Flexible electronics face critical challenges in achieving monolithic three-dimensional(3D)integration,including material compatibility,structural stability,and scalable fabrication methods.Inspired by the tactile sen...Flexible electronics face critical challenges in achieving monolithic three-dimensional(3D)integration,including material compatibility,structural stability,and scalable fabrication methods.Inspired by the tactile sensing mechanism of the human skin,we have developed a flexible monolithic 3D-integrated tactile sensing system based on a holey MXene paste,where each vertical one-body unit simultaneously functions as a microsupercapacitor and pressure sensor.The in-plane mesopores of MXene significantly improve ion accessibility,mitigate the self-stacking of nanosheets,and allow the holey MXene to multifunctionally act as a sensing material,an active electrode,and a conductive interconnect,thus drastically reducing the interface mismatch and enhancing the mechanical robustness.Furthermore,we fabricate a large-scale device using a blade-coating and stamping method,which demonstrates excellent mechanical flexibility,low-power consumption,rapid response,and stable long-term operation.As a proof-of-concept application,we integrate our sensing array into a smart access control system,leveraging deep learning to accurately identify users based on their unique pressing behaviors.This study provides a promising approach for designing highly integrated,intelligent,and flexible electronic systems for advanced human-computer interactions and personalized electronics.展开更多
With the maturation of emerging information technologies(Internet of Things,cloud computing,and big data),distributed manufacturing has emerged as an important model for future manufacturing.3D printing,with its integ...With the maturation of emerging information technologies(Internet of Things,cloud computing,and big data),distributed manufacturing has emerged as an important model for future manufacturing.3D printing,with its integrated molding and design freedom,is a powerful catalyst for distributed manufacturing.This paper investigates the integrated production and transportation scheduling problem in distributed 3D printing.To solve this problem,we decompose the original problem into three sub-problems and design a multilevel optimization algorithm.We employ a genetic algorithm in the outer-level optimization to determine the optimal allocation of parts to machines.In the inner-level optimization,we utilize a simulated annealing algorithm to tackle the vehicle routing problem during the transportation stage followed by a local search algorithm to address the scheduling problem encountered during the production stage.Our algorithm is validated using real data from a 3D printing company,and the results show that our algorithm can obtain solutions that are the same as or better than those of Gurobi in a reasonable time for small-sized instances.Additionally,three types of initial methods are tested on large-sized instances to verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm,and some interesting insights are also revealed and discussed.展开更多
This study investigates the low-velocity impact and post-impact flexural properties of 3D integrated woven spacer composites,focusing on their orthotropic behavior when tested along two principal directions,i.e.,warp(...This study investigates the low-velocity impact and post-impact flexural properties of 3D integrated woven spacer composites,focusing on their orthotropic behavior when tested along two principal directions,i.e.,warp(X-type)and weft(Y-type)directions.The same composite material was tested in these orientations to evaluate the differences in impact resistance and residual bending strength.Specimens were fabricated via vacuum-assisted molding and tested at 2,3,5,and 7 J impact energies using an Instron Ceast 9350 drop-weight impact testing machine,in accordance with ASTM D7136.Post-impact flexural tests were performed using a four-point bending method in accordance with ASTM D7264.The absorbed energy increased from 1.97 to 6.98 J,and the panel damage area ranged from 121 to 361 mm^(2) as impact energy roses.Specimens tested in the weft direction(Y-type)showed greater residual strength(up to 15.83 N)and displacement(up to 0.538 mm)than those tested in the warp direction(X-type).Ultrasonic C-scan imaging revealed localized matrix cracking and fiber failure damage patterns.Results emphasize the directional differences in impact resistance and residual bending properties,highlighting the importance of material orientation in structural applications.This study provides a foundation for utilizing 3D woven spacer composites in lightweight,damage-tolerant structural components.展开更多
Data acquisition and modeling are the two important, difficult and costful aspects in a Cybercity project. 2D-GIS is mature and can manage a lot of spatial data. Thus 3D-GIS should make the best of data and technology...Data acquisition and modeling are the two important, difficult and costful aspects in a Cybercity project. 2D-GIS is mature and can manage a lot of spatial data. Thus 3D-GIS should make the best of data and technology of 2D-GIS. Construction of a useful synthetic environment requires integration of multiple types of information like DEM, texture images and 3D representation of objects such as buildings. In this paper, the method for 3D city landscape data model and visualization based on integrated databases is presented. Since the data volume of raster are very huge, special strategies(for example, pyramid gridded method) must be adopted in order to manage raster data efficiently. Three different methods of data acquisition, the proper data structure and a simple modeling method are presented as well. At last, a pilot project of Shanghai Cybercity is illustrated.展开更多
Electromagnetic interference shielding(EMI SE)modules are the core com-ponent of modern electronics.However,the tra-ditional metal-based SE modules always take up indispensable three-dimensional space inside electroni...Electromagnetic interference shielding(EMI SE)modules are the core com-ponent of modern electronics.However,the tra-ditional metal-based SE modules always take up indispensable three-dimensional space inside electronics,posing a major obstacle to the integra-tion of electronics.The innovation of integrating 3D-printed conformal shielding(c-SE)modules with packaging materials onto core electronics offers infinite possibilities to satisfy ideal SE func-tion without occupying additional space.Herein,the 3D printable carbon-based inks with various proportions of graphene and carbon nanotube nanoparticles are well-formulated by manipulating their rheological peculiarity.Accordingly,the free-constructed architectures with arbitrarily-customized structure and multifunctionality are created via 3D printing.In particular,the SE performance of 3D-printed frame is up to 61.4 dB,simultaneously accompanied with an ultralight architecture of 0.076 g cm^(-3) and a superhigh specific shielding of 802.4 dB cm3 g^(-1).Moreover,as a proof-of-concept,the 3D-printed c-SE module is in situ integrated into core electronics,successfully replacing the traditional metal-based module to afford multiple functions for electromagnetic compatibility and thermal dissipa-tion.Thus,this scientific innovation completely makes up the blank for assembling carbon-based c-SE modules and sheds a brilliant light on developing the next generation of high-performance shielding materials with arbitrarily-customized structure for integrated electronics.展开更多
Construction of catalysts with integral structure for oxidative reaction process is an essential promotion to catalysts in industrial application.In this work,a 3D printing method was employed to prepare 3D printed sp...Construction of catalysts with integral structure for oxidative reaction process is an essential promotion to catalysts in industrial application.In this work,a 3D printing method was employed to prepare 3D printed spheres(3D-PSs),followed by carbonization to form 3D carbon spheres(3D-CSs).Then,a 3D-CSs supported phosphotungstic acid(HPW/3D-CSs)was prepared for deep oxidative desulfurization.Compared with traditional powder catalysts,the as-prepared catalyst is easy to be operated and separated from oil products.The supported catalyst possesses excellent catalytic performance and the removal of DBT,4-MDBT and 4,6-DMDBT in fuel oil,reaching^100%of sulfur removal.The effects of various experimental parameters on desulfurization efficiency were considered to optimize reaction conditions.Moreover,the catalyst shows excellent thermal and chemical stability,with no obvious decrease in desulfurization activity after 5 cycles.GC–MS analysis indicates DBT sulfone was the solely oxidized product of DBT.展开更多
Heavy ion-induced single event upsets(SEUs)of static random access memory(SRAM), integrated with three-dimensional integrated circuit technology, are evaluated using a Monte Carlo simulation method based on the Geant4...Heavy ion-induced single event upsets(SEUs)of static random access memory(SRAM), integrated with three-dimensional integrated circuit technology, are evaluated using a Monte Carlo simulation method based on the Geant4 simulation toolkit. The SEU cross sections and multiple cell upset(MCU) susceptibility of 3D SRAM are explored using different types and energies of heavy ions.In the simulations, the sensitivities of different dies of 3D SRAM show noticeable discrepancies for low linear energy transfers(LETs). The average percentage of MCUs of 3D SRAM increases from 17.2 to 32.95%, followed by the energy of ^(209)Bi decreasing from 71.77 to 38.28 MeV/u. For a specific LET, the percentage of MCUs presents a notable difference between the face-to-face and back-toface structures. In the back-to-face structure, the percentage of MCUs increases with a deeper die, compared with the face-to-face structure. The simulation method and process are verified by comparing the SEU cross sections of planar SRAM with experimental data. The upset cross sections of the planar process and 3D integrated SRAM are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the 3D SRAM sensitivity is not greater than that of the planar SRAM. The 3D process technology has the potential to be applied to the aerospace and military fields.展开更多
Some key issues in supporting collaborative design in product data management（PDM ） system and 3D computer aided design（CAD） system integrated environment are analyzed. The general architecture of the integrated e...Some key issues in supporting collaborative design in product data management（PDM ） system and 3D computer aided design（CAD） system integrated environment are analyzed. The general architecture of the integrated environment is divided into five tiers and employs the transparently integrated mode, with the mode, function calling and information exchanging among independent PDM and CAD processes are carried out via message translation /parse approach. Product layout feature（PLF ） model definition is presented, PLF model is used to represent design intention at the preliminary design phase. The collaborative design methodology employing the PLF model in PDM/3D CAD integrated environment is analyzed. The design methodology can speed up the design process, reduce the investment and improve the product quality.展开更多
FeS_(2)cathode is promising for all-solid-state lithium batteries due to its ultra-high capacity,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the poor performances,induced by limited electrode-electrolyte interface...FeS_(2)cathode is promising for all-solid-state lithium batteries due to its ultra-high capacity,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the poor performances,induced by limited electrode-electrolyte interface,severe volume expansion,and polysulfide shuttle,hinder the application of FeS_(2)in all-solid-state lithium batteries.Herein,an integrated 3D FeS_(2)electrode with full infiltration of Li6PS5Cl sulfide electrolytes is designed to address these challenges.Such a 3D integrated design not only achieves intimate and maximized interfacial contact between electrode and sulfide electrolytes,but also effectively buffers the inner volume change of FeS_(2)and completely eliminates the polysulfide shuttle through direct solid-solid conversion of Li2S/S.Besides,the vertical 3D arrays guarantee direct electron transport channels and horizontally shortened ion diffusion paths,endowing the integrated electrode with a remarkably reduced interfacial impedance and enhanced reaction kinetics.Benefiting from these synergies,the integrated all-solid-state lithium battery exhibits the largest reversible capacity(667 mAh g^(-1)),best rate performance,and highest capacity retention of 82%over 500 cycles at 0.1 C compared to both a liquid battery and non-integrated all-solid-state lithium battery.The cycling performance is among the best reported for FeS_(2)-based all-solid-state lithium batteries.This work presents an innovative synergistic strategy for designing long-cycling high-energy all-solid-state lithium batteries,which can be readily applied to other battery systems,such as lithium-sulfur batteries.展开更多
Since 3D printed hard materials could match the shape of bone,cell survival and fate determination towards osteoblasts in such materials have become a popular research target.In this study,a scaffold of hardmaterial f...Since 3D printed hard materials could match the shape of bone,cell survival and fate determination towards osteoblasts in such materials have become a popular research target.In this study,a scaffold of hardmaterial for 3D fabrication was designed to regulate developmental signal(Notch)transduction guiding osteoblast differentiation.We established a polycaprolactone(PCL)and cell-integrated 3D printing system(PCI3D)to reciprocally print the beams of PCL and cell-laden hydrogel for a module.This PCI3D module holds good cell viability of over 87%,whereas cells show about sixfold proliferation in a 7-day culture.The osteocytic MLO-Y4 was engineered to overexpress Notch ligand Dll4,making up 25%after mixing with 75%stromal cells in the PCI3D module.Osteocytic Dll4,unlike other delta-like family members such as Dll1 or Dll3,promotes osteoblast differentiation and themineralization of primary mouse and a cell line of bone marrow stromal cells when cultured in a PCI3D module for up to 28 days.Mechanistically,osteocytic Dll4 could not promote osteogenic differentiation of the primary bone marrow stromal cells(BMSCs)after conditional deletion of the Notch transcription factor RBPjκby Cre recombinase.These data indicate that osteocytic Dll4 activates RBPjκ-dependent canonical Notch signaling in BMSCs for their oriented differentiation towards osteoblasts.Additionally,osteocytic Dll4 holds a great potential for angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells within modules.Our study reveals that osteocytic Dll4 could be the osteogenic niche determining cell fate towards osteoblasts.This will open a new avenue to overcome the current limitation of poor cell viability and low bioactivity of traditional orthopedic implants.展开更多
A 3D fan-out packaging method for the integration of 5G communication RF microsystem and antenna is studied.First of all,through the double-sided wiring technology on the glass wafer,the fabrication of 5G antenna arra...A 3D fan-out packaging method for the integration of 5G communication RF microsystem and antenna is studied.First of all,through the double-sided wiring technology on the glass wafer,the fabrication of 5G antenna array is realized.Then the low power devices such as through silicon via(TSV)transfer chips,filters and antenna tuners are flip-welded on the glass wafer,and the glass wafer is reformed into a wafer permanently bonded with glass and resin by the injection molding process with resin material.Finally,the thinning resin surface leaks out of the TSV transfer chip,the rewiring is carried out on the resin surface,and then the power amplifier,low-noise amplifier,power management and other devices are flip-welded on the resin wafer surface.A ball grid array(BGA)is implanted to form the final package.The loss of the RF transmission line is measured by using the RF millimeter wave probe table.The results show that the RF transmission loss from the chip end to the antenna end in the fan-out package is very small,and it is only 0.26 dB/mm when working in 60 GHz.A slot coupling antenna is designed on the glass wafer.The antenna can operate at 60 GHz and the maximum gain can reach 6 dB within the working bandwidth.This demonstration successfully provides a feasible solution for the 3D fan-out integration of RF microsystem and antenna in 5G communications.展开更多
Light field 3D display technology is considered a revolutionary technology to address the critical visual fatigue issues in the existing 3D displays.Tabletop light field 3D display provides a brand-new display form th...Light field 3D display technology is considered a revolutionary technology to address the critical visual fatigue issues in the existing 3D displays.Tabletop light field 3D display provides a brand-new display form that satisfies multi-user shared viewing and collaborative works,and it is poised to become a potential alternative to the traditional wall and portable display forms.However,a large radial viewing angle and correct radial perspective and parallax are still out of reach for most current tabletop light field 3D displays due to the limited amount of spatial information.To address the viewing angle and perspective issues,a novel integral imaging-based tabletop light field 3D display with a simple flat-panel structure is proposed and developed by applying a compound lens array,two spliced 8K liquid crystal display panels,and a light shaping diffuser screen.The compound lens array is designed to be composed of multiple three-piece compound lens units by employing a reverse design scheme,which greatly extends the radial viewing angle in the case of a limited amount of spatial information and balances other important 3D display parameters.The proposed display has a radial viewing angle of 68.7°in a large display size of 43.5 inches,which is larger than the conventional tabletop light field 3D displays.The radial perspective and parallax are correct,and high-resolution 3D images can be reproduced in large radial viewing positions.We envision that this proposed display opens up possibility for redefining the display forms of consumer electronics.展开更多
The space-air-ground integrated network(SAGIN)combines the superiority of the satellite,aerial,and ground communications,which is envisioned to provide high-precision positioning ability as well as seamless connectivi...The space-air-ground integrated network(SAGIN)combines the superiority of the satellite,aerial,and ground communications,which is envisioned to provide high-precision positioning ability as well as seamless connectivity in the 5G and Beyond 5G(B5G)systems.In this paper,we propose a three-dimensional SAGIN localization scheme for ground agents utilizing multi-source information from satellites,base stations and unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).Based on the designed scheme,we derive the positioning performance bound and establish a distributed maximum likelihood algorithm to jointly estimate the positions and clock offsets of ground agents.Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the SAGIN localization scheme and reveal the effects of the number of satellites,the number of base stations,the number of UAVs and clock noise on positioning performance.展开更多
With the rapid development of flexible and portable microelectronics,the extreme demand for miniaturized,mechanically flexible,and integrated microsystems are strongly stimulated.Here,biomass-derived carbons(BDCs)are ...With the rapid development of flexible and portable microelectronics,the extreme demand for miniaturized,mechanically flexible,and integrated microsystems are strongly stimulated.Here,biomass-derived carbons(BDCs)are prepared by KOH activation using Qamgur precursor,exhibiting three-dimensional(3D)hierarchical porous structure.Benefiting from unobstructed 3D hierarchical porous structure,BDCs provide an excellent specific capacitance of 433 F g^(-1)and prominent cyclability without capacitance degradation after 50000 cycles at 50 A g^(-1).Furthermore,BDC-based planar micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)without metal collector,prepared by mask-assisted coating,exhibit outstanding areal-specific capacitance of 84 mF cm^(-2)and areal energy density of 10.6μWh cm^(-2),exceeding most of the previous carbon-based MSCs.Impressively,the MSCs disclose extraordinary flexibility with capacitance retention of almost 100%under extreme bending state.More importantly,a flexible planar integrated system composed of the MSC and temperature sensor is assembled to efficiently monitor the temperature variation,providing a feasible route for flexible MSC-based functional micro-devices.展开更多
The Shuangjianzishan deposit in Inner Mongolia is a typical Ag-Pb-Zn deposit of the southern Great Xing’an Range.Proven reserves of Ag,Pb,and Zn in this deposit have reached the scale of super-large deposits,with fav...The Shuangjianzishan deposit in Inner Mongolia is a typical Ag-Pb-Zn deposit of the southern Great Xing’an Range.Proven reserves of Ag,Pb,and Zn in this deposit have reached the scale of super-large deposits,with favorable metallogenic conditions,strong prospecting signs,and high metallogenic potential.This paper reports a study involving integrated geophysical methods,including controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric,gravity,magnetic,and shallow-seismic-reflection methods,to determine the spatial distribution of ore-controlling structures and subsurface intrusive rock for a depth range of<2000 m in the Shuangjianzishan ore district.The objective of this study is to construct a metallogenic model of the ore district and provide a scientific basis for the exploration of similar deposits in the deep and surrounding regions.We used three-dimensional inversion for controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric data based on the limited memory quasi-Newton algorithm,and three-dimensional physical-property inversion for the gravity and magnetic data to obtain information about the subsurface distribution of ore-controlling structures and intrusive rocks.Under seismic reflection results,regional geology,petrophysical properties,and borehole information,the geophysical investigation shows that the Dashizhai group,which contains the main ore-bearing strata in the ore district,is distributed within a depth range of<1239 m,and is thick in the Xinglongshan ore block and the eastern part of the Shuangjianzishan ore block.The mineralization is spatially associated with a fault system characterized by NE-,NW-,and N-trending faults.The magnetic and electrical models identify large,deep bodies of intrusive rock that are inferred to have been involved in mineralization,with local shallow emplacement of some intrusions.Combining the subsurface spatial distributions of ore-bearing strata,ore-controlling faults,and intrusive rock,we propose two different metallogenic models for the Shuangjianzishan ore district,which provide a scientific basis for further prospecting in the deep regions of the ore district and surrounding areas.展开更多
The Rayleigh-Ritz and the inverse iteration methods are used in order to compute the eigenvalues of 3D Fredholm-Stieltjes integral equations, i.e. 3D Fredholm equations with respect to suitable Stieltjes-type measures...The Rayleigh-Ritz and the inverse iteration methods are used in order to compute the eigenvalues of 3D Fredholm-Stieltjes integral equations, i.e. 3D Fredholm equations with respect to suitable Stieltjes-type measures. Some applications are shown, relevant to the problem of computing the eigenvalues of a body charged by a finite number of masses concentrated on points, curves or surfaces lying in.展开更多
The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)-assisted sensing-transmission--computing integrated system plays a vital role in emergency rescue scenarios involving damaged infrastructure.To tackle the challenges of data transmissi...The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)-assisted sensing-transmission--computing integrated system plays a vital role in emergency rescue scenarios involving damaged infrastructure.To tackle the challenges of data transmission and enable timely rescue decision-making,we propose DWT-3DRec-an efficient wireless transmission model for 3D scene reconstruction.This model leverages MobileNetV2 to extract image and pose features,which are transmitted through a Dual-path Adaptive Noise Modulation network(DANM).Moreover,we introduce the Gumbel Channel Masking Module(GCMM),which enhances feature extraction and improves reconstruction reliability by mitigating the effects of dynamic noise.At the ground receiver,the Multi-scale Deep Source-Channel Coding for 3D Reconstruction(MDS-3DRecon)framework integrates Deep Joint Source-Channel Coding(DeepJSCC)with Cityscale Neural Radiance Fields(CityNeRF).It adopts a progressive close-view training strategy and incorporates an Adaptive Fusion Module(AFM)to achieve high-precision scene reconstruction.Experimental results demonstrate that DWT-3DRec significantly outperforms the Joint Photographic Experts Group(JPEG)standard in transmitting image and pose data,achieving an average loss as low as 0.0323 and exhibiting strong robustness across a Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR)range of 5--20 dB.In large-scale 3D scene reconstruction tasks,MDS-3DRecon surpasses Multum in Parvo Neural Radiance Fields(Mip-NeRF)and Bungee Neural Radiance Field(BungeeNeRF),achieving a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)of 24.921 dB and a reconstruction loss of 0.188.Ablation studies further confirm the essential roles of GCMM,DANM,and AFM in enabling highfidelity 3D reconstruction.展开更多
The rapid advancement of energy storage technologies highlights the urgent need for innovative electrochemical energy storage(EES)systems featuring complex geometries.Three-dimensional(3D)printing has emerged as a gro...The rapid advancement of energy storage technologies highlights the urgent need for innovative electrochemical energy storage(EES)systems featuring complex geometries.Three-dimensional(3D)printing has emerged as a groundbreaking solution,enabling the fabrication of customized,high-performance electrodes with precise structural control.This approach enhances accuracy,convenience,and facilitates improved ion and electron transport.In this review,we systematically summarize recent advancements in leveraging 3D printing techniques for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries.We begin by comparing the unique capabilities of various 3D printing methods against traditional fabrication techniques for producing tailored electrodes.We then address critical challenges across different battery module architectures-cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and integrated systems-highlighting breakthroughs in material selection,ink formulation,and post-processing.Finally,we explore the future potential of 3Dprinted batteries in next-generation EES devices,emphasizing their role in advancing customizable,high-efficiency solutions.The insights provided herein illuminate how 3D printing can significantly accelerate the development of advanced battery materials,fostering innovation in energy storage technology.展开更多
The torsional low strain integrity test(TLSIT),known for its advantages such as a smaller detection blind zone,improved identification of shallowly buried defects,stable phase velocity for signal interpretation,and be...The torsional low strain integrity test(TLSIT),known for its advantages such as a smaller detection blind zone,improved identification of shallowly buried defects,stable phase velocity for signal interpretation,and better adaptability for existing pile testing.However,it lacks a comprehensive understanding of the authentic three-dimensional(3D)strain wave propagation mechanism,particularly wave reflection and transmission at defects.To address this gap,a novel 3D theoretical framework is introduced in this context to model the authentic 3D wave propagation during the TLSIT.The proposed approach is validated by comparing its results with those obtained from 3D finite element method(FEM)simulations and simplified 1D(one-dimensional)and 3D analytical solutions.Additionally,a parametric study is conducted to enhance insights into the formation mechanism of high-frequency interference observed during the TLSIT.Finally,a defect identification study is performed to provide guidance for interpreting the wave spectrum in terms of defect characteristics.展开更多
The traditional power design, construction, has been able to meet the requirements, but it has not been established engineering data database support and the correlation between the data is poor, due to inadequate coo...The traditional power design, construction, has been able to meet the requirements, but it has not been established engineering data database support and the correlation between the data is poor, due to inadequate coordination among design professionals, design easily lead to mistakes, field problems, and design results failed in all aspects of the project to be fully utilized. With the technology of three-dimensional integrated design system penetrates in all walks of life, the introduction of three-dimensional integrated design system substation design solutions and the application of common devices of State Grid Corporation in recent years, which provide technical conditions for the application of virtual reality technology in substation design. According to its own characteristics of substation project, we now propose prospect on virtual reality technology in substation design application.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52272177,12204010)the Foundation for the Introduction of High-Level Talents of Anhui University(S020118002/097)+1 种基金the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(GXXT-2023-066)the Scientific Research Project of Anhui Provincial Higher Education Institution(2023AH040008)。
文摘Flexible electronics face critical challenges in achieving monolithic three-dimensional(3D)integration,including material compatibility,structural stability,and scalable fabrication methods.Inspired by the tactile sensing mechanism of the human skin,we have developed a flexible monolithic 3D-integrated tactile sensing system based on a holey MXene paste,where each vertical one-body unit simultaneously functions as a microsupercapacitor and pressure sensor.The in-plane mesopores of MXene significantly improve ion accessibility,mitigate the self-stacking of nanosheets,and allow the holey MXene to multifunctionally act as a sensing material,an active electrode,and a conductive interconnect,thus drastically reducing the interface mismatch and enhancing the mechanical robustness.Furthermore,we fabricate a large-scale device using a blade-coating and stamping method,which demonstrates excellent mechanical flexibility,low-power consumption,rapid response,and stable long-term operation.As a proof-of-concept application,we integrate our sensing array into a smart access control system,leveraging deep learning to accurately identify users based on their unique pressing behaviors.This study provides a promising approach for designing highly integrated,intelligent,and flexible electronic systems for advanced human-computer interactions and personalized electronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72022018,72091210)Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2021454).
文摘With the maturation of emerging information technologies(Internet of Things,cloud computing,and big data),distributed manufacturing has emerged as an important model for future manufacturing.3D printing,with its integrated molding and design freedom,is a powerful catalyst for distributed manufacturing.This paper investigates the integrated production and transportation scheduling problem in distributed 3D printing.To solve this problem,we decompose the original problem into three sub-problems and design a multilevel optimization algorithm.We employ a genetic algorithm in the outer-level optimization to determine the optimal allocation of parts to machines.In the inner-level optimization,we utilize a simulated annealing algorithm to tackle the vehicle routing problem during the transportation stage followed by a local search algorithm to address the scheduling problem encountered during the production stage.Our algorithm is validated using real data from a 3D printing company,and the results show that our algorithm can obtain solutions that are the same as or better than those of Gurobi in a reasonable time for small-sized instances.Additionally,three types of initial methods are tested on large-sized instances to verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm,and some interesting insights are also revealed and discussed.
基金funded by Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Fibers and Composites(Grant No.KF2024SYS02)the Jiangsu Province Special Fund for Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Technology Innovation(Grant No.BE2022008)the Prioritized Academic Program Development for Higher Education Institutions in Jiangsu.
文摘This study investigates the low-velocity impact and post-impact flexural properties of 3D integrated woven spacer composites,focusing on their orthotropic behavior when tested along two principal directions,i.e.,warp(X-type)and weft(Y-type)directions.The same composite material was tested in these orientations to evaluate the differences in impact resistance and residual bending strength.Specimens were fabricated via vacuum-assisted molding and tested at 2,3,5,and 7 J impact energies using an Instron Ceast 9350 drop-weight impact testing machine,in accordance with ASTM D7136.Post-impact flexural tests were performed using a four-point bending method in accordance with ASTM D7264.The absorbed energy increased from 1.97 to 6.98 J,and the panel damage area ranged from 121 to 361 mm^(2) as impact energy roses.Specimens tested in the weft direction(Y-type)showed greater residual strength(up to 15.83 N)and displacement(up to 0.538 mm)than those tested in the warp direction(X-type).Ultrasonic C-scan imaging revealed localized matrix cracking and fiber failure damage patterns.Results emphasize the directional differences in impact resistance and residual bending properties,highlighting the importance of material orientation in structural applications.This study provides a foundation for utilizing 3D woven spacer composites in lightweight,damage-tolerant structural components.
文摘Data acquisition and modeling are the two important, difficult and costful aspects in a Cybercity project. 2D-GIS is mature and can manage a lot of spatial data. Thus 3D-GIS should make the best of data and technology of 2D-GIS. Construction of a useful synthetic environment requires integration of multiple types of information like DEM, texture images and 3D representation of objects such as buildings. In this paper, the method for 3D city landscape data model and visualization based on integrated databases is presented. Since the data volume of raster are very huge, special strategies(for example, pyramid gridded method) must be adopted in order to manage raster data efficiently. Three different methods of data acquisition, the proper data structure and a simple modeling method are presented as well. At last, a pilot project of Shanghai Cybercity is illustrated.
基金This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52303036)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2020GXNSFAA297028)+4 种基金the Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Special Project(GUIKE AD23026179)the International Science&Technology Cooperation Project of Chengdu(2021-GH03-00009-HZ)the Program of Innovative Research Team for Young Scientists of Sichuan Province(22CXTD0019)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2023NSFSC0986)the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering(Sichuan University)(Sklpme2023-3-18).
文摘Electromagnetic interference shielding(EMI SE)modules are the core com-ponent of modern electronics.However,the tra-ditional metal-based SE modules always take up indispensable three-dimensional space inside electronics,posing a major obstacle to the integra-tion of electronics.The innovation of integrating 3D-printed conformal shielding(c-SE)modules with packaging materials onto core electronics offers infinite possibilities to satisfy ideal SE func-tion without occupying additional space.Herein,the 3D printable carbon-based inks with various proportions of graphene and carbon nanotube nanoparticles are well-formulated by manipulating their rheological peculiarity.Accordingly,the free-constructed architectures with arbitrarily-customized structure and multifunctionality are created via 3D printing.In particular,the SE performance of 3D-printed frame is up to 61.4 dB,simultaneously accompanied with an ultralight architecture of 0.076 g cm^(-3) and a superhigh specific shielding of 802.4 dB cm3 g^(-1).Moreover,as a proof-of-concept,the 3D-printed c-SE module is in situ integrated into core electronics,successfully replacing the traditional metal-based module to afford multiple functions for electromagnetic compatibility and thermal dissipa-tion.Thus,this scientific innovation completely makes up the blank for assembling carbon-based c-SE modules and sheds a brilliant light on developing the next generation of high-performance shielding materials with arbitrarily-customized structure for integrated electronics.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21722604,21576122,21878133)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M651743)。
文摘Construction of catalysts with integral structure for oxidative reaction process is an essential promotion to catalysts in industrial application.In this work,a 3D printing method was employed to prepare 3D printed spheres(3D-PSs),followed by carbonization to form 3D carbon spheres(3D-CSs).Then,a 3D-CSs supported phosphotungstic acid(HPW/3D-CSs)was prepared for deep oxidative desulfurization.Compared with traditional powder catalysts,the as-prepared catalyst is easy to be operated and separated from oil products.The supported catalyst possesses excellent catalytic performance and the removal of DBT,4-MDBT and 4,6-DMDBT in fuel oil,reaching^100%of sulfur removal.The effects of various experimental parameters on desulfurization efficiency were considered to optimize reaction conditions.Moreover,the catalyst shows excellent thermal and chemical stability,with no obvious decrease in desulfurization activity after 5 cycles.GC–MS analysis indicates DBT sulfone was the solely oxidized product of DBT.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.HIT.KISTP.201404)Harbin science and innovation research special fund(No.2015RAXXJ003)Special fund for development of Shenzhen strategic emerging industries(No.JCYJ20150625142543456)
文摘Heavy ion-induced single event upsets(SEUs)of static random access memory(SRAM), integrated with three-dimensional integrated circuit technology, are evaluated using a Monte Carlo simulation method based on the Geant4 simulation toolkit. The SEU cross sections and multiple cell upset(MCU) susceptibility of 3D SRAM are explored using different types and energies of heavy ions.In the simulations, the sensitivities of different dies of 3D SRAM show noticeable discrepancies for low linear energy transfers(LETs). The average percentage of MCUs of 3D SRAM increases from 17.2 to 32.95%, followed by the energy of ^(209)Bi decreasing from 71.77 to 38.28 MeV/u. For a specific LET, the percentage of MCUs presents a notable difference between the face-to-face and back-toface structures. In the back-to-face structure, the percentage of MCUs increases with a deeper die, compared with the face-to-face structure. The simulation method and process are verified by comparing the SEU cross sections of planar SRAM with experimental data. The upset cross sections of the planar process and 3D integrated SRAM are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the 3D SRAM sensitivity is not greater than that of the planar SRAM. The 3D process technology has the potential to be applied to the aerospace and military fields.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Re-search and Development Programof China(2003AA411011)
文摘Some key issues in supporting collaborative design in product data management（PDM ） system and 3D computer aided design（CAD） system integrated environment are analyzed. The general architecture of the integrated environment is divided into five tiers and employs the transparently integrated mode, with the mode, function calling and information exchanging among independent PDM and CAD processes are carried out via message translation /parse approach. Product layout feature（PLF ） model definition is presented, PLF model is used to represent design intention at the preliminary design phase. The collaborative design methodology employing the PLF model in PDM/3D CAD integrated environment is analyzed. The design methodology can speed up the design process, reduce the investment and improve the product quality.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.52272201,52072136,52172229,52302303,and 51972257)Yanchang Petroleum-WHUT Joint Program(yc-whlg-2022ky-05)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing(Wuhan University of Technology,2022-KF-20)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023IVA106)for financial support
文摘FeS_(2)cathode is promising for all-solid-state lithium batteries due to its ultra-high capacity,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the poor performances,induced by limited electrode-electrolyte interface,severe volume expansion,and polysulfide shuttle,hinder the application of FeS_(2)in all-solid-state lithium batteries.Herein,an integrated 3D FeS_(2)electrode with full infiltration of Li6PS5Cl sulfide electrolytes is designed to address these challenges.Such a 3D integrated design not only achieves intimate and maximized interfacial contact between electrode and sulfide electrolytes,but also effectively buffers the inner volume change of FeS_(2)and completely eliminates the polysulfide shuttle through direct solid-solid conversion of Li2S/S.Besides,the vertical 3D arrays guarantee direct electron transport channels and horizontally shortened ion diffusion paths,endowing the integrated electrode with a remarkably reduced interfacial impedance and enhanced reaction kinetics.Benefiting from these synergies,the integrated all-solid-state lithium battery exhibits the largest reversible capacity(667 mAh g^(-1)),best rate performance,and highest capacity retention of 82%over 500 cycles at 0.1 C compared to both a liquid battery and non-integrated all-solid-state lithium battery.The cycling performance is among the best reported for FeS_(2)-based all-solid-state lithium batteries.This work presents an innovative synergistic strategy for designing long-cycling high-energy all-solid-state lithium batteries,which can be readily applied to other battery systems,such as lithium-sulfur batteries.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1601220,82072450,and 81672118)Chongqing Science and Technology Commission-Basic Science and Frontier Technology Key Project(No.cstc2015jcyjBX0119)Chongqing Medical University Intelligent Medicine Research Project(No.ZHYX202115).
文摘Since 3D printed hard materials could match the shape of bone,cell survival and fate determination towards osteoblasts in such materials have become a popular research target.In this study,a scaffold of hardmaterial for 3D fabrication was designed to regulate developmental signal(Notch)transduction guiding osteoblast differentiation.We established a polycaprolactone(PCL)and cell-integrated 3D printing system(PCI3D)to reciprocally print the beams of PCL and cell-laden hydrogel for a module.This PCI3D module holds good cell viability of over 87%,whereas cells show about sixfold proliferation in a 7-day culture.The osteocytic MLO-Y4 was engineered to overexpress Notch ligand Dll4,making up 25%after mixing with 75%stromal cells in the PCI3D module.Osteocytic Dll4,unlike other delta-like family members such as Dll1 or Dll3,promotes osteoblast differentiation and themineralization of primary mouse and a cell line of bone marrow stromal cells when cultured in a PCI3D module for up to 28 days.Mechanistically,osteocytic Dll4 could not promote osteogenic differentiation of the primary bone marrow stromal cells(BMSCs)after conditional deletion of the Notch transcription factor RBPjκby Cre recombinase.These data indicate that osteocytic Dll4 activates RBPjκ-dependent canonical Notch signaling in BMSCs for their oriented differentiation towards osteoblasts.Additionally,osteocytic Dll4 holds a great potential for angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells within modules.Our study reveals that osteocytic Dll4 could be the osteogenic niche determining cell fate towards osteoblasts.This will open a new avenue to overcome the current limitation of poor cell viability and low bioactivity of traditional orthopedic implants.
文摘A 3D fan-out packaging method for the integration of 5G communication RF microsystem and antenna is studied.First of all,through the double-sided wiring technology on the glass wafer,the fabrication of 5G antenna array is realized.Then the low power devices such as through silicon via(TSV)transfer chips,filters and antenna tuners are flip-welded on the glass wafer,and the glass wafer is reformed into a wafer permanently bonded with glass and resin by the injection molding process with resin material.Finally,the thinning resin surface leaks out of the TSV transfer chip,the rewiring is carried out on the resin surface,and then the power amplifier,low-noise amplifier,power management and other devices are flip-welded on the resin wafer surface.A ball grid array(BGA)is implanted to form the final package.The loss of the RF transmission line is measured by using the RF millimeter wave probe table.The results show that the RF transmission loss from the chip end to the antenna end in the fan-out package is very small,and it is only 0.26 dB/mm when working in 60 GHz.A slot coupling antenna is designed on the glass wafer.The antenna can operate at 60 GHz and the maximum gain can reach 6 dB within the working bandwidth.This demonstration successfully provides a feasible solution for the 3D fan-out integration of RF microsystem and antenna in 5G communications.
基金We are grateful for financial supports from National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB2802300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62105014,62105016,and 62020106010)。
文摘Light field 3D display technology is considered a revolutionary technology to address the critical visual fatigue issues in the existing 3D displays.Tabletop light field 3D display provides a brand-new display form that satisfies multi-user shared viewing and collaborative works,and it is poised to become a potential alternative to the traditional wall and portable display forms.However,a large radial viewing angle and correct radial perspective and parallax are still out of reach for most current tabletop light field 3D displays due to the limited amount of spatial information.To address the viewing angle and perspective issues,a novel integral imaging-based tabletop light field 3D display with a simple flat-panel structure is proposed and developed by applying a compound lens array,two spliced 8K liquid crystal display panels,and a light shaping diffuser screen.The compound lens array is designed to be composed of multiple three-piece compound lens units by employing a reverse design scheme,which greatly extends the radial viewing angle in the case of a limited amount of spatial information and balances other important 3D display parameters.The proposed display has a radial viewing angle of 68.7°in a large display size of 43.5 inches,which is larger than the conventional tabletop light field 3D displays.The radial perspective and parallax are correct,and high-resolution 3D images can be reproduced in large radial viewing positions.We envision that this proposed display opens up possibility for redefining the display forms of consumer electronics.
文摘The space-air-ground integrated network(SAGIN)combines the superiority of the satellite,aerial,and ground communications,which is envisioned to provide high-precision positioning ability as well as seamless connectivity in the 5G and Beyond 5G(B5G)systems.In this paper,we propose a three-dimensional SAGIN localization scheme for ground agents utilizing multi-source information from satellites,base stations and unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).Based on the designed scheme,we derive the positioning performance bound and establish a distributed maximum likelihood algorithm to jointly estimate the positions and clock offsets of ground agents.Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the SAGIN localization scheme and reveal the effects of the number of satellites,the number of base stations,the number of UAVs and clock noise on positioning performance.
基金support from Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC1907144)Dalian Youth Science and Technology Star Project Support Program(No.2017RQ104)+6 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFB0311600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22125903,51872283,22075279)Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program(Grant XLYC1807153)Dalian Innovation Support Plan for High Level Talents(2019RT09)Dalian National Laboratory For Clean Energy(DNL),CAS,DNL Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL201912,DNL201915,DNL202016,DNL202019)DICP(DICP ZZBS201802,DICP I2020032)The Joint Fund of the Yulin University and the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(YLU-DNL Fund 2021002,2021009).
文摘With the rapid development of flexible and portable microelectronics,the extreme demand for miniaturized,mechanically flexible,and integrated microsystems are strongly stimulated.Here,biomass-derived carbons(BDCs)are prepared by KOH activation using Qamgur precursor,exhibiting three-dimensional(3D)hierarchical porous structure.Benefiting from unobstructed 3D hierarchical porous structure,BDCs provide an excellent specific capacitance of 433 F g^(-1)and prominent cyclability without capacitance degradation after 50000 cycles at 50 A g^(-1).Furthermore,BDC-based planar micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)without metal collector,prepared by mask-assisted coating,exhibit outstanding areal-specific capacitance of 84 mF cm^(-2)and areal energy density of 10.6μWh cm^(-2),exceeding most of the previous carbon-based MSCs.Impressively,the MSCs disclose extraordinary flexibility with capacitance retention of almost 100%under extreme bending state.More importantly,a flexible planar integrated system composed of the MSC and temperature sensor is assembled to efficiently monitor the temperature variation,providing a feasible route for flexible MSC-based functional micro-devices.
基金financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC0601305)the China Geological Survey(DD20160125,DD20160207,DD20190010)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41504076)。
文摘The Shuangjianzishan deposit in Inner Mongolia is a typical Ag-Pb-Zn deposit of the southern Great Xing’an Range.Proven reserves of Ag,Pb,and Zn in this deposit have reached the scale of super-large deposits,with favorable metallogenic conditions,strong prospecting signs,and high metallogenic potential.This paper reports a study involving integrated geophysical methods,including controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric,gravity,magnetic,and shallow-seismic-reflection methods,to determine the spatial distribution of ore-controlling structures and subsurface intrusive rock for a depth range of<2000 m in the Shuangjianzishan ore district.The objective of this study is to construct a metallogenic model of the ore district and provide a scientific basis for the exploration of similar deposits in the deep and surrounding regions.We used three-dimensional inversion for controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric data based on the limited memory quasi-Newton algorithm,and three-dimensional physical-property inversion for the gravity and magnetic data to obtain information about the subsurface distribution of ore-controlling structures and intrusive rocks.Under seismic reflection results,regional geology,petrophysical properties,and borehole information,the geophysical investigation shows that the Dashizhai group,which contains the main ore-bearing strata in the ore district,is distributed within a depth range of<1239 m,and is thick in the Xinglongshan ore block and the eastern part of the Shuangjianzishan ore block.The mineralization is spatially associated with a fault system characterized by NE-,NW-,and N-trending faults.The magnetic and electrical models identify large,deep bodies of intrusive rock that are inferred to have been involved in mineralization,with local shallow emplacement of some intrusions.Combining the subsurface spatial distributions of ore-bearing strata,ore-controlling faults,and intrusive rock,we propose two different metallogenic models for the Shuangjianzishan ore district,which provide a scientific basis for further prospecting in the deep regions of the ore district and surrounding areas.
文摘The Rayleigh-Ritz and the inverse iteration methods are used in order to compute the eigenvalues of 3D Fredholm-Stieltjes integral equations, i.e. 3D Fredholm equations with respect to suitable Stieltjes-type measures. Some applications are shown, relevant to the problem of computing the eigenvalues of a body charged by a finite number of masses concentrated on points, curves or surfaces lying in.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4500800)the Applied Basic Research Program Project of Liaoning Province(2023JH2/101300192)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62032013,62072094)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2416006,N2416016)Shenyang Science and Technology Plan Project(ZX20250050).
文摘The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)-assisted sensing-transmission--computing integrated system plays a vital role in emergency rescue scenarios involving damaged infrastructure.To tackle the challenges of data transmission and enable timely rescue decision-making,we propose DWT-3DRec-an efficient wireless transmission model for 3D scene reconstruction.This model leverages MobileNetV2 to extract image and pose features,which are transmitted through a Dual-path Adaptive Noise Modulation network(DANM).Moreover,we introduce the Gumbel Channel Masking Module(GCMM),which enhances feature extraction and improves reconstruction reliability by mitigating the effects of dynamic noise.At the ground receiver,the Multi-scale Deep Source-Channel Coding for 3D Reconstruction(MDS-3DRecon)framework integrates Deep Joint Source-Channel Coding(DeepJSCC)with Cityscale Neural Radiance Fields(CityNeRF).It adopts a progressive close-view training strategy and incorporates an Adaptive Fusion Module(AFM)to achieve high-precision scene reconstruction.Experimental results demonstrate that DWT-3DRec significantly outperforms the Joint Photographic Experts Group(JPEG)standard in transmitting image and pose data,achieving an average loss as low as 0.0323 and exhibiting strong robustness across a Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR)range of 5--20 dB.In large-scale 3D scene reconstruction tasks,MDS-3DRecon surpasses Multum in Parvo Neural Radiance Fields(Mip-NeRF)and Bungee Neural Radiance Field(BungeeNeRF),achieving a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)of 24.921 dB and a reconstruction loss of 0.188.Ablation studies further confirm the essential roles of GCMM,DANM,and AFM in enabling highfidelity 3D reconstruction.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22225902,U22A20436,22209185)the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2022YFE0115900,2021YFA1501500)+2 种基金the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20230365)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M743494)Self-Deployment Project Research Program of Haixi Institutes,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CXZX-2023-JQ08)。
文摘The rapid advancement of energy storage technologies highlights the urgent need for innovative electrochemical energy storage(EES)systems featuring complex geometries.Three-dimensional(3D)printing has emerged as a groundbreaking solution,enabling the fabrication of customized,high-performance electrodes with precise structural control.This approach enhances accuracy,convenience,and facilitates improved ion and electron transport.In this review,we systematically summarize recent advancements in leveraging 3D printing techniques for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries.We begin by comparing the unique capabilities of various 3D printing methods against traditional fabrication techniques for producing tailored electrodes.We then address critical challenges across different battery module architectures-cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and integrated systems-highlighting breakthroughs in material selection,ink formulation,and post-processing.Finally,we explore the future potential of 3Dprinted batteries in next-generation EES devices,emphasizing their role in advancing customizable,high-efficiency solutions.The insights provided herein illuminate how 3D printing can significantly accelerate the development of advanced battery materials,fostering innovation in energy storage technology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52408407 and 52478373)the‘CUG Scholar’Scientific Research Funds at China University of Geosciences(Grant No.2023082).
文摘The torsional low strain integrity test(TLSIT),known for its advantages such as a smaller detection blind zone,improved identification of shallowly buried defects,stable phase velocity for signal interpretation,and better adaptability for existing pile testing.However,it lacks a comprehensive understanding of the authentic three-dimensional(3D)strain wave propagation mechanism,particularly wave reflection and transmission at defects.To address this gap,a novel 3D theoretical framework is introduced in this context to model the authentic 3D wave propagation during the TLSIT.The proposed approach is validated by comparing its results with those obtained from 3D finite element method(FEM)simulations and simplified 1D(one-dimensional)and 3D analytical solutions.Additionally,a parametric study is conducted to enhance insights into the formation mechanism of high-frequency interference observed during the TLSIT.Finally,a defect identification study is performed to provide guidance for interpreting the wave spectrum in terms of defect characteristics.
文摘The traditional power design, construction, has been able to meet the requirements, but it has not been established engineering data database support and the correlation between the data is poor, due to inadequate coordination among design professionals, design easily lead to mistakes, field problems, and design results failed in all aspects of the project to be fully utilized. With the technology of three-dimensional integrated design system penetrates in all walks of life, the introduction of three-dimensional integrated design system substation design solutions and the application of common devices of State Grid Corporation in recent years, which provide technical conditions for the application of virtual reality technology in substation design. According to its own characteristics of substation project, we now propose prospect on virtual reality technology in substation design application.
