Penthorum chinense Pursh has been used for centuries as an herbal medicine and food in East Asia.The main active substances in P.chinense are galloylated macrocyclic polyphenolic compounds,which have excellent medicin...Penthorum chinense Pursh has been used for centuries as an herbal medicine and food in East Asia.The main active substances in P.chinense are galloylated macrocyclic polyphenolic compounds,which have excellent medicinal properties.Galloylation and glycosylation are key steps in the formation of polyphenolic compounds,as the glycosylation of flavonoids is required for the acylation of flavonoid glycosides,and the glycosylation of gallic acid is necessary for its role as an acyl donor.Therefore,glycosylation to generate the acyl donor or acceptor is a core step in the biosynthesis of polyphenolic compounds.However,how this glycosylation occurs in P.chinense is unknown.In this study,we determined that the UDP-glucose transferase PcUGT84A82 mediates the glycosylation of gallic acid and pinocembrin to produce 1-O-Galloyl-β-D-glucose and pinocembroside,respectively.Metabolic profiling of polyphenolic compounds using UHPLC-ESI–Q-TOF/MS revealed high levels of polyphenols in flowers,leaves,and roots,and low levels in stems of P.chinense.We performed isoform-sequencing(Iso-seq)to assemble a full-length transcriptome of P.chinense,from which we identified 58 UGT family members.PcUGT84A82 is highly similar to functional UGTs in other plant species,and PcUGT84A82 transcript levels were positively correlated with the levels of various polyphenolic compounds.We validated the function of PcUGT84A82 via in vitro enzyme assays and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Subcellular localization tests showed that PcUGT84A82 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm.In summary,PcUGT84A82 catalyzes the conversion of gallic acid to 1-O-Galloyl-β-D-glucose as the acyl donor and pinocembrin to pinocembroside as the acyl acceptor,mediating the biosynthesis of galloylated macrocyclic polyphenolic compounds in P.chinense.These findings lay the foundation for elucidating the entire biosynthetic pathway of active polyphenols in this important herbal plant species.展开更多
通过工业生产试验,使用FEI Explorer 4自动扫描电镜,研究不同脱硫工艺对预应力钢SWRH82B盘条夹杂物的影响。结果表明,采用铝脱氧+高碱度渣、铁水脱硫预处理+较高碱度渣、硅脱氧+低碱度渣工艺,预应力钢SWRH82B盘条中氧化物夹杂物数量密...通过工业生产试验,使用FEI Explorer 4自动扫描电镜,研究不同脱硫工艺对预应力钢SWRH82B盘条夹杂物的影响。结果表明,采用铝脱氧+高碱度渣、铁水脱硫预处理+较高碱度渣、硅脱氧+低碱度渣工艺,预应力钢SWRH82B盘条中氧化物夹杂物数量密度分别为2.16、4.44、0.27个/mm^(2),面积分数分别为0.0017%、0.0050%、0.0002%,长宽比均值分别为1.53、1.27、6.18,氧化物夹杂物面积≥19.625μm^(2)(等效直径D≥5μm)的数量密度分别为0.08、0.45、0.01个/mm^(2)。铝脱氧+高碱度渣SWRH82B盘条中氧化物夹杂物洁净度较高,但存在大量CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-MgO系氧化物夹杂物,形貌多有棱角,不利于后续的拉拔过程。铁水脱硫预处理+较高碱度渣SWRH82B盘条中氧化物夹杂物洁净度较差,但该工艺CaO-SiO_(2)-Al_(2)O_(3)系氧化物夹杂物形貌多为球形或近球形,对拉拔断裂的危害性较小,应关注DS类大尺寸夹杂物。硅脱氧工艺+低碱度渣SWRH82B盘条氧化物夹杂物的数量密度、面积分数、变形性能均呈现明显改善趋势,对拉拔断裂的危害性最小。展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82304659)a Chenguang Project of Shanghai(23CGA52)+2 种基金the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission 2025 Key Technology R&D Program“Synthetic Biology”Project(25HC2810300)the Key Project at Central Government Level:the Ability Establishment of Sustainable Use for Valuable Chinese Medicine Resources(2060302)the Science and Technology Development Program of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(23KFL045,23KFL051).
文摘Penthorum chinense Pursh has been used for centuries as an herbal medicine and food in East Asia.The main active substances in P.chinense are galloylated macrocyclic polyphenolic compounds,which have excellent medicinal properties.Galloylation and glycosylation are key steps in the formation of polyphenolic compounds,as the glycosylation of flavonoids is required for the acylation of flavonoid glycosides,and the glycosylation of gallic acid is necessary for its role as an acyl donor.Therefore,glycosylation to generate the acyl donor or acceptor is a core step in the biosynthesis of polyphenolic compounds.However,how this glycosylation occurs in P.chinense is unknown.In this study,we determined that the UDP-glucose transferase PcUGT84A82 mediates the glycosylation of gallic acid and pinocembrin to produce 1-O-Galloyl-β-D-glucose and pinocembroside,respectively.Metabolic profiling of polyphenolic compounds using UHPLC-ESI–Q-TOF/MS revealed high levels of polyphenols in flowers,leaves,and roots,and low levels in stems of P.chinense.We performed isoform-sequencing(Iso-seq)to assemble a full-length transcriptome of P.chinense,from which we identified 58 UGT family members.PcUGT84A82 is highly similar to functional UGTs in other plant species,and PcUGT84A82 transcript levels were positively correlated with the levels of various polyphenolic compounds.We validated the function of PcUGT84A82 via in vitro enzyme assays and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Subcellular localization tests showed that PcUGT84A82 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm.In summary,PcUGT84A82 catalyzes the conversion of gallic acid to 1-O-Galloyl-β-D-glucose as the acyl donor and pinocembrin to pinocembroside as the acyl acceptor,mediating the biosynthesis of galloylated macrocyclic polyphenolic compounds in P.chinense.These findings lay the foundation for elucidating the entire biosynthetic pathway of active polyphenols in this important herbal plant species.
文摘通过工业生产试验,使用FEI Explorer 4自动扫描电镜,研究不同脱硫工艺对预应力钢SWRH82B盘条夹杂物的影响。结果表明,采用铝脱氧+高碱度渣、铁水脱硫预处理+较高碱度渣、硅脱氧+低碱度渣工艺,预应力钢SWRH82B盘条中氧化物夹杂物数量密度分别为2.16、4.44、0.27个/mm^(2),面积分数分别为0.0017%、0.0050%、0.0002%,长宽比均值分别为1.53、1.27、6.18,氧化物夹杂物面积≥19.625μm^(2)(等效直径D≥5μm)的数量密度分别为0.08、0.45、0.01个/mm^(2)。铝脱氧+高碱度渣SWRH82B盘条中氧化物夹杂物洁净度较高,但存在大量CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-MgO系氧化物夹杂物,形貌多有棱角,不利于后续的拉拔过程。铁水脱硫预处理+较高碱度渣SWRH82B盘条中氧化物夹杂物洁净度较差,但该工艺CaO-SiO_(2)-Al_(2)O_(3)系氧化物夹杂物形貌多为球形或近球形,对拉拔断裂的危害性较小,应关注DS类大尺寸夹杂物。硅脱氧工艺+低碱度渣SWRH82B盘条氧化物夹杂物的数量密度、面积分数、变形性能均呈现明显改善趋势,对拉拔断裂的危害性最小。
