COVID-19 placed increased pressure and urgency for effective cost management,resulting in unprecedented financial strains for hospitals.The pandemic also became a catalyst for accelerating digital transformation to im...COVID-19 placed increased pressure and urgency for effective cost management,resulting in unprecedented financial strains for hospitals.The pandemic also became a catalyst for accelerating digital transformation to improve operations and services in the healthcare industry.Morningdale Hospital is a large and reputable general hospital with a long history in the U.K.You are an intern in the Finance Department of the Hospital.The CEO has asked you to complete a patient-level cost analysis of endoscopic procedures in the Gastrointestinal Department.In your final report,you plan to include a SWOT analysis and a cost analysis using Activity-Based Costing accounting method.展开更多
The suppression of ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability(ARTI)by a spatially modulated laser in inertial confinement fusion(ICF)is studied through numerical simulations.The results show that in the acceleration phase ...The suppression of ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability(ARTI)by a spatially modulated laser in inertial confinement fusion(ICF)is studied through numerical simulations.The results show that in the acceleration phase of ICF implosion,the growth of ARTI can be suppressed by using a short-wavelength spatially modulated laser.The ARTI growth rate decreases as the wavelength of the spatially modulated laser decreases,and ARTI is completely suppressed after a certain wavelength has been reached.A spatially uniform laser is introduced to keep the state of motion of the implosion fluid consistent,and it is found that the proportion of the spatially modulated laser required for complete suppression of ARTI decreases as the wavelength continues to decrease.We also optimize the spatial intensity distribution of the spatially modulated laser.In addition,as the duration of the spatially modulated laser decreases,the proportion required for completely suppressing ARTI increases,but the required energy decreases.When the perturbation wavenumber decreases,the wavelength of the spatially modulated laser required for complete suppression of ARTI becomes longer.In the case of multimode perturbation,ARTI can also be significantly suppressed by a spatially modulated laser,and the perturbation amplitude can be reduced to less than 10% of that without a spatially modulated laser.We believe that the conclusions drawn from our simulations can provide the basis for new approaches to control ARTI in ICF.展开更多
To analyse and optimize a enterprise process in a wide scope, an activity-based method of modeling resource capabilities is presented. It models resource capabilities by means of the same structure as an activity, tha...To analyse and optimize a enterprise process in a wide scope, an activity-based method of modeling resource capabilities is presented. It models resource capabilities by means of the same structure as an activity, that is, resource capabilities are defined by input objects, actions and output objects. A set of activity-based resource capability modeling hales and matching rules between an activity and a resource are introduced. This method can not only be used to describe capability of manufacturing tools, but also capability of persons and applications, etc. It unifies methods of modeling capability of all kinds of resources in an enterprise and supports the ootimization of the resource allocation of a orocess.展开更多
Traumatic injuries to spinal cord elicit diverse signaling pathways leading to unselective and complex pathological outcomes：death of multiple classes of neural cells,formation of cystic cavities and glial scars,disr...Traumatic injuries to spinal cord elicit diverse signaling pathways leading to unselective and complex pathological outcomes：death of multiple classes of neural cells,formation of cystic cavities and glial scars,disruption of axonal connections,and demyelination of spared axons,all of which can contribute more or less to debilitating functional impairments found in patients with spinal cord injury.展开更多
Implementing effective cost management approaches has recently gained momentum due to intense competition and increasing customer demands. Moreover, effective cost management approaches have contributed to firms＇ com...Implementing effective cost management approaches has recently gained momentum due to intense competition and increasing customer demands. Moreover, effective cost management approaches have contributed to firms＇ competitive advantage in relation to cost leadership strategy. Consequently, firms have implemented contemporary cost management systems, such as activity-based management, business process re-engineering, life-cycle costing, target costing, and theory of constraint （TOC）, to enable them to become low-cost producers and compete effectively and sustain their performance. Furthermore, focusing on cost management to improve profitability has led to the integration of activity-based costing （ABC） and TOC. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review literature and discuss how integration of ABC and TOC can result in improved and sustained cost management. While these methods have different approaches in addressing cost management, treating them as complementary cost management approaches can result in improved cost management due to improved product costing, improved cost reporting, improved product-mix decisions, and improved cycle-time management. Improvement in cost management will then result in sustained cost management. Sustained cost management is further enhanced with the investment in information customer and shareholder value technology that supports cross-functional decision making to continue creating to remain competitive in the market.展开更多
Protein S-sulfenylation(protein sulfenic acid),as one of the most significant oxidative post-translational modifications(OxiPTMs),plays a vital role in regulating protein function.A variety of activity-based probes ha...Protein S-sulfenylation(protein sulfenic acid),as one of the most significant oxidative post-translational modifications(OxiPTMs),plays a vital role in regulating protein function.A variety of activity-based probes have been developed to profile sulfenic acid in living cells.However,due to the transient presence and low content of sulfenic acid in living cell,high doses of probes are needed to achieve efficient labeling.More importantly,current probes have no temporal control over sulfenic acid labeling.To overcome these limitations,two caged cysteine sulfenic acid probes DYn-2-ONB and DYn-2-Cou with either an o-nitrobenzyl or coumarin protecting group were developed in this study.Both probes can be efficiently uncaged via irradiation to produce the active C-nucleophile probe DYn-2.Labeling assay in living cells demonstrated DYn-2-ONB exhibited better labeling capacity compared with DYn-2,providing it as a powerful tool for improved monitoring of protein S-sulfenylation in living cells.展开更多
Activity-based Ubiquitin probes(Ub-ABPs)carrying a reporter group have emerged as effective tools for the investigation of deubiquitinating enzymes(DUBs),such as studying the molecular mechanism of DUBs,profiling new ...Activity-based Ubiquitin probes(Ub-ABPs)carrying a reporter group have emerged as effective tools for the investigation of deubiquitinating enzymes(DUBs),such as studying the molecular mechanism of DUBs,profiling new DUBs.But so far,the synthesis of commonly used biotin-bearing Ub-ABPs is a technical challenge.Here,we report a one-pot semi-synthetic strategy for the acquiring of Ub-ABPs carrying a biotin tag through sequential enzymatic ligation,N-S acyl transfer and aminolysis reaction without any purification steps.These probes enable to capture the different family of DUBs for enrichment and immunoblotting using the attached biotin tag.展开更多
Based on the theory of activity-based costing and the idea of value chain,activity optimization and cost control are carried out on the whole construction process of agricultural water conservancy projects. Through th...Based on the theory of activity-based costing and the idea of value chain,activity optimization and cost control are carried out on the whole construction process of agricultural water conservancy projects. Through the use of literature review,case analysis and statistical analysis and other methods,with agricultural water conservancy projects as the research object,and comparing activity-based costing with the traditional model of cost accounting,the writer carries out the corresponding value chain analysis,and comes to the following conclusion: the statistical calculation and analysis of the entire construction process based on activity-based costing can accurately and effectively control the costs of water conservancy projects. Through the use of activity-based costing,the cost data of agricultural water conservancy projects is more detailed and accurate,and cost management personnel can also find non-value-added activities,optimize the enterprise's value chain and achieve cost control objectives through the analysis of the activity chain and value chain of agricultural water conservancy projects.展开更多
In order to evaluate and estimate me cosEs oi prouuct~ plt, uu^u e vironment properly, an improved activity-based costing （ABC） model is presented. By utilizing the input-output analysis method, the complex consumpt...In order to evaluate and estimate me cosEs oi prouuct~ plt, uu^u e vironment properly, an improved activity-based costing （ABC） model is presented. By utilizing the input-output analysis method, the complex consumption relationships in a complex manufacturing environment are first expressed. The consumption characteristics （mainly presented by the activity rates） of all production activities are extracted by solving these relationships. Then with the con- sumption characteristics and operating parameters of these activities, the detailed cost consumption of a product in its manufacturing process is estimated. A case study is finally given based on the compressor products of a manufacturing company, and its effectiveness is shown. As the cost influ- ence of complex consumption relationships is fully considered, the limitation of traditional ABC method is overcome, and therefore a high accuracy in product cost estimation under the complex manufacturing environment can be achieved.展开更多
Road transport is a flexible mode of transport and its importance in era of globalization increases. Management of road transport companies is, in this turbulent environment, exposed to many technical, legislative, an...Road transport is a flexible mode of transport and its importance in era of globalization increases. Management of road transport companies is, in this turbulent environment, exposed to many technical, legislative, and economic problems. Especially, the growing economic pressure leads to an urgent requirement of the manager and control system improvement. Activity-based costing （ABC） method is a very powerful tool to improve products, services, processes, and market strategies. ABC allows company management to understand what causes costs and how to manage them. Company under this scheme may get a glimpse of how efficiently a company converts the source value. The main objective of our research was to assess the possibility of application of the ABC method in a transport undertaking. ABC method as a fundamentally different view on the cost in the transport business helps to find the reasons of cost and thereby influences their levels to make better use of resources.. New managerial accounting methods aim to show management what information is needed, how and where this information can be obtained, and how they can be useful for the management of the company＇s proper planning, decision-making, and control. Information provided by management accounting is often a key factor in the analysis of alternative ways of solving problems. This article focuses on the transport enterprise management and helps to decide on the use of this method in business practice.展开更多
An organization’s costing system is a system that helps the management with the strategy planning while the system plays an important role in providing accurate cost information about the products and customers.In ot...An organization’s costing system is a system that helps the management with the strategy planning while the system plays an important role in providing accurate cost information about the products and customers.In other words,the costing management system is important to provide timely and quality information to help managers in their decision-making process.Producing quality graduates is the main objective of any university and the cost of quality or the cost of poor quality is one that is often difficult to measure in higher education.This can be partly attributed to the fact that most accounting systems are not structured to capture important cost-of-quality information.In order to succeed,many organizations tend to shift from conventional or traditional costing system to Activity-based costing(ABC).ABC provides both higher education administrators and policymakers with better information on which to base decisions.The use of multiple cost pools and drivers under ABC leads to more detailed and accurate product costing than that provided by traditional cost systems.This paper attempts to investigate the possibilities and limitations of implementing ABC in universities.More specifically the study makes use of the case study method to illustrate the implementation of activity-based costing of library services in a private university in the Kingdom of Bahrain.The research methodology of the case study is a combination of both descriptive and quantitative analyses.The study identified six categories of cost pools which are related to the activities of the library as well as 17 relevant cost drivers.Accordingly,ABC should lead to a better understanding of what drives costs and,by extension,what changes are necessary to reduce costs.Unnecessary activities that do not add value to services can be identified and eliminated.Further ABC is feasible in an academic library and that much can be gained from the process of analyzing activities.However,more work needs to be done in terms of designing accounting and other information systems to capture cost and activity transaction data in a more routine and disaggregated form for ABC analysis.展开更多
1.Introduction to ablative TPS The Mars 2020 mission underscored the critical role of ablative Thermal Protection Systems(TPS)during atmospheric entry,where spacecraft encounter extreme aerodynamic heating.Established...1.Introduction to ablative TPS The Mars 2020 mission underscored the critical role of ablative Thermal Protection Systems(TPS)during atmospheric entry,where spacecraft encounter extreme aerodynamic heating.Established in the mid-20th century,blunt body theories led to the creation of ablative heat shields that effectively manage thermal loads through thermo-chemo-mechanical decomposition.This paper revisits the development and application of ablative TPS materials,which are single-mission solutions capable of withstanding entry velocities surpassing 10 km/s.展开更多
The effect of drive laser wavelength on the growth of ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability(ARTI)in inertial confinemen fusion(ICF)is studied with two-dimensional numerical simulations.The results show that in the pla...The effect of drive laser wavelength on the growth of ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability(ARTI)in inertial confinemen fusion(ICF)is studied with two-dimensional numerical simulations.The results show that in the plasma acceleration phase,shorter wavelengths lead to more efficien coupling between the laser and the kinetic energy of the implosion fluid Under the condition that the laser energy coupled to the implosion flui is constant,the ARTI growth rate decreases as the laser wavelength moves toward the extreme ultraviolet band,reaching its minimum value near λ=65 nm,and when the laser wavelength continuously moves toward the X-ray band,the ARTI growth rate increases rapidly.It is found that the results deviate from the theoretical ARTI growth rate.As the laser intensity benchmark increases,the position of the minimum ARTI growth rate shifts toward shorter wavelengths.As the initial sinusoidal perturbation wavenumber decreases,the position of the minimum ARTI growth rate shifts toward longer wavelengths.We believe that the conclusions drawn from the present simulations and analysis will help provide a better understanding of the ICF process and improve the theory of ARTI growth.展开更多
As a lightweight nanomaterial,Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane(POSS)is widely applied to ablation resistance modification of Ethylene-Propylene-Dine Monomer(EPDM)insulation layer in aerospace propulsion thermal pr...As a lightweight nanomaterial,Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane(POSS)is widely applied to ablation resistance modification of Ethylene-Propylene-Dine Monomer(EPDM)insulation layer in aerospace propulsion thermal protection system.However,various structures of POSS can form different crosslinked structures within the EPDM,which can affect the insulation layer properties.Various functionality POSS,Mono-Norbornene POSS(MN-POSS)and TriNorbornene POSS(TN-POSS),were designed and synthesized to obtain crosslinked-modified EPDMs with enhanced mechanical properties and ablation resistance simultaneously,and the relationship between POSS functionality,the mechanical properties,ablation resistance,heat-shielding and thermal decomposition of EPDM/Aramid Fiber(AF)composites were explored comprehensively.MN-POSS and TN-POSS increased the tensile strength of EPDM composites by 25.3%and 75.2%respectively,reduced the linear ablation rate by 37.7%and 33.7%respectively,and reduced the back temperatures by 3.9℃ and 3.3℃ respectively.Under conditions of equal cage structure(T8),the suspended crosslinked structure caused by MN-POSS exhibited better ablation resistance and heat-shielding performance as well as thermal decomposition,and the anchored crosslinked structure caused by TN-POSS exhibited better tensile strength.The structural transformation indicates that the POSS nanocages can be transformed into a ceramic structure in cruel environments to resist the erosion of heat flow and enhance the ablation resistance of insulation layer.展开更多
In the direct drive inertial confinement fusion(ICF)scheme,a rippled interface between the ablator and the deuterium–tritium ice fuel can feed out and form perturbation seeds for the ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instabi...In the direct drive inertial confinement fusion(ICF)scheme,a rippled interface between the ablator and the deuterium–tritium ice fuel can feed out and form perturbation seeds for the ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability,with undesirable effects.However,the evolution of this instability remains insufficiently studied,and the effects of high-Z dopant on this instability remain unclear.In this paper,we develop a theoretical model to calculate the feedout seeds and describe this instability.Our theory suggests that the feedout seeds are determined by the ablation pressure and the adiabatic index,while the subsequent growth depends mainly on the ablation velocity.Two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulations confirm our theory.It is shown that targets with high-Z dopant in the outer ablator exhibit more severe feedout seeds,because of their higher ionization compared with undoped targets.The X-ray pre-ablation in high-Z doped targets significantly suppresses subsequent growth,leading to suppression of short-wavelength perturbations.However,for long-wavelength perturbations,this suppression is weakened,resulting in increased instability in high-Z doped targets.The results are helpful for understanding the innerinterface-initiated instability and the influence of high-Z dopant on it,providing valuable insights for target design and instability control in ICF.展开更多
文摘COVID-19 placed increased pressure and urgency for effective cost management,resulting in unprecedented financial strains for hospitals.The pandemic also became a catalyst for accelerating digital transformation to improve operations and services in the healthcare industry.Morningdale Hospital is a large and reputable general hospital with a long history in the U.K.You are an intern in the Finance Department of the Hospital.The CEO has asked you to complete a patient-level cost analysis of endoscopic procedures in the Gastrointestinal Department.In your final report,you plan to include a SWOT analysis and a cost analysis using Activity-Based Costing accounting method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.12074399,12204500,and 12004403)the Key Projects of Intergovernmental International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation(No.2021YFE0116700)+1 种基金the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(No.20ZR1464400)the Shanghai Sailing Program(No.22YF1455300).
文摘The suppression of ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability(ARTI)by a spatially modulated laser in inertial confinement fusion(ICF)is studied through numerical simulations.The results show that in the acceleration phase of ICF implosion,the growth of ARTI can be suppressed by using a short-wavelength spatially modulated laser.The ARTI growth rate decreases as the wavelength of the spatially modulated laser decreases,and ARTI is completely suppressed after a certain wavelength has been reached.A spatially uniform laser is introduced to keep the state of motion of the implosion fluid consistent,and it is found that the proportion of the spatially modulated laser required for complete suppression of ARTI decreases as the wavelength continues to decrease.We also optimize the spatial intensity distribution of the spatially modulated laser.In addition,as the duration of the spatially modulated laser decreases,the proportion required for completely suppressing ARTI increases,but the required energy decreases.When the perturbation wavenumber decreases,the wavelength of the spatially modulated laser required for complete suppression of ARTI becomes longer.In the case of multimode perturbation,ARTI can also be significantly suppressed by a spatially modulated laser,and the perturbation amplitude can be reduced to less than 10% of that without a spatially modulated laser.We believe that the conclusions drawn from our simulations can provide the basis for new approaches to control ARTI in ICF.
基金the Natural High-Technology Development Program for CIMS of China(Grant No.2003AA413210)
文摘To analyse and optimize a enterprise process in a wide scope, an activity-based method of modeling resource capabilities is presented. It models resource capabilities by means of the same structure as an activity, that is, resource capabilities are defined by input objects, actions and output objects. A set of activity-based resource capability modeling hales and matching rules between an activity and a resource are introduced. This method can not only be used to describe capability of manufacturing tools, but also capability of persons and applications, etc. It unifies methods of modeling capability of all kinds of resources in an enterprise and supports the ootimization of the resource allocation of a orocess.
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean Government(NRF-2014R1A1A2056452 to D.H.H.and NRF-2014M3A9B6034224 to BGK)
文摘Traumatic injuries to spinal cord elicit diverse signaling pathways leading to unselective and complex pathological outcomes：death of multiple classes of neural cells,formation of cystic cavities and glial scars,disruption of axonal connections,and demyelination of spared axons,all of which can contribute more or less to debilitating functional impairments found in patients with spinal cord injury.
文摘Implementing effective cost management approaches has recently gained momentum due to intense competition and increasing customer demands. Moreover, effective cost management approaches have contributed to firms＇ competitive advantage in relation to cost leadership strategy. Consequently, firms have implemented contemporary cost management systems, such as activity-based management, business process re-engineering, life-cycle costing, target costing, and theory of constraint （TOC）, to enable them to become low-cost producers and compete effectively and sustain their performance. Furthermore, focusing on cost management to improve profitability has led to the integration of activity-based costing （ABC） and TOC. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review literature and discuss how integration of ABC and TOC can result in improved and sustained cost management. While these methods have different approaches in addressing cost management, treating them as complementary cost management approaches can result in improved cost management due to improved product costing, improved cost reporting, improved product-mix decisions, and improved cycle-time management. Improvement in cost management will then result in sustained cost management. Sustained cost management is further enhanced with the investment in information customer and shareholder value technology that supports cross-functional decision making to continue creating to remain competitive in the market.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31871365 and 22177029)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Protein S-sulfenylation(protein sulfenic acid),as one of the most significant oxidative post-translational modifications(OxiPTMs),plays a vital role in regulating protein function.A variety of activity-based probes have been developed to profile sulfenic acid in living cells.However,due to the transient presence and low content of sulfenic acid in living cell,high doses of probes are needed to achieve efficient labeling.More importantly,current probes have no temporal control over sulfenic acid labeling.To overcome these limitations,two caged cysteine sulfenic acid probes DYn-2-ONB and DYn-2-Cou with either an o-nitrobenzyl or coumarin protecting group were developed in this study.Both probes can be efficiently uncaged via irradiation to produce the active C-nucleophile probe DYn-2.Labeling assay in living cells demonstrated DYn-2-ONB exhibited better labeling capacity compared with DYn-2,providing it as a powerful tool for improved monitoring of protein S-sulfenylation in living cells.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFA0505400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21877024,21972214 and 22277020)。
文摘Activity-based Ubiquitin probes(Ub-ABPs)carrying a reporter group have emerged as effective tools for the investigation of deubiquitinating enzymes(DUBs),such as studying the molecular mechanism of DUBs,profiling new DUBs.But so far,the synthesis of commonly used biotin-bearing Ub-ABPs is a technical challenge.Here,we report a one-pot semi-synthetic strategy for the acquiring of Ub-ABPs carrying a biotin tag through sequential enzymatic ligation,N-S acyl transfer and aminolysis reaction without any purification steps.These probes enable to capture the different family of DUBs for enrichment and immunoblotting using the attached biotin tag.
文摘Based on the theory of activity-based costing and the idea of value chain,activity optimization and cost control are carried out on the whole construction process of agricultural water conservancy projects. Through the use of literature review,case analysis and statistical analysis and other methods,with agricultural water conservancy projects as the research object,and comparing activity-based costing with the traditional model of cost accounting,the writer carries out the corresponding value chain analysis,and comes to the following conclusion: the statistical calculation and analysis of the entire construction process based on activity-based costing can accurately and effectively control the costs of water conservancy projects. Through the use of activity-based costing,the cost data of agricultural water conservancy projects is more detailed and accurate,and cost management personnel can also find non-value-added activities,optimize the enterprise's value chain and achieve cost control objectives through the analysis of the activity chain and value chain of agricultural water conservancy projects.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61074136)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2009ZX04014)
文摘In order to evaluate and estimate me cosEs oi prouuct~ plt, uu^u e vironment properly, an improved activity-based costing （ABC） model is presented. By utilizing the input-output analysis method, the complex consumption relationships in a complex manufacturing environment are first expressed. The consumption characteristics （mainly presented by the activity rates） of all production activities are extracted by solving these relationships. Then with the con- sumption characteristics and operating parameters of these activities, the detailed cost consumption of a product in its manufacturing process is estimated. A case study is finally given based on the compressor products of a manufacturing company, and its effectiveness is shown. As the cost influ- ence of complex consumption relationships is fully considered, the limitation of traditional ABC method is overcome, and therefore a high accuracy in product cost estimation under the complex manufacturing environment can be achieved.
文摘Road transport is a flexible mode of transport and its importance in era of globalization increases. Management of road transport companies is, in this turbulent environment, exposed to many technical, legislative, and economic problems. Especially, the growing economic pressure leads to an urgent requirement of the manager and control system improvement. Activity-based costing （ABC） method is a very powerful tool to improve products, services, processes, and market strategies. ABC allows company management to understand what causes costs and how to manage them. Company under this scheme may get a glimpse of how efficiently a company converts the source value. The main objective of our research was to assess the possibility of application of the ABC method in a transport undertaking. ABC method as a fundamentally different view on the cost in the transport business helps to find the reasons of cost and thereby influences their levels to make better use of resources.. New managerial accounting methods aim to show management what information is needed, how and where this information can be obtained, and how they can be useful for the management of the company＇s proper planning, decision-making, and control. Information provided by management accounting is often a key factor in the analysis of alternative ways of solving problems. This article focuses on the transport enterprise management and helps to decide on the use of this method in business practice.
文摘An organization’s costing system is a system that helps the management with the strategy planning while the system plays an important role in providing accurate cost information about the products and customers.In other words,the costing management system is important to provide timely and quality information to help managers in their decision-making process.Producing quality graduates is the main objective of any university and the cost of quality or the cost of poor quality is one that is often difficult to measure in higher education.This can be partly attributed to the fact that most accounting systems are not structured to capture important cost-of-quality information.In order to succeed,many organizations tend to shift from conventional or traditional costing system to Activity-based costing(ABC).ABC provides both higher education administrators and policymakers with better information on which to base decisions.The use of multiple cost pools and drivers under ABC leads to more detailed and accurate product costing than that provided by traditional cost systems.This paper attempts to investigate the possibilities and limitations of implementing ABC in universities.More specifically the study makes use of the case study method to illustrate the implementation of activity-based costing of library services in a private university in the Kingdom of Bahrain.The research methodology of the case study is a combination of both descriptive and quantitative analyses.The study identified six categories of cost pools which are related to the activities of the library as well as 17 relevant cost drivers.Accordingly,ABC should lead to a better understanding of what drives costs and,by extension,what changes are necessary to reduce costs.Unnecessary activities that do not add value to services can be identified and eliminated.Further ABC is feasible in an academic library and that much can be gained from the process of analyzing activities.However,more work needs to be done in terms of designing accounting and other information systems to capture cost and activity transaction data in a more routine and disaggregated form for ABC analysis.
文摘1.Introduction to ablative TPS The Mars 2020 mission underscored the critical role of ablative Thermal Protection Systems(TPS)during atmospheric entry,where spacecraft encounter extreme aerodynamic heating.Established in the mid-20th century,blunt body theories led to the creation of ablative heat shields that effectively manage thermal loads through thermo-chemo-mechanical decomposition.This paper revisits the development and application of ablative TPS materials,which are single-mission solutions capable of withstanding entry velocities surpassing 10 km/s.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.12074399,12204500,and 12004403)the Key Projects of the Intergovernmental International Scientifi and Technological Innovation Cooperation(Grant No.2021YFE0116700)+1 种基金the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.20ZR1464400)the Shanghai Sailing Program(Grant No.22YF1455300)。
文摘The effect of drive laser wavelength on the growth of ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability(ARTI)in inertial confinemen fusion(ICF)is studied with two-dimensional numerical simulations.The results show that in the plasma acceleration phase,shorter wavelengths lead to more efficien coupling between the laser and the kinetic energy of the implosion fluid Under the condition that the laser energy coupled to the implosion flui is constant,the ARTI growth rate decreases as the laser wavelength moves toward the extreme ultraviolet band,reaching its minimum value near λ=65 nm,and when the laser wavelength continuously moves toward the X-ray band,the ARTI growth rate increases rapidly.It is found that the results deviate from the theoretical ARTI growth rate.As the laser intensity benchmark increases,the position of the minimum ARTI growth rate shifts toward shorter wavelengths.As the initial sinusoidal perturbation wavenumber decreases,the position of the minimum ARTI growth rate shifts toward longer wavelengths.We believe that the conclusions drawn from the present simulations and analysis will help provide a better understanding of the ICF process and improve the theory of ARTI growth.
基金the support from the Xianyang Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Special Project—University and Research Institute“Three-Item Reform”Technology Transfer Project,China(No.D5140240003)the Innovation Foundation for Doctor Dissertation of Northwestern Polytechnical University,China(No.CX2023093)。
文摘As a lightweight nanomaterial,Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane(POSS)is widely applied to ablation resistance modification of Ethylene-Propylene-Dine Monomer(EPDM)insulation layer in aerospace propulsion thermal protection system.However,various structures of POSS can form different crosslinked structures within the EPDM,which can affect the insulation layer properties.Various functionality POSS,Mono-Norbornene POSS(MN-POSS)and TriNorbornene POSS(TN-POSS),were designed and synthesized to obtain crosslinked-modified EPDMs with enhanced mechanical properties and ablation resistance simultaneously,and the relationship between POSS functionality,the mechanical properties,ablation resistance,heat-shielding and thermal decomposition of EPDM/Aramid Fiber(AF)composites were explored comprehensively.MN-POSS and TN-POSS increased the tensile strength of EPDM composites by 25.3%and 75.2%respectively,reduced the linear ablation rate by 37.7%and 33.7%respectively,and reduced the back temperatures by 3.9℃ and 3.3℃ respectively.Under conditions of equal cage structure(T8),the suspended crosslinked structure caused by MN-POSS exhibited better ablation resistance and heat-shielding performance as well as thermal decomposition,and the anchored crosslinked structure caused by TN-POSS exhibited better tensile strength.The structural transformation indicates that the POSS nanocages can be transformed into a ceramic structure in cruel environments to resist the erosion of heat flow and enhance the ablation resistance of insulation layer.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science(Grant Nos.XDA25050200 and XDA25010100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12175309,12475252,and 12275356)+2 种基金the Defense Industrial Technology Development Program(Grant No.JCKYS2023212807)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(Grant No.2025JJ20007)the Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province,China(Grant No.CX20230005).
文摘In the direct drive inertial confinement fusion(ICF)scheme,a rippled interface between the ablator and the deuterium–tritium ice fuel can feed out and form perturbation seeds for the ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability,with undesirable effects.However,the evolution of this instability remains insufficiently studied,and the effects of high-Z dopant on this instability remain unclear.In this paper,we develop a theoretical model to calculate the feedout seeds and describe this instability.Our theory suggests that the feedout seeds are determined by the ablation pressure and the adiabatic index,while the subsequent growth depends mainly on the ablation velocity.Two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulations confirm our theory.It is shown that targets with high-Z dopant in the outer ablator exhibit more severe feedout seeds,because of their higher ionization compared with undoped targets.The X-ray pre-ablation in high-Z doped targets significantly suppresses subsequent growth,leading to suppression of short-wavelength perturbations.However,for long-wavelength perturbations,this suppression is weakened,resulting in increased instability in high-Z doped targets.The results are helpful for understanding the innerinterface-initiated instability and the influence of high-Z dopant on it,providing valuable insights for target design and instability control in ICF.
