Safety berms(also called safety bunds or windrows),widely employed in surface mining and quarry operations,are typically designed based on rules of thumb.Despite having been used by the industry for more than half a c...Safety berms(also called safety bunds or windrows),widely employed in surface mining and quarry operations,are typically designed based on rules of thumb.Despite having been used by the industry for more than half a century and accidents happening regularly,their behaviour is still poorly understood.This paper challenges existing practices through a comprehensive investigation combining full-scale experiments and advanced numerical modelling.Focusing on a Volvo A45G articulated dump truck(ADT)and a CAT 773B rigid dump truck(RDT),collision scenarios under various approach conditions and different safety berm geometries and materials are rigorously examined.The calibrated numerical model is used to assess the energy absorption capacity of safety berms with different geometry and to predict a critical velocity for a specific scenario.Back analysis of an actual fatal accident indicated that an ADT adhering to the speed limit could not be stopped by the safety berm designed under current guidelines.The study highlights the importance of considering the entire geometry and the mass and volume of the material used to build the safety berm alongside the speed and approach conditions of the machinery.The findings of the study enable operators to set speed limits based on specific berm geometries or adapt safety berm designs to match speed constraints for specific machinery.This will reduce the risk of fatal accidents and improve haul road safety.展开更多
以可压缩黏性流动的数值模拟为研究背景,发展了一套自适应混合笛卡儿网格(AHCG)方法以及基于有限体积方法的雷诺数平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)的数值求解方法.为更好地模拟边界层的黏性流动在近壁面处采用贴体结构网格,剩余计算区域自动生...以可压缩黏性流动的数值模拟为研究背景,发展了一套自适应混合笛卡儿网格(AHCG)方法以及基于有限体积方法的雷诺数平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)的数值求解方法.为更好地模拟边界层的黏性流动在近壁面处采用贴体结构网格,剩余计算区域自动生成与之相重叠的笛卡儿网格,并同时发展了基于流场特征的笛卡儿网格自适应技术.结合ADT(alternating digital tree)算法显著减少了网格生成中"挖洞"和"贡献单元"搜索的消耗机时,50万左右的网格数目下,搜索耗时为0.062s,仅为普通遍历方法的1/1 847.通过二维圆柱与两段翼型绕流的数值算例显示,定常AHCG方法能够准确地预测物面压力分布与升阻力系数并且具备处理复杂外形的能力;同时通过二维非定常圆柱绕流问题与NACA0015矩形机翼翼尖尾涡的捕捉算例显示,结合了动态自适应网格加密的非定常AHCG方法尤其适用于旋涡主导流动.展开更多
针对重叠网格寻点问题,提出了一种直接在格心网格下操作,基于虚网格的ADT(Alternating Digital Tree)搜索方法.通过对计算网格进行扩展,建立虚边界网格,解决了格心网格因覆盖区域不完整而无法直接建立ADT数据结构的问题.搜索结果即为包...针对重叠网格寻点问题,提出了一种直接在格心网格下操作,基于虚网格的ADT(Alternating Digital Tree)搜索方法.通过对计算网格进行扩展,建立虚边界网格,解决了格心网格因覆盖区域不完整而无法直接建立ADT数据结构的问题.搜索结果即为包含解的格心单元集合,可直接对结果列表遍历以得到合理贡献单元,故完全摒弃了可靠性差的StencilWalk方法.由虚网格的定义,使寻点在边界附近的处理更为灵活,可以准确给出边界附近贡献单元的有效信息,同时简化了虚网格体系的构建.扩展了重叠边界类型,构建的搜索空间能完整覆盖网格范围,解决了对称面重叠问题.算例研究表明:该方法可靠性好,边界处理能力强,有效提高了重叠网格方法对大型复杂网格的解算能力.展开更多
基金initiated and financially supported by Stevenson Aggregates and Fulton Hogan.
文摘Safety berms(also called safety bunds or windrows),widely employed in surface mining and quarry operations,are typically designed based on rules of thumb.Despite having been used by the industry for more than half a century and accidents happening regularly,their behaviour is still poorly understood.This paper challenges existing practices through a comprehensive investigation combining full-scale experiments and advanced numerical modelling.Focusing on a Volvo A45G articulated dump truck(ADT)and a CAT 773B rigid dump truck(RDT),collision scenarios under various approach conditions and different safety berm geometries and materials are rigorously examined.The calibrated numerical model is used to assess the energy absorption capacity of safety berms with different geometry and to predict a critical velocity for a specific scenario.Back analysis of an actual fatal accident indicated that an ADT adhering to the speed limit could not be stopped by the safety berm designed under current guidelines.The study highlights the importance of considering the entire geometry and the mass and volume of the material used to build the safety berm alongside the speed and approach conditions of the machinery.The findings of the study enable operators to set speed limits based on specific berm geometries or adapt safety berm designs to match speed constraints for specific machinery.This will reduce the risk of fatal accidents and improve haul road safety.
文摘以可压缩黏性流动的数值模拟为研究背景,发展了一套自适应混合笛卡儿网格(AHCG)方法以及基于有限体积方法的雷诺数平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)的数值求解方法.为更好地模拟边界层的黏性流动在近壁面处采用贴体结构网格,剩余计算区域自动生成与之相重叠的笛卡儿网格,并同时发展了基于流场特征的笛卡儿网格自适应技术.结合ADT(alternating digital tree)算法显著减少了网格生成中"挖洞"和"贡献单元"搜索的消耗机时,50万左右的网格数目下,搜索耗时为0.062s,仅为普通遍历方法的1/1 847.通过二维圆柱与两段翼型绕流的数值算例显示,定常AHCG方法能够准确地预测物面压力分布与升阻力系数并且具备处理复杂外形的能力;同时通过二维非定常圆柱绕流问题与NACA0015矩形机翼翼尖尾涡的捕捉算例显示,结合了动态自适应网格加密的非定常AHCG方法尤其适用于旋涡主导流动.
文摘针对重叠网格寻点问题,提出了一种直接在格心网格下操作,基于虚网格的ADT(Alternating Digital Tree)搜索方法.通过对计算网格进行扩展,建立虚边界网格,解决了格心网格因覆盖区域不完整而无法直接建立ADT数据结构的问题.搜索结果即为包含解的格心单元集合,可直接对结果列表遍历以得到合理贡献单元,故完全摒弃了可靠性差的StencilWalk方法.由虚网格的定义,使寻点在边界附近的处理更为灵活,可以准确给出边界附近贡献单元的有效信息,同时简化了虚网格体系的构建.扩展了重叠边界类型,构建的搜索空间能完整覆盖网格范围,解决了对称面重叠问题.算例研究表明:该方法可靠性好,边界处理能力强,有效提高了重叠网格方法对大型复杂网格的解算能力.
