A series of granular activated carbons （GACs） were prepared by briquetting method from Chinese coals of different ranks and their blends, with coal pitch as the binder. Pore structural parameters including BET speci...A series of granular activated carbons （GACs） were prepared by briquetting method from Chinese coals of different ranks and their blends, with coal pitch as the binder. Pore structural parameters including BET specific surface area （SBEr）, total pore volume （Vr） and average pore diameter （da） were measured and cal- culated as well as process parameters such as yield of char （CY） and burn-off （B）. The relationship between the pore structural parameters of the GAC from coal blend （BC-GAC） and the ones of the GACs from corresponding single coals （SC-GACs） was analyzed, in which an index, the relative error （δ）, was presented to define the bias between fitted values and experimental values of these parameters of the BC-GACs. The results show that the BC-GAC keeps qualitatively the pore structural features of the SC-GACs; as concerned as the quantitative relationship, the pore structural parameters of the BC-GAC from coal blend consisting of non-caking coals can be obtained by adding proportionally the pore structural parameters of the SC-GACs with a less than 10%. Meanwhile, for the BC-GAC from coal blend containing weak caking bituminous coal, the δ increases up to 25% and the experimental pore size distribution differs greatly from the fitted one.展开更多
Taking into consideration the changes of the geometric shielding effect in a molecule as the energy of incident electrons varies, this paper presents an empirical fraction, which depends on the energy of incident elec...Taking into consideration the changes of the geometric shielding effect in a molecule as the energy of incident electrons varies, this paper presents an empirical fraction, which depends on the energy of incident electrons, the target＇s molecular dimension and the atomic and electronic numbers in the molecule. Using this empirical fraction, it proposes a new formulation of the additivity rule. Employing the new additivity rule, it calculates the total cross sections of electron scattering by C2H4, C6H6, C6H14 and C8H18 over the energy range from 50 to 5000eV. In order to exclude the calculation deviations caused by solving the radial Schrodinger equation of electron scattering by atoms, here the atomic cross sections are derived from the experimental total cross section results of simple molecules （H2, O2, CO） via the inversion algorithm. The quantitative total cross sections are compared with those obtained by experiments and other theories, and good agreement is obtained over a wide energy range, even at energy of several tens of eV.展开更多
Phase space can be constructed for N equal and distinguishable binary subsystems which are correlated in a scale-invariant manner. In the paper, correlation coefficient and reduced probability are introduced to charac...Phase space can be constructed for N equal and distinguishable binary subsystems which are correlated in a scale-invariant manner. In the paper, correlation coefficient and reduced probability are introduced to characterize the scale-invariant correlated binary subsystems. Probabilistic sets for the correlated binary subsystems satisfy Leibnitz triangle rule in the sense that the marginal probabilities of N-system are equal to the joint probabilities of the （N - 1）-system. For entropic index q ≠ 1, nonextensive entropy Sq is shown to be additive in the scale-invariant occupation of phase space.展开更多
Background Oils are important sources of energy in pig diets.The combination of oils with different degree of saturation contributes to improve the utilization efficiency of the mixed oils and may reduce the cost of o...Background Oils are important sources of energy in pig diets.The combination of oils with different degree of saturation contributes to improve the utilization efficiency of the mixed oils and may reduce the cost of oil supplemented.An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of oils with different degree of saturation on the fat digestibility and corresponding additivity and bacterial community in growing pigs.Methods Eighteen crossbred(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire)barrows(initial body weight:29.3±2.8 kg)were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum.The experimental diets included a fat-free basal diet and 5 oil-added diets.The 5 oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6%oil with different ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U:S)to the basal diet.The 5 oils were palm oil(U:S=1.2),canola oil(U:S=12.0),and palm oil and canola oil were mixed in different proportions to prepare a combination of U:S of 2.5,3.5 and 4.5,respectively.Results The apparent and standardized ileal digestibility(AID and SID)of fat and fatty acids increased linearly(P<0.05)as the U:S of dietary oils increased except for SID of fat and C18:2.The AID and SID of fat and fatty acids differed among the dietary treatments(P<0.05)except for SID of unsaturated fatty acids(UFA)and C18:2.Fitted one-slope broken-line analyses for the SID of fat,saturated fatty acids(SFA)and UFA indicated that the breakpoint for U:S of oil was 4.14(R^(2)=0.89,P<0.01),2.91(R^(2)=0.98,P<0.01)and 3.84(R^(2)=0.85,P<0.01),respectively.The determined SID of fat,C18:1,C18:2 and UFA in the mixtures was not different from the calculated SID of fat,C18:1,C18:2 and UFA.However,the determined SID of C16:0,C18:0 and SFA in the mixtures were greater than the calculated SID values(P<0.05).The abundance of Romboutsia and Turicibacter in pigs fed diet containing palm oil was greater than that in rapeseed oil treatment group,and the two bacteria were negatively correlated with SID of C16:0,C18:0 and SFA(P<0.05).Conclusions The optimal U:S for improving the utilization efficiency of mixed oil was 4.14.The SID of fat and UFA for palm oil and canola oil were additive in growing pigs,whereas the SID of SFA in the mixture of two oils was greater than the sum of the values of pure oils.Differences in fat digestibility caused by oils differing in degree of saturation has a significant impact on bacterial community in the foregut.展开更多
The additivity rule for electron-molecule scattering is revised by considering the difference between the free atom and the bound atom in the molecule. The total cross sections for electron scattering from fluorometha...The additivity rule for electron-molecule scattering is revised by considering the difference between the free atom and the bound atom in the molecule. The total cross sections for electron scattering from fluoromethanes （CF4, CF3H, CF2H2, and CFH3） are calculated in an energy range from 100 eV to 1500 eV by the revised additivity rule. The present calculations are compared with the original additivity rule results and the available experimental data. Better agreement with each other is obtained.展开更多
In this paper,we study the stability of the orthogonal equation,which is closely related to the results by W.Fechner and J.Sikorska in 2010.There are some differences that we consider the target space with theβ-homog...In this paper,we study the stability of the orthogonal equation,which is closely related to the results by W.Fechner and J.Sikorska in 2010.There are some differences that we consider the target space with theβ-homogeneous norm and quasi-norm.Overcoming theβ-homogeneous norm and quasi-norm bottlenecks,we get some new results.展开更多
This study was to compare the estimates of basal endogenous losses(BEL)of amino acids(AA)determined by 3 methods including feeding a nitrogen-free diet(NFD)or a low-casein diet(LCD,containing casein at 30 g/kg diet)or...This study was to compare the estimates of basal endogenous losses(BEL)of amino acids(AA)determined by 3 methods including feeding a nitrogen-free diet(NFD)or a low-casein diet(LCD,containing casein at 30 g/kg diet)or using the regression method.Another objective was to investigate whether the ileal AA digestibility of corn calculated from a casein-supplemented corn diet is additive for a cornsoybean meal(SBM)mixed diet in broilers.On d 31 of age,168 Ross 308 male broilers were assigned to 8 dietary treatments with 6 replicates in a randomized complete block design.An NFD and 3 diets containing 30,60,or 90 g/kg of casein were formulated to determine the BEL of AA and ileal AA digestibility of casein.The other 4 diets consisted of a corn diet,SBM diet,casein-supplemented corn diet,and corn-SBM mixed diet.On d 35 of age,digesta from the distal section of the ileum were collected.The BEL of AA in birds fed the LCD were greater(P<0.05)than those of the NFD and the regression method.There were no differences in the BEL of AA determined between the NFD and the regression method.Apparent ileal digestibility(AID)and standardized ileal digestibility(SID)of AA for corn calculated from the casein-supplemented corn diet were greater(P<0.05)than those of the corn diet.The predicted AID of Thr in the corn-SBM mixed diet based on the AID of AA for corn in the corn diet was lower(P<0.05)than the measured AID.However,the predicted AID of AA in the mixed diet based on the AID of AA for corn in the casein-supplemented corn diet did not differ from the measured AID.The predicted SID of AA in the mixed diet did not differ from the measured SID irrespective of casein supplementation.In conclusion,feeding an NFD or using the regression method yields similar BEL of AA,but not feeding an LCD.Casein supplementation in the corn diet increases the ileal AA digestibility for corn,which is additive for the corn-SBM mixed diet.展开更多
Regression splines are often used for fitting nonparametric functions, and they work especially well for additivity models. In this paper, we consider two simple tests of additivity: an adaptation of Tukey’s one degr...Regression splines are often used for fitting nonparametric functions, and they work especially well for additivity models. In this paper, we consider two simple tests of additivity: an adaptation of Tukey’s one degree of freedom test and a nonparametric version of Rao’s score test. While the Tukey-type test can detect most forms of the local non-additivity at the parametric rate of O(n-1/2), the score test is consistent for all alternative at a nonparametric rate. The asymptotic distribution of these test statistics is derived under both the null and local alternative hypotheses. A simulation study is conducted to compare their finite-sample performances with some existing kernel-based tests. The score test is found to have a good overall performance.展开更多
Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating large-scale components.However,conventional WAAM still faces challenges in optimizing microstructural evolution,minimizing addit...Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating large-scale components.However,conventional WAAM still faces challenges in optimizing microstructural evolution,minimizing additive-induced defects,and alleviating residual stress and deformation,all of which are critical for enhancing the mechanical performance of the manufactured parts.Integrating interlayer friction stir processing(FSP)into WAAM significantly enhances the quality of deposited materials.However,numerical simulation research focusing on elucidating the associated thermomechanical coupling mechanisms remains insufficient.A comprehensive numerical model was developed to simulate the thermomechanical coupling behavior in friction stir-assisted WAAM.The influence of post-deposition FSP on the coupled thermomechanical response of the WAAM process was analyzed quantitatively.Moreover,the residual stress distribution and deformation behavior under both single-layer and multilayer deposition conditions were investigated.Thermal analysis of different deposition layers in WAAM and friction stir-assisted WAAM was conducted.Results show that subsequent layer deposition induces partial remelting of the previously solidified layer,whereas FSP does not cause such remelting.Furthermore,thermal stress and deformation analysis confirm that interlayer FSP effectively mitigates residual stresses and distortion in WAAM components,thereby improving their structural integrity and mechanical properties.展开更多
Laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)is highly suitable for forming 18Ni300 mold steel,thanks to its excellent capability in manufacturing complex shapes and outstanding capacity for regulating microstructures.It is widely us...Laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)is highly suitable for forming 18Ni300 mold steel,thanks to its excellent capability in manufacturing complex shapes and outstanding capacity for regulating microstructures.It is widely used in fields such as injection molding,die casting,and stamping dies.Adding reinforcing particles into steel is an effective means to improve its performance.Nb/18Ni300 composites were fabricated by LPBF using two kinds of Nb powders with different particle sizes,and their microstructures and properties were studied.The results show that the unmelted Nb particles are uniformly distributed in the 18Ni300 matrix and the grains are refined,which is particularly pronounced with fine Nb particles.In addition,element diffusion occurs between the particles and the matrix.The main phases of the base alloy are α-Fe and a small amount of γ-Fe.With the addition of Nb,part of the α-Fe is transformed into γ-Fe,and unmelted Nb phases appear.The addition of Nb also enhances the hardness and wear resistance of the composites but slightly reduces their tensile properties.After aging treatment,the molten pools and grain boundaries become blurred,grains are further refined,and the interfaces around the particles are thinned.The aging treatment also promotes the formation of reverted austenite.The hardness,ultimate tensile strength,and volumetric wear rate of the base alloy reach 51.9 HRC,1704 MPa,and 17.8×10^(-6) mm^(3)/(N·m),respectively.In contrast,the sample added with fine Nb particles has the highest hardness(56.1 HRC),ultimate tensile strength(1892 MPa)and yield strength(1842 MPa),and the volume wear rate of the sample added with coarse Nb particles is reduced by 90%to 1.7×10^(-6) mm^(3)/(N·m).展开更多
Observed effects of metal mixtures on animals and plants often differ from the estimates, which are commonly calculated by adding up the biological responses of individual metals. This difference from additivity is co...Observed effects of metal mixtures on animals and plants often differ from the estimates, which are commonly calculated by adding up the biological responses of individual metals. This difference from additivity is commonly referred to as being a consequence of specific interactions between metals. The science of how to quantify metal interactions and whether to include them in risk assessment models is in its infancy. This review summarizes the existing predictive tools for evaluating the combined toxicity of metals present in mixtures and indicates the advantages and disadvantages of each method. We intend to provide eco-toxicologists with background information on how to make good use of the tools and how to advance the methods for assessing toxicity of metal mixtures, It is concluded that statistically significant deviations from additivity are not necessarily biologically relevant. Incorporation of interactions between metals in a model does not on forehand mean that the model is more accurate than a model developed based on additivity only. It is recommended to first use a relatively simple method for effect prediction of uninvestigated metal mixtures. To improve the reliability of toxicity modeling for metal mixtures, further efforts should focus on balancing the relationship between the significance of statistics and the biological meaning, and unraveling the toxicity mechanisms of metals and their mixtures.展开更多
Additive manufacturing(AM)technology has emerged as a viable solution for manufacturing complexshaped WC−Co cemented carbide products,thereby expanding their applications in industries such as resource mining,equipmen...Additive manufacturing(AM)technology has emerged as a viable solution for manufacturing complexshaped WC−Co cemented carbide products,thereby expanding their applications in industries such as resource mining,equipment manufacturing,and electronic information.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the progress of AM technology in WC−Co cemented carbides.The fundamental principles and classification of AM techniques are introduced,followed by a categorization and evaluation of the AM techniques for WC−Co cemented carbides.These techniques are classified as either direct AM technology(DAM)or indirect AM technology(IDAM),depending on their inclusion of post-processes like de-binding and sintering.Through an analysis of microstructure features,the most suitable AM route for WC−Co cemented carbide products with controllable microstructure is identified as the indirect AM technology,such as binder jet printing(BJP),which integrates AM with conventional powder metallurgy.展开更多
Additive manufacturing(AM),with its high flexibility,cost-effectiveness,and customization,significantly accelerates the advancement of nanogenerators,contributing to sustainable energy solutions and the Internet of Th...Additive manufacturing(AM),with its high flexibility,cost-effectiveness,and customization,significantly accelerates the advancement of nanogenerators,contributing to sustainable energy solutions and the Internet of Things.In this review,an in-depth analysis of AM for piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators is presented from the perspectives of fundamental mechanisms,recent advancements,and future prospects.It highlights AM-enabled advantages of versatility across materials,structural topology optimization,microstructure design,and integrated printing,which enhance critical performance indicators of nanogenerators,such as surface charge density and piezoelectric constant,thereby improving device performance compared to conventional fabrication.Common AM techniques for nanogenerators,including fused deposition modeling,direct ink writing,stereolithography,and digital light processing,are systematically examined in terms of their working principles,improved metrics(output voltage/current,power density),theoretical explanation,and application scopes.Hierarchical relationships connecting AM technologies with performance optimization and applications of nanogenerators are elucidated,providing a solid foundation for advancements in energy harvesting,self-powered sensors,wearable devices,and human-machine interaction.Furthermore,the challenges related to fabrication quality,cross-scale manufacturing,processing efficiency,and industrial deployment are critically discussed.Finally,the future prospects of AM for nanogenerators are explored,aiming to foster continuous progress and innovation in this field.展开更多
Aqueous zinc metal batteries(AZMBs)are promising candidates for renewable energy storage,yet their practical deployment in subzero environments remains challenging due to electrolyte freezing and dendritic growth.Alth...Aqueous zinc metal batteries(AZMBs)are promising candidates for renewable energy storage,yet their practical deployment in subzero environments remains challenging due to electrolyte freezing and dendritic growth.Although organic additives can enhance the antifreeze properties of electrolytes,their weak polarity diminishes ionic conductivity,and their flammability poses safety concerns,undermining the inherent advantages of aqueous systems.Herein,we present a cost-effective and highly stable Na_(2)SO_(4)additive introduced into a Zn(ClO_(4))2-based electrolyte to create an organic-free antifreeze electrolyte.Through Raman spectroscopy,in situ optical microscopy,densityfunctional theory computations,and molecular dynamics simulations,we demonstrate that Na+ions improve low-temperature electrolyte performance and mitigate dendrite formation by regulating uniform Zn^(2+)deposition through preferential adsorption and electrostatic interactions.As a result,the Zn||Zn cells using this electrolyte achieve a remarkable cycling life of 360 h at-40℃ with 61% depth of discharge,and the Zn||PANI cells retained an ultrahigh capacity retention of 91%even after 8000 charge/discharge cycles at-40℃.This work proposes a cost-effective and practical approach for enhancing the long-term operational stability of AZMBs in low-temperature environments.展开更多
The unique crystallographic lamellar microstructure(CLM) Ni-based superalloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion(LPBF) exhibits excellent tensile properties.This study aims to investigate CLM's high-temperature...The unique crystallographic lamellar microstructure(CLM) Ni-based superalloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion(LPBF) exhibits excellent tensile properties.This study aims to investigate CLM's high-temperature stress rupture behavior and use these findings to improve the additive manufacturing process.The result shows that the high temperature-induced intergranular fracture in <110> grain region is responsible for stress rupture failure under both conditions of 760 ℃/780 MPa and 980 ℃/260 MPa.Among them,the sub-grain boundary fracture occurs only under high temperature and low stress,980 ℃/260 MPa.Due to the severe intergranular fracture induced by stray grains,the stress rupture life is very low under both conditions.According to the finite element simulation,the formation of stray grains stems from the unstable heat flow within the melt pool during the process.In addition,the shorter stress rupture lifetime does not excite a more pronounced dislocation network around the γ′ phase.However,the deformation twins can still be activated inside the <110> grains,so it has excellent plasticity under both test conditions.Finally,this work indicates that the future optimization of CLM by LPBF should focus on eliminating of high-angle grain boundaries in <110> grains.展开更多
Low-velocity impact tests are carried out to explore the energy absorption characteristics of bio-inspired lattices,mimicking the architecture of the marine sponge organism Euplectella aspergillum.These sea sponge-ins...Low-velocity impact tests are carried out to explore the energy absorption characteristics of bio-inspired lattices,mimicking the architecture of the marine sponge organism Euplectella aspergillum.These sea sponge-inspired lattice structures feature a square-grid 2D lattice with double diagonal bracings and are additively manufactured via digital light processing(DLP).The collapse strength and energy absorption capacity of sea sponge lattice structures are evaluated under various impact conditions and are compared to those of their constituent square-grid and double diagonal lattices.This study demonstrates that sea sponge lattices can achieve an 11-fold increase in energy absorption compared to the square-grid lattice,due to the stabilizing effect of the double diagonal bracings prompting the structure to collapse layer-bylayer under impact.By adjusting the thickness ratio in the sea sponge lattice,up to 76.7%increment in energy absorption is attained.It is also shown that sea-sponge lattices outperform well-established energy-absorbing materials of equal weight,such as hexagonal honeycombs,confirming their significant potential for impact mitigation.Additionally,this research highlights the enhancements in energy absorption achieved by adding a small amount(0.015 phr)of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes(MWCNTs)to the photocurable resin,thus unlocking new possibilities for the design of innovative lightweight structures with multifunctional attributes.展开更多
When am I ever going to use this?OCEANOGRAPHY A deep-sea submersible descends 120 feet each minute to reach the bottom of Challenger Deep in the Pacific Ocean. A descent of 120 feet is represented by-120. The table sh...When am I ever going to use this?OCEANOGRAPHY A deep-sea submersible descends 120 feet each minute to reach the bottom of Challenger Deep in the Pacific Ocean. A descent of 120 feet is represented by-120. The table shows the submersible's depth after various numbers of minutes.1. Write two different addition sentences that could be used to find the submersible's depth after 3 minutes. Then find their sums.展开更多
Heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide,emphasizing the urgent need for reliable and interpretable predictive models to support early diagnosis and timely intervention.However,existing Deep Learni...Heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide,emphasizing the urgent need for reliable and interpretable predictive models to support early diagnosis and timely intervention.However,existing Deep Learning(DL)approaches often face several limitations,including inefficient feature extraction,class imbalance,suboptimal classification performance,and limited interpretability,which collectively hinder their deployment in clinical settings.To address these challenges,we propose a novel DL framework for heart disease prediction that integrates a comprehensive preprocessing pipeline with an advanced classification architecture.The preprocessing stage involves label encoding and feature scaling.To address the issue of class imbalance inherent in the personal key indicators of the heart disease dataset,the localized random affine shadowsampling technique is employed,which enhances minority class representation while minimizing overfitting.At the core of the framework lies the Deep Residual Network(DeepResNet),which employs hierarchical residual transformations to facilitate efficient feature extraction and capture complex,non-linear relationships in the data.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model significantly outperforms existing techniques,achieving improvements of 3.26%in accuracy,3.16%in area under the receiver operating characteristics,1.09%in recall,and 1.07%in F1-score.Furthermore,robustness is validated using 10-fold crossvalidation,confirming the model’s generalizability across diverse data distributions.Moreover,model interpretability is ensured through the integration of Shapley additive explanations and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations,offering valuable insights into the contribution of individual features to model predictions.Overall,the proposed DL framework presents a robust,interpretable,and clinically applicable solution for heart disease prediction.展开更多
Due to the safety,high energy density,and rapid charging feature,aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have attracted great attention in large-scale energy storage systems.Although excellent electrochemical performances ha...Due to the safety,high energy density,and rapid charging feature,aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have attracted great attention in large-scale energy storage systems.Although excellent electrochemical performances have been achieved,the cycling stabilities of AZIBs are still unsatisfactory,especially at low current densities,because the cathode materials are prone to being dissolved into electrolytes.Here we develop a unique zincophilic and hydrophobic amorphous additive of ZnSnO_(3)(ZSO),which effectively prevents the irreversible dissolution and deamination of NH_(4)V_(4)O_(10)(NVO)cathode.Benefiting from the ingenious design,NVO@ZSO cathode delivers the best cycling stability at a low current density(0.1 A·g^(-1)),with an ultrahigh capacity retention of 98.8% after 300 cycles.Besides,at a high current density of 5 A·g^(-1),the NVO@ZSO cathode still possesses excellent cycling performance,and a reversible capacity of 284.6 mAh·g^(-1)is achieved even after 7000 cycles.The mechanism is clarified with the aid of density function theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.These findings provide a new paradigm for designing stable cathodes by introducing amorphous additive,which should promote further application exploration of AZIBs at low current densities.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2008AA05Z308)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20776150)
文摘A series of granular activated carbons （GACs） were prepared by briquetting method from Chinese coals of different ranks and their blends, with coal pitch as the binder. Pore structural parameters including BET specific surface area （SBEr）, total pore volume （Vr） and average pore diameter （da） were measured and cal- culated as well as process parameters such as yield of char （CY） and burn-off （B）. The relationship between the pore structural parameters of the GAC from coal blend （BC-GAC） and the ones of the GACs from corresponding single coals （SC-GACs） was analyzed, in which an index, the relative error （δ）, was presented to define the bias between fitted values and experimental values of these parameters of the BC-GACs. The results show that the BC-GAC keeps qualitatively the pore structural features of the SC-GACs; as concerned as the quantitative relationship, the pore structural parameters of the BC-GAC from coal blend consisting of non-caking coals can be obtained by adding proportionally the pore structural parameters of the SC-GACs with a less than 10%. Meanwhile, for the BC-GAC from coal blend containing weak caking bituminous coal, the δ increases up to 25% and the experimental pore size distribution differs greatly from the fitted one.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10574039)the Program for Science and Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province in China (Grant No 2008HASTIT008)
文摘Taking into consideration the changes of the geometric shielding effect in a molecule as the energy of incident electrons varies, this paper presents an empirical fraction, which depends on the energy of incident electrons, the target＇s molecular dimension and the atomic and electronic numbers in the molecule. Using this empirical fraction, it proposes a new formulation of the additivity rule. Employing the new additivity rule, it calculates the total cross sections of electron scattering by C2H4, C6H6, C6H14 and C8H18 over the energy range from 50 to 5000eV. In order to exclude the calculation deviations caused by solving the radial Schrodinger equation of electron scattering by atoms, here the atomic cross sections are derived from the experimental total cross section results of simple molecules （H2, O2, CO） via the inversion algorithm. The quantitative total cross sections are compared with those obtained by experiments and other theories, and good agreement is obtained over a wide energy range, even at energy of several tens of eV.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60474069)
文摘Phase space can be constructed for N equal and distinguishable binary subsystems which are correlated in a scale-invariant manner. In the paper, correlation coefficient and reduced probability are introduced to characterize the scale-invariant correlated binary subsystems. Probabilistic sets for the correlated binary subsystems satisfy Leibnitz triangle rule in the sense that the marginal probabilities of N-system are equal to the joint probabilities of the （N - 1）-system. For entropic index q ≠ 1, nonextensive entropy Sq is shown to be additive in the scale-invariant occupation of phase space.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972597 and 32302793)。
文摘Background Oils are important sources of energy in pig diets.The combination of oils with different degree of saturation contributes to improve the utilization efficiency of the mixed oils and may reduce the cost of oil supplemented.An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of oils with different degree of saturation on the fat digestibility and corresponding additivity and bacterial community in growing pigs.Methods Eighteen crossbred(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire)barrows(initial body weight:29.3±2.8 kg)were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum.The experimental diets included a fat-free basal diet and 5 oil-added diets.The 5 oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6%oil with different ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U:S)to the basal diet.The 5 oils were palm oil(U:S=1.2),canola oil(U:S=12.0),and palm oil and canola oil were mixed in different proportions to prepare a combination of U:S of 2.5,3.5 and 4.5,respectively.Results The apparent and standardized ileal digestibility(AID and SID)of fat and fatty acids increased linearly(P<0.05)as the U:S of dietary oils increased except for SID of fat and C18:2.The AID and SID of fat and fatty acids differed among the dietary treatments(P<0.05)except for SID of unsaturated fatty acids(UFA)and C18:2.Fitted one-slope broken-line analyses for the SID of fat,saturated fatty acids(SFA)and UFA indicated that the breakpoint for U:S of oil was 4.14(R^(2)=0.89,P<0.01),2.91(R^(2)=0.98,P<0.01)and 3.84(R^(2)=0.85,P<0.01),respectively.The determined SID of fat,C18:1,C18:2 and UFA in the mixtures was not different from the calculated SID of fat,C18:1,C18:2 and UFA.However,the determined SID of C16:0,C18:0 and SFA in the mixtures were greater than the calculated SID values(P<0.05).The abundance of Romboutsia and Turicibacter in pigs fed diet containing palm oil was greater than that in rapeseed oil treatment group,and the two bacteria were negatively correlated with SID of C16:0,C18:0 and SFA(P<0.05).Conclusions The optimal U:S for improving the utilization efficiency of mixed oil was 4.14.The SID of fat and UFA for palm oil and canola oil were additive in growing pigs,whereas the SID of SFA in the mixture of two oils was greater than the sum of the values of pure oils.Differences in fat digestibility caused by oils differing in degree of saturation has a significant impact on bacterial community in the foregut.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China (Grant No. ZR2011AL021)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11074104)+1 种基金the Research Foundation of Ludong University,China (Grant No. LY20072801)the Discipline Construction Fund of Ludong University,China
文摘The additivity rule for electron-molecule scattering is revised by considering the difference between the free atom and the bound atom in the molecule. The total cross sections for electron scattering from fluoromethanes （CF4, CF3H, CF2H2, and CFH3） are calculated in an energy range from 100 eV to 1500 eV by the revised additivity rule. The present calculations are compared with the original additivity rule results and the available experimental data. Better agreement with each other is obtained.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.1197149312071491)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2021qntd21)。
文摘In this paper,we study the stability of the orthogonal equation,which is closely related to the results by W.Fechner and J.Sikorska in 2010.There are some differences that we consider the target space with theβ-homogeneous norm and quasi-norm.Overcoming theβ-homogeneous norm and quasi-norm bottlenecks,we get some new results.
文摘This study was to compare the estimates of basal endogenous losses(BEL)of amino acids(AA)determined by 3 methods including feeding a nitrogen-free diet(NFD)or a low-casein diet(LCD,containing casein at 30 g/kg diet)or using the regression method.Another objective was to investigate whether the ileal AA digestibility of corn calculated from a casein-supplemented corn diet is additive for a cornsoybean meal(SBM)mixed diet in broilers.On d 31 of age,168 Ross 308 male broilers were assigned to 8 dietary treatments with 6 replicates in a randomized complete block design.An NFD and 3 diets containing 30,60,or 90 g/kg of casein were formulated to determine the BEL of AA and ileal AA digestibility of casein.The other 4 diets consisted of a corn diet,SBM diet,casein-supplemented corn diet,and corn-SBM mixed diet.On d 35 of age,digesta from the distal section of the ileum were collected.The BEL of AA in birds fed the LCD were greater(P<0.05)than those of the NFD and the regression method.There were no differences in the BEL of AA determined between the NFD and the regression method.Apparent ileal digestibility(AID)and standardized ileal digestibility(SID)of AA for corn calculated from the casein-supplemented corn diet were greater(P<0.05)than those of the corn diet.The predicted AID of Thr in the corn-SBM mixed diet based on the AID of AA for corn in the corn diet was lower(P<0.05)than the measured AID.However,the predicted AID of AA in the mixed diet based on the AID of AA for corn in the casein-supplemented corn diet did not differ from the measured AID.The predicted SID of AA in the mixed diet did not differ from the measured SID irrespective of casein supplementation.In conclusion,feeding an NFD or using the regression method yields similar BEL of AA,but not feeding an LCD.Casein supplementation in the corn diet increases the ileal AA digestibility for corn,which is additive for the corn-SBM mixed diet.
基金This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10231030)the Excellent Young Teacher Foundation of Education Ministry of China and University of Illinois Campus Research Board and by NSF Award SBR-9617278 and DMS-0102411
文摘Regression splines are often used for fitting nonparametric functions, and they work especially well for additivity models. In this paper, we consider two simple tests of additivity: an adaptation of Tukey’s one degree of freedom test and a nonparametric version of Rao’s score test. While the Tukey-type test can detect most forms of the local non-additivity at the parametric rate of O(n-1/2), the score test is consistent for all alternative at a nonparametric rate. The asymptotic distribution of these test statistics is derived under both the null and local alternative hypotheses. A simulation study is conducted to compare their finite-sample performances with some existing kernel-based tests. The score test is found to have a good overall performance.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4600902)Shandong Provincial Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars(ZR2024YQ020)。
文摘Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating large-scale components.However,conventional WAAM still faces challenges in optimizing microstructural evolution,minimizing additive-induced defects,and alleviating residual stress and deformation,all of which are critical for enhancing the mechanical performance of the manufactured parts.Integrating interlayer friction stir processing(FSP)into WAAM significantly enhances the quality of deposited materials.However,numerical simulation research focusing on elucidating the associated thermomechanical coupling mechanisms remains insufficient.A comprehensive numerical model was developed to simulate the thermomechanical coupling behavior in friction stir-assisted WAAM.The influence of post-deposition FSP on the coupled thermomechanical response of the WAAM process was analyzed quantitatively.Moreover,the residual stress distribution and deformation behavior under both single-layer and multilayer deposition conditions were investigated.Thermal analysis of different deposition layers in WAAM and friction stir-assisted WAAM was conducted.Results show that subsequent layer deposition induces partial remelting of the previously solidified layer,whereas FSP does not cause such remelting.Furthermore,thermal stress and deformation analysis confirm that interlayer FSP effectively mitigates residual stresses and distortion in WAAM components,thereby improving their structural integrity and mechanical properties.
基金Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2023B0909020004)Project of Innovation Research Team in Zhongshan(CXTD2023006)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2023A1515011573)Zhongshan Social Welfare Science and Technology Research Project(2024B2022)。
文摘Laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)is highly suitable for forming 18Ni300 mold steel,thanks to its excellent capability in manufacturing complex shapes and outstanding capacity for regulating microstructures.It is widely used in fields such as injection molding,die casting,and stamping dies.Adding reinforcing particles into steel is an effective means to improve its performance.Nb/18Ni300 composites were fabricated by LPBF using two kinds of Nb powders with different particle sizes,and their microstructures and properties were studied.The results show that the unmelted Nb particles are uniformly distributed in the 18Ni300 matrix and the grains are refined,which is particularly pronounced with fine Nb particles.In addition,element diffusion occurs between the particles and the matrix.The main phases of the base alloy are α-Fe and a small amount of γ-Fe.With the addition of Nb,part of the α-Fe is transformed into γ-Fe,and unmelted Nb phases appear.The addition of Nb also enhances the hardness and wear resistance of the composites but slightly reduces their tensile properties.After aging treatment,the molten pools and grain boundaries become blurred,grains are further refined,and the interfaces around the particles are thinned.The aging treatment also promotes the formation of reverted austenite.The hardness,ultimate tensile strength,and volumetric wear rate of the base alloy reach 51.9 HRC,1704 MPa,and 17.8×10^(-6) mm^(3)/(N·m),respectively.In contrast,the sample added with fine Nb particles has the highest hardness(56.1 HRC),ultimate tensile strength(1892 MPa)and yield strength(1842 MPa),and the volume wear rate of the sample added with coarse Nb particles is reduced by 90%to 1.7×10^(-6) mm^(3)/(N·m).
文摘Observed effects of metal mixtures on animals and plants often differ from the estimates, which are commonly calculated by adding up the biological responses of individual metals. This difference from additivity is commonly referred to as being a consequence of specific interactions between metals. The science of how to quantify metal interactions and whether to include them in risk assessment models is in its infancy. This review summarizes the existing predictive tools for evaluating the combined toxicity of metals present in mixtures and indicates the advantages and disadvantages of each method. We intend to provide eco-toxicologists with background information on how to make good use of the tools and how to advance the methods for assessing toxicity of metal mixtures, It is concluded that statistically significant deviations from additivity are not necessarily biologically relevant. Incorporation of interactions between metals in a model does not on forehand mean that the model is more accurate than a model developed based on additivity only. It is recommended to first use a relatively simple method for effect prediction of uninvestigated metal mixtures. To improve the reliability of toxicity modeling for metal mixtures, further efforts should focus on balancing the relationship between the significance of statistics and the biological meaning, and unraveling the toxicity mechanisms of metals and their mixtures.
基金supported by Major Science and Technology Projects in Fujian Province,China(No.2023HZ021005)State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy,Central South University,ChinaFujian Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Functional Materials,China。
文摘Additive manufacturing(AM)technology has emerged as a viable solution for manufacturing complexshaped WC−Co cemented carbide products,thereby expanding their applications in industries such as resource mining,equipment manufacturing,and electronic information.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the progress of AM technology in WC−Co cemented carbides.The fundamental principles and classification of AM techniques are introduced,followed by a categorization and evaluation of the AM techniques for WC−Co cemented carbides.These techniques are classified as either direct AM technology(DAM)or indirect AM technology(IDAM),depending on their inclusion of post-processes like de-binding and sintering.Through an analysis of microstructure features,the most suitable AM route for WC−Co cemented carbide products with controllable microstructure is identified as the indirect AM technology,such as binder jet printing(BJP),which integrates AM with conventional powder metallurgy.
基金support from the Research Committee of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University(Project codes:RMJK and 4-ZZSJ)supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(Project No.PolyU15212523).
文摘Additive manufacturing(AM),with its high flexibility,cost-effectiveness,and customization,significantly accelerates the advancement of nanogenerators,contributing to sustainable energy solutions and the Internet of Things.In this review,an in-depth analysis of AM for piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators is presented from the perspectives of fundamental mechanisms,recent advancements,and future prospects.It highlights AM-enabled advantages of versatility across materials,structural topology optimization,microstructure design,and integrated printing,which enhance critical performance indicators of nanogenerators,such as surface charge density and piezoelectric constant,thereby improving device performance compared to conventional fabrication.Common AM techniques for nanogenerators,including fused deposition modeling,direct ink writing,stereolithography,and digital light processing,are systematically examined in terms of their working principles,improved metrics(output voltage/current,power density),theoretical explanation,and application scopes.Hierarchical relationships connecting AM technologies with performance optimization and applications of nanogenerators are elucidated,providing a solid foundation for advancements in energy harvesting,self-powered sensors,wearable devices,and human-machine interaction.Furthermore,the challenges related to fabrication quality,cross-scale manufacturing,processing efficiency,and industrial deployment are critically discussed.Finally,the future prospects of AM for nanogenerators are explored,aiming to foster continuous progress and innovation in this field.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52377206,52307237)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(YQ2024E046)Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(LBH-TZ2413,LBH-Z23198)。
文摘Aqueous zinc metal batteries(AZMBs)are promising candidates for renewable energy storage,yet their practical deployment in subzero environments remains challenging due to electrolyte freezing and dendritic growth.Although organic additives can enhance the antifreeze properties of electrolytes,their weak polarity diminishes ionic conductivity,and their flammability poses safety concerns,undermining the inherent advantages of aqueous systems.Herein,we present a cost-effective and highly stable Na_(2)SO_(4)additive introduced into a Zn(ClO_(4))2-based electrolyte to create an organic-free antifreeze electrolyte.Through Raman spectroscopy,in situ optical microscopy,densityfunctional theory computations,and molecular dynamics simulations,we demonstrate that Na+ions improve low-temperature electrolyte performance and mitigate dendrite formation by regulating uniform Zn^(2+)deposition through preferential adsorption and electrostatic interactions.As a result,the Zn||Zn cells using this electrolyte achieve a remarkable cycling life of 360 h at-40℃ with 61% depth of discharge,and the Zn||PANI cells retained an ultrahigh capacity retention of 91%even after 8000 charge/discharge cycles at-40℃.This work proposes a cost-effective and practical approach for enhancing the long-term operational stability of AZMBs in low-temperature environments.
基金the financial support by the Project of Taihang Laboratory (No. A3023)Science Center for Gas Turbine Project (Grant No. P2022-CIV-002-001)。
文摘The unique crystallographic lamellar microstructure(CLM) Ni-based superalloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion(LPBF) exhibits excellent tensile properties.This study aims to investigate CLM's high-temperature stress rupture behavior and use these findings to improve the additive manufacturing process.The result shows that the high temperature-induced intergranular fracture in <110> grain region is responsible for stress rupture failure under both conditions of 760 ℃/780 MPa and 980 ℃/260 MPa.Among them,the sub-grain boundary fracture occurs only under high temperature and low stress,980 ℃/260 MPa.Due to the severe intergranular fracture induced by stray grains,the stress rupture life is very low under both conditions.According to the finite element simulation,the formation of stray grains stems from the unstable heat flow within the melt pool during the process.In addition,the shorter stress rupture lifetime does not excite a more pronounced dislocation network around the γ′ phase.However,the deformation twins can still be activated inside the <110> grains,so it has excellent plasticity under both test conditions.Finally,this work indicates that the future optimization of CLM by LPBF should focus on eliminating of high-angle grain boundaries in <110> grains.
基金supported by the Khalifa University of Science and Technology internal grants(Nos.2021-CIRA-109,2020-CIRA-007,and 2020-CIRA-024).
文摘Low-velocity impact tests are carried out to explore the energy absorption characteristics of bio-inspired lattices,mimicking the architecture of the marine sponge organism Euplectella aspergillum.These sea sponge-inspired lattice structures feature a square-grid 2D lattice with double diagonal bracings and are additively manufactured via digital light processing(DLP).The collapse strength and energy absorption capacity of sea sponge lattice structures are evaluated under various impact conditions and are compared to those of their constituent square-grid and double diagonal lattices.This study demonstrates that sea sponge lattices can achieve an 11-fold increase in energy absorption compared to the square-grid lattice,due to the stabilizing effect of the double diagonal bracings prompting the structure to collapse layer-bylayer under impact.By adjusting the thickness ratio in the sea sponge lattice,up to 76.7%increment in energy absorption is attained.It is also shown that sea-sponge lattices outperform well-established energy-absorbing materials of equal weight,such as hexagonal honeycombs,confirming their significant potential for impact mitigation.Additionally,this research highlights the enhancements in energy absorption achieved by adding a small amount(0.015 phr)of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes(MWCNTs)to the photocurable resin,thus unlocking new possibilities for the design of innovative lightweight structures with multifunctional attributes.
文摘When am I ever going to use this?OCEANOGRAPHY A deep-sea submersible descends 120 feet each minute to reach the bottom of Challenger Deep in the Pacific Ocean. A descent of 120 feet is represented by-120. The table shows the submersible's depth after various numbers of minutes.1. Write two different addition sentences that could be used to find the submersible's depth after 3 minutes. Then find their sums.
基金funded by Ongoing Research Funding Program for Project number(ORF-2025-648),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide,emphasizing the urgent need for reliable and interpretable predictive models to support early diagnosis and timely intervention.However,existing Deep Learning(DL)approaches often face several limitations,including inefficient feature extraction,class imbalance,suboptimal classification performance,and limited interpretability,which collectively hinder their deployment in clinical settings.To address these challenges,we propose a novel DL framework for heart disease prediction that integrates a comprehensive preprocessing pipeline with an advanced classification architecture.The preprocessing stage involves label encoding and feature scaling.To address the issue of class imbalance inherent in the personal key indicators of the heart disease dataset,the localized random affine shadowsampling technique is employed,which enhances minority class representation while minimizing overfitting.At the core of the framework lies the Deep Residual Network(DeepResNet),which employs hierarchical residual transformations to facilitate efficient feature extraction and capture complex,non-linear relationships in the data.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model significantly outperforms existing techniques,achieving improvements of 3.26%in accuracy,3.16%in area under the receiver operating characteristics,1.09%in recall,and 1.07%in F1-score.Furthermore,robustness is validated using 10-fold crossvalidation,confirming the model’s generalizability across diverse data distributions.Moreover,model interpretability is ensured through the integration of Shapley additive explanations and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations,offering valuable insights into the contribution of individual features to model predictions.Overall,the proposed DL framework presents a robust,interpretable,and clinically applicable solution for heart disease prediction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U24A2055 and 92164103)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFA1200800)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2024AFA052)Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau(Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Basic Research,No.2023010201010067)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2042023kf0187).
文摘Due to the safety,high energy density,and rapid charging feature,aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have attracted great attention in large-scale energy storage systems.Although excellent electrochemical performances have been achieved,the cycling stabilities of AZIBs are still unsatisfactory,especially at low current densities,because the cathode materials are prone to being dissolved into electrolytes.Here we develop a unique zincophilic and hydrophobic amorphous additive of ZnSnO_(3)(ZSO),which effectively prevents the irreversible dissolution and deamination of NH_(4)V_(4)O_(10)(NVO)cathode.Benefiting from the ingenious design,NVO@ZSO cathode delivers the best cycling stability at a low current density(0.1 A·g^(-1)),with an ultrahigh capacity retention of 98.8% after 300 cycles.Besides,at a high current density of 5 A·g^(-1),the NVO@ZSO cathode still possesses excellent cycling performance,and a reversible capacity of 284.6 mAh·g^(-1)is achieved even after 7000 cycles.The mechanism is clarified with the aid of density function theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.These findings provide a new paradigm for designing stable cathodes by introducing amorphous additive,which should promote further application exploration of AZIBs at low current densities.
