adulteration detection is critical for protecting customers＂ rights which is a particular concern in food quality. In this study, fatty acid profiles of castor oils were estab-lished by GC and employed to classify 4 types of edible oils and castor oil with multivariate statistical methods. The results indicated that fatty acid profiles of edible oils could be used to classify the 5 kinds of oils. Meanwhile, simulated data test indicated that fatty acid profiles could be used to detect adultera-ted by 5% . Finally, a RF model was built to detect adulteration of edible oils with castor oils by fatty acid composition. The results from cross validation indicated that the oils adulterated by castor oil at low levels （5% 7V/V） could be completely separated from 4 kinds of edible oils. Therefore this model could be used to detect adulteration of 4 kinds of edible oil with castor oils.
文摘[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a method for determination of adulteration dye auramine O in Gegen Qinlian tablets by HPLC-MS/MS.[Methods]The instrument conditions were as follows:column,Agilent Eclipse plus C18(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm);mobile phase,acetonitrile-0.01 mol/L ammonium acetate;gradient elution;flow rate,0.3 mL/min;column temperature,35℃;injection volume,2μL;ion source,electrospray ionization source(ESI);and scanning mode,multiple reaction monitoring(MRM).[Results]Methodological validation shows that auramine O had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.0934-1.869 pg(r=0.9999),and the average recovery rate was 94.38%(RSD=3.60%,n=9).[Conclusions]The method established is accurate,convenient,precise,reproducible,and stable,with good linear relationship,and it can be used determine the content of adulteration dye auramine O in Gegen Qinlian tablets.
文摘Fuel is a very important factor and has considerable influence on the air quality in the environment,which is the heart of the world.The increase of vehi-cles in lived-in areas results in greater emission of carbon particles in the envir-onment.Adulterated fuel causes more contaminated particles to mix with breathing air and becomes the main source of dangerous pollution.Adulteration is the mixing of foreign substances in fuel,which damages vehicles and causes more health problems in living beings such as humans,birds,aquatic life,and even water resources by emitting high levels of hydrocarbons,nitrogen oxides,and carbon monoxide.Most frequent blending liquids are lubricants and kerosene in the petrol,and its adulteration is a considerable problem that adds to environ-mental pollution.This study focuses on detecting the adulteration in petrol using sensors and machine learning algorithms.A modified evanescent wave opticalfiber sensor with discrete wavelet transform is proposed for classification of adult-erated data from the samples.Furthermore,support vector machine classifier is used for accurate categorization.The sensor isfirst tested with fuel and numerical data is classified based on machine learning algorithms.Finally,the result is eval-uated with less error and high accuracy of 99.9%,which is higher than all existing techniques.
文摘The complication of adulterated ingredients in processed food items is widely observed in the food industry and remains a continuous disquiet for end users. This problem may affect consumers’ spiritual beliefs, likewise with their fitness and diet. Hence commercial foods should be scrutinized for the precision of the avowed ingredients. This study is dedicated to developing a Fluorescent light Spectroscope to identify the pork adulteration. A simple way of DNA extraction process has been introduced to make the system more convenient. The spectral bands linked with pork fat (PF), beef fat (BF) and their combinations in different food formulation were skimmed, and recognized by correlating them to those spectroscopically illustrative to clean Pork or PF and other different items. Every material has the properties to absorb some light of specific wavelength, and our activity is to determine thus wavelength range at which are absorbed or make any change by the target material. The findings have revealed that spectroscopy can be used as one of the procedures to detect and quantify of pork in different foods and beverages formulation for Halal verification purposes. Special laborious procedures and equipment both are essential for the existing testing methods named RT-PCR (Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Most of the food processors and dealers are not skillful to conduct sufficient testing for their products with all these sample preparation, extraction, analysis, and obtaining results which can be overcome by our proposed setup.
文摘Honey was serially diluted with different percentages of glucose, fructose and water and each was analysed rheologically at room temperature of 27°C. Pure honey exhibits thixotropic time-dependent rheological behaviour, the behaviour of glucose and fructose solutions in water (a Newtonian solvent) tends towards near Newtonian. The rheological profiles of pure and adulterated honey samples were determined using RV DV-III Ultra Programmable Rheometer at low rates of share. A Structural Kinetic Model was developed which provided good correlations with the rheological data. The new model was used to classify samples using their average molecular weights as one of the distinguishing parameters. Also the order of the kinetics in the new model suggests the number of active components in the “honey” undergoing deformation as 3. Carreau-Yasuda model was also improved upon to provide an independent assessment of average molecular weight of samples.
文摘Granulated coconut sugar has been well-known as a sweetener which is more nutritious and has lower glycemic index than cane sugar.Adding cane sugar to coconut sap during heating may result in coconut sugar with an undesirable export quality.The purpose of this study was to develop a novel approach by designing a low-cost portable spectrometer capable of detecting the presence of cane sugar in granulated coconut sugar using machine learning.The AS7265x multispectral sensor chipset is the main component of the proposed LED-based spectrometer.This chipset uses two integrated LEDs as the light source and has 18 channels output ranging from the visible to near-infrared spectrum as the predictor variables to identify the adulteration in granulated coconut sugar.A variety of machine learning techniques were used to determine the purity of granulated coconut sugar as well as the quantity of cane sugar added.Backpropagation neural networks outperformed various machine learning methods,including the support vector machine,k-nearest neighbor,and naïve Bayes methods,in determining the purity of granulated coconut sugar.The developed portable LED-based spectrometer by means of backpropagation neural networks as the classifier can successfully detect adulteration in granulated coconut sugar with very high accuracy level.
基金the Indonesian Ministry of Education,Culture,Research,and Technology(Kemendikbudristek)for the funding of this manuscript making through the PMDSU(Pendidikan Magister menuju Doktor untuk Sarjana Unggul)program based on decree number 0459/E5/PG.02.00/2024 and agreements/contracts number 048/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024 and 2789/UN1/DITLIT/PT.
文摘Avocados,including the peels and seeds,have beneficial nutritional value and can be processed into oils.To understand the trends and promote the use of avocado waste,it is essential to ascertain the scientific contributions,productivity,quality,and gaps in the avocado oil research field.This research identifies the changes in the research trend over the last ten years compared to previous studies.Additionally,this study examines and summarizes the research question,significant study findings,and future directions for avocado oil research through an overview format.Results show that the market for avocado oil has been growing,received greater attention,and been extensively studied in the last 10 years as opposed to the preceding century.There is more collaborative research on this topic globally from 2014 to 2023 than from 1928 to 2013.The direction of avocado oil research has not changed significantly;rather,it has expanded from the foundational studies and become more focused.Surprisingly,recent advancements indicate a notable increase in the research topic of avocado oil adulteration,implying that such practices have become more prevalent in the last decade compared to earlier periods.Though research hotspots noted that avocado oil is still being tested on animals,such as rats,the use of avocado oil for cosmetic purposes was not emphasized till 1928–2013.Other persisting hotspots include avocado being tried for antioxidant or oxidative stress prevention,insulin resistance prevention,extraction,compositional analysis,and avocado oils being compared alongside other oils.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund (NO:32201947)Shaanxi Province Qin Chuangyuan “Scientist+Engineer” team project (2024QCY-KXJ-079)Shaanxi Science and Technology Innovation Team Project (2024RSCXTD-70) for the financial support。
文摘Edible oils play important roles in people's daily diets, so it is necessary to evaluate their quality. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(LF-NMR) is a fast, accurate and nondestructive technology that has developed rapidly in recent years and is widely used in food quality detection. In this paper, the application of LF-NMR combined stoichiometry in the detection of oilseed oil content, the physicochemical properties of different oil systems, the accurate detection of different indices(i.e., acid value, peroxide value, free fatty acid, total polar compounds, and viscosity) of edible oils and the identification of edible oil adulteration are reviewed and discussed. This study provides a reference for further rapid and nondestructive control of oil quality and accurate evaluation of oil-containing systems. In addition, this work will provide an excellent summary for the application of LF-NMR technology in the edible oil field.
基金supported by the Researchers Supporting Project,King Saud University,Saudi Arabia(No.RSP2025R465)。
文摘Synthetic food dyes,widely used to enhance the visual appeal of food and beverages,are associated with potential neurobehavioral impacts,particularly in children.Despite its banned status in many regions,Auramine O(AO)has been detected as a contaminant in various food products.In silico studies have demonstrated that AO can induce neurotoxic effects.Zebrafish were exposed to varying concentrations of AO(5 and 10 mg/L)and acrylamide at 100 mg/L in the positive control(PC)group.Behavioral tests(Novel Object Recognition,Open Field Test,Light-Dark Test,Novel Tank Test,T-maze Test),enzymatic assays,histological analysis,and gene expression studies were conducted.Staining assays such as dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate(DCFH-DA)for reactive oxygen species(ROS),acridine orange for apoptosis,thioflavin for amyloid plaques,Alizarin Red S for calcification,and AO accumulation in brain tissue were conducted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)analysis.AO exposure led to dose-dependent cognitive impairment,anxietylike behaviors,decreased enzymatic marker levels,increased ROS levels,apoptosis,amyloid plaques,and calcification.Gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of stress and inflammation-related genes and the downregulation of antioxidant and neuroprotective genes.HPLC confirmed AO accumulation in brain tissue.AO induces significant neurotoxicity in zebrafish,with higher concentrations causing more pronounced effects.These findings raise concerns about potential neurotoxic impacts on humans,particularly children,and highlight the need for stringent regulatory measures.
文摘Fraudulent labeling and adulteration are the major concerns in the global rice industry.Almost all the paddy varieties being sold in the market are prone to adulteration.It is very difficult to differentiate paddy grains of various varieties in the mixed bulk sample based on visual observation.Currently,there is no sophisticated appearance-based commercial scale technology to reliably detect and quantify adulteration in bulk paddy grain samples.The paper presents a cost-effective image processing technique for the recognition of adulteration and classification of adulteration levels(%)from the images of adulterated bulk paddy samples using state-of-the-art color and texture features.In this work,seven adulterated bulk paddy samples are considered and each of the samples is prepared by mixing a premium paddy variety with the identical looking and commercially inferior paddy variety at five different adulteration levels(weight ratios)of 10%,15%,20%,25%and 30%.The study compares the performances of three different classification models,namely,Multilayer Back Propagation Neural Network(BPNN),Support Vector Machine(SVM)and k-Nearest Neighbor(k-NN).The Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Sequential Forward Floating Selection(SFFS)methods have been employed separately for the automatic selection of optimal feature subsets from the combined color and texture features.The maximum average adulteration level classification accuracy of 93.31%is obtained using the BPNN classification model trained with PCA-based reduced features.The proposed technique can be used as an economic,rapid,non-destructive and quantitative technique for testing adulteration,authenticity,and quality of bulk paddy grain samples.
