MXene has been the limelight for studies on electrode active materials,aiming at developing supercapacitors with boosted energy density to meet the emerging influx of wearable and portable electronic devices.Despite i...MXene has been the limelight for studies on electrode active materials,aiming at developing supercapacitors with boosted energy density to meet the emerging influx of wearable and portable electronic devices.Despite its various desirable properties including intrinsic flexibility,high specific surface area,excellent metallic conductivity and unique abundance of surface functionalities,its full potential for electrochemical performance is hindered by the notorious restacking phenomenon of MXene nanosheets.Ascribed to its two-dimensional(2D)nature and surface functional groups,inevitable Van der Waals interactions drive the agglomeration of nanosheets,ultimately reducing the exposure of electrochemically active sites to the electrolyte,as well as severely lengthening electrolyte ion transport pathways.As a result,energy and power density deteriorate,limiting the application versatility of MXene-based supercapacitors.Constructing 3D architectures using 2D nanosheets presents as a straightforward yet ingenious approach to mitigate the fatal flaws of MXene.However,the sheer number of distinct methodologies reported,thus far,calls for a systematic review that unravels the rationale behind such 3D MXene structural designs.Herein,this review aims to serve this purpose while also scrutinizing the structure–property relationship to correlate such structural modifications to their ensuing electrochemical performance enhancements.Besides,the physicochemical properties of MXene play fundamental roles in determining the effective charge storage capabilities of 3D MXene-based electrodes.This largely depends on different MXene synthesis techniques and synthesis condition variations,hence,elucidated in this review as well.Lastly,the challenges and perspectives for achieving viable commercialization of MXene-based supercapacitor electrodes are highlighted.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are one of the most promising energy storage devices because of their high theoretical energy density;however,inherent issues including poor electrical conductivity and severe dissolution...Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are one of the most promising energy storage devices because of their high theoretical energy density;however,inherent issues including poor electrical conductivity and severe dissolution of S and its discharged products hinder their practical applications.MXenes have metallic conductivity,ultra-thin two-dimensional(2D)structures,rich surface functional groups,and macrostructural adjustability and have been widely used to design advanced sulfur hosts.3D network structures assembled by 2D MXene nanosheets have shown superior performance for improving reaction kinetics,accommodating and dispersing sulfur at the micro-/nanoscale,and capturing polysulfides due to their porous interconnected structure.Herein,the applications of MXene architectures related to 2D layered structures,3D multilayered structures,and 3D spherical structures as sulfur hosts are reviewed.The structure-performance relationship,challenges for current designs,and opportunities for future 3D architectures for LSBs are also analyzed.展开更多
The 3D hollow hierarchi-cal architectures tend to be designed for inhibiting stack of MXene flakes to obtain satisfactory lightweight,high-e cient and broadband absorbers.Herein,the hollow NiCo compound@MXene networks...The 3D hollow hierarchi-cal architectures tend to be designed for inhibiting stack of MXene flakes to obtain satisfactory lightweight,high-e cient and broadband absorbers.Herein,the hollow NiCo compound@MXene networks were prepared by etching the ZIF 67 template and subsequently anchoring the Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx nanosheets through electrostatic self-assembly.The electromagnetic parameters and microwave absorption property can be distinctly or slightly regulated by adjusting the filler loading and decoration of Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx nanoflakes.Based on the synergistic e ectsof multi-components and special well-constructed structure,NiCo layered double hydroxides@Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx(LDHT-9)absorber remarkably achieves unexpected e ective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 6.72 GHz with a thickness of 2.10 mm,covering the entire Ku-band.After calcination,transition metal oxide@Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx(TMOT-21)absorber near the percolation threshold possesses minimum reflection loss(RLmin)value of-67.22 dB at 1.70 mm within a filler loading of only 5 wt%.This work enlightens a simple strategy for constructing MXene-based composites to achieve high-e cient microwave absorbents with lightweight and tunable EAB.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D) flower-like Co–Al layered double hydroxide(Co–Al-LDH) architectures composed of atomically thin nanosheets were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method in a mixed solvent of water an...Three-dimensional(3D) flower-like Co–Al layered double hydroxide(Co–Al-LDH) architectures composed of atomically thin nanosheets were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method in a mixed solvent of water and butyl alcohol. Owing to the unique hierarchical structure and modification by butyl alcohol, the electrochemical stability and the charge/mass transport of the Co–Al-LDHs was improved. When used in supercapacitors, the obtained Co–Al-LDHs deliver a high specific capacitance of 838 Fg^(-1) at a current density of 1 Ag^(-1)and excellent rate performance(753 Fg^(-1) at 30 Ag^(-1) and 677 Fg^(-1) at 100 Ag^(-1)), as well as excellent cycling stability with 95% retention of the initial capacitance even after 20,000 cycles at a current density of 5 Ag^(-1). This work provides a promising alternative strategy to enhance the electrochemical properties of supercapacitors.展开更多
Nowadays,water pollution has become more serious,greatly affecting human life and healthy.Electrochemical biosensor,a novel and rapid detection technique,plays an important role in the realtime and trace detection of ...Nowadays,water pollution has become more serious,greatly affecting human life and healthy.Electrochemical biosensor,a novel and rapid detection technique,plays an important role in the realtime and trace detection of water pollutants.However,the stability and sensitivity of electrochemical biosensors remain a great challenge for practical detections in real samples to the strong interferences derived from complex components and coagulation effects.In this work,we reported a novel threedimensional architecture of Prussian blue nanoparticles(PBNPs)/Pt nanoparticles(PtNPs)composite film,using 3 D interweaved carbon nanofibers as a supporting matrix,for the construction of screenprinted microchips-based biosensor.PtNPs with diameters of-2.5 nm was highly dispersed on the carbon nanofibers(CNFs)to build a 3 D skeleton nanostructure through a solvothermal reduction.Subsequently,uniform PBNPs were in-situ self-assembled on this skeleton to construct a 3 D architecture of PB/Pt-CNF composite film.Due to the synergistic effects derived from this special feature,the as-prepared hydroquinone(HQ)biosensor chips can synchronously promote both surface area and conductivity to greatly enhance the electrocatalysis from enzymatic reaction.This biosensor has exhibited a high sensitivity of 220.28μA·L·mmol^(-1)·cm^(-2) with an ultrawide linear range from 2.5μmol·L^(-1) to 1.45 mmol·L^(-1) at a low potential of 0.15 V,as well as the satisfactory reproducibility and usage stability.Besides,its accuracy was also verified in the assays of real water samples.It is highly expected that the 3 D PB/Pt-CNF based screen-printed microchips will have wide applications in dynamic monitoring and early warning of analytes in the various practical fields.展开更多
In this work,we fabricated an efficient pre-catalyst based on(Ni,Co)S2solid solution with hierarchical architecture and high porosity to boost urea oxidation reaction and electrocatalytic oxidation of organic small mo...In this work,we fabricated an efficient pre-catalyst based on(Ni,Co)S2solid solution with hierarchical architecture and high porosity to boost urea oxidation reaction and electrocatalytic oxidation of organic small molecules.The interaction between Ni and Co can optimize the electronic structure,resulting in the improved conductivity and accelerated charge transfer rate.The 2D/3D architecture can enrich more active species and endow the mass and electron transport to facilitate the surface oxidation and the following catalytic process.Post-structure and catalytic characterizations confirm the surface oxidation of(Ni,Co)S_(2)during the stability test,and the in-situ formed Co(Ni)based(oxy)hydroxides exhibit superior catalytic activity and facilitated charge transfer ability.As a result,the optimal(Ni,Co)S_(2)solid solution pre-catalyst displays facilitated catalytic behavior and good stability for multifunctional electrocatalytic oxidation,in which a high conversion of benzyl alcohol(97.50%),a good selectivity to benzoic acid(93.78%)and a satisfied faraday efficiency(91.86%)can be achieved.展开更多
MoO_2 nanocrystals(NCs) on Ni foam were simply synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method and a dip-coating method. It was worth noting that ultrafine interconnected MoO_2 nanocrystals(about 10 nm) were uniformly an...MoO_2 nanocrystals(NCs) on Ni foam were simply synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method and a dip-coating method. It was worth noting that ultrafine interconnected MoO_2 nanocrystals(about 10 nm) were uniformly anchored on Ni foam to fabricate a particular three-dimensional architecture, which may provide more active sites and shorter transmission pathways for lithium ions. As binder-free anode, MoO_2 NCs on Ni foam deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 990 mAh·g^(-1) and retain a reversible capacity of 924 mAh· g(-1) after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.1 C. More importantly, when the current density returns from 2 C to 0.1 C, the capacity recovers to 910 mAh·g(-1)(about 92% of the original high capacity), suggesting excellent cycling stability and rate capability. The particular 3 D electrode as binder-free anode makes it a promising anode candidate for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
Background Fatty liver disease causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry due to its high occurrence and lethality rate.Three-dimensional(3D)chromatin architecture takes part in disease processing by regulati...Background Fatty liver disease causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry due to its high occurrence and lethality rate.Three-dimensional(3D)chromatin architecture takes part in disease processing by regulating tran-scriptional reprogramming.The study is carried out to investigate the alterations of hepatic 3D genome and H3K27ac profiling in early fatty liver(FLS)and reveal their effect on hepatic transcriptional reprogramming in laying hens.Results Results show that FLS model is constructed with obvious phenotypes including hepatic visible lipid deposi-tion as well as higher total triglyceride and cholesterol in serum.A/B compartment switching,topologically associat-ing domain(TAD)and chromatin loop changes are identified by high-throughput/resolution chromosome conforma-tion capture(HiC)technology.Targeted genes of these alternations in hepatic 3D genome organization significantly enrich pathways related to lipid metabolism and hepatic damage.H3K27ac differential peaks and differential expres-sion genes(DEGs)identified through RNA-seq analysis are also enriched in these pathways.Notably,certain DEGs are found to correspond with changes in 3D chromatin structure and H3K27ac binding in their promoters.DNA motif analysis reveals that candidate transcription factors are implicated in regulating transcriptional reprogram-ming.Furthermore,disturbed folate metabolism is observed,as evidenced by lower folate levels and altered enzyme expression.Conclusion Our findings establish a link between transcriptional reprogramming changes and 3D chromatin struc-ture variations during early FLS formation,which provides candidate transcription factors and folate as targets for FLS prevention or treatment.展开更多
Yongle atoll in the Xisha(Paracel) Archipelago is an isolated carbonate platform developed on Precambrian metamorphic and Mesozoic volcanic rocks since the early Miocene. To identify the 3D stratigraphic architecture ...Yongle atoll in the Xisha(Paracel) Archipelago is an isolated carbonate platform developed on Precambrian metamorphic and Mesozoic volcanic rocks since the early Miocene. To identify the 3D stratigraphic architecture and evolution of this platform, 13 high-resolution seismic profiles and shallow-to-deep water multi-beam data were processed and analyzed to reveal seismic facies, sequence boundary reflectors, seismic units, and platform architecture. Nine types of seismic facies were recognized based on their geometry, which included seismic amplitude, continuity, and termination patterns;additionally, six reflections, i.e., Tg, T60, T50, T40, T30, and T20, were identified in the Cenozoic strata. Five seismic units, SQ1(lower Miocene), SQ2(middle Miocene), SQ3(upper Miocene), SQ4(Pliocene), and SQ5(Quaternary), were identified from bottom to top across the platform. The platform grew rapidly in the middle Miocene and backstepped in the late Miocene–Pliocene. Here, we discuss the developmental characteristics and evolution of the Yongle Atoll, in combination with drilling wells, which can be divided into four stages: the initiation stage in the early Miocene, the flourishing stage in the middle Miocene, the partial-drowning stage in the late Miocene–Pliocene, and modern atoll in the Quaternary.展开更多
A supramolecular complex of Cd（II） with 1D water tapes as pillars[Cd2（dpa）2（phen）2（H2O）2]·6H2O 1 （H2dpa = diphenic acid, phen = phenanthroline）, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analy...A supramolecular complex of Cd（II） with 1D water tapes as pillars[Cd2（dpa）2（phen）2（H2O）2]·6H2O 1 （H2dpa = diphenic acid, phen = phenanthroline）, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal is of triclinic, space group P1^- with a = 9.7029（4）, b = 11.9601（5）, c = 12.1788（4） A, α = 71.6990（10）, β = 71.8740（10）, γ = 74.4680（10）°, V = 1252.39（8） A^3, C52H48Cd2N4O16, Mr = 1209.76, Z= 1, Dc = 1.604 g/cm^3,μ = 0.925 mm^-1, F（000） = 612, R = 0.0679 and wR = 0.2514 for 3870 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））. Two intramolecular Cd（II） centers of this complex are encircled by two dpa^2- ligands forming an 18-membered ring, which is further assembled into a pillared three-dimensional （3D） supramolecular architecture through the synergetic effect of intermolecular face-to-face π…π stacking and weak O-H…O hydrogen-bonding interactions. Moreover, this complex exhibits photoluminescence with the main emission bands located at about 456 nm upon excitation at 355 nm in the solid state at room temperature.展开更多
As the progress of 3D rendering technology and the changes of market demand, the 3D application has been widely used and reached as far as education, entertainment, medical treatment, city planning, military training ...As the progress of 3D rendering technology and the changes of market demand, the 3D application has been widely used and reached as far as education, entertainment, medical treatment, city planning, military training and so on. Its trend is gradually changed from client to web, and so many people start to research the 3D graphics engine technology on the web. WebGL and HTML5 rise in recent years and WebGL solves two problems of interactive 3D application on the web perfectly. Firstly, it implements the interactive 3D web application by JavaScript without any browser plug-in components. Secondly, it makes graphics rendering using the underlying graphics hardware, which is united, standard and cross-platform OpenGL interface. However, it is very difficult for 3D application web programmer to understand multifarious details. Therefore, a 3D engine based on WebGL comes into being. The paper consults the existing 3D engine design idea, architecture and implementation experience, and designs a 3D graphics engine based on WebGL and Typescript.展开更多
Real-time sensory signal monitoring systems are crucial for continuous health tracking and enhancing human-interface technologies in virtual reality/augmented reality applications.Recent advancements in micro/nanofabr...Real-time sensory signal monitoring systems are crucial for continuous health tracking and enhancing human-interface technologies in virtual reality/augmented reality applications.Recent advancements in micro/nanofabrication technologies have enabled wearable and implantable sensors to achieve sufficient sensitivity for measuring subtle sensory signals,while integration with wireless communication technologies allows for real-time monitoring and closed-loop user feedback.However,highly sensitive sensing materials face challenges,as their detection results can easily be altered by external factors such as bending,temperature,and humidity.This review discusses methods for decoupling various stimuli and their applications in human interfaces.We cover the latest advancements in decoupled systems,including the design of sensing materials using micro/nanostructured materials,3-dimensional(3D)sensory system architectures,and Artificial intelligence(AI)-based signal decoupling processing techniques.Additionally,we highlight key applications in robotics,wearable,and implantable health monitoring made possible by these decoupled systems.Finally,we suggest future research directions to address the remaining challenges of developing decoupled artificial sensory systems that are resilient to external stimuli.展开更多
The rational design and synthesis of two-dimensional(2D) nanoflake ensemble-based materials have garnered great attention owing to the properties of the components of these materials, such as high mechanical flexibili...The rational design and synthesis of two-dimensional(2D) nanoflake ensemble-based materials have garnered great attention owing to the properties of the components of these materials, such as high mechanical flexibility, high specific surface area, numerous active sites,chemical stability, and superior electrical and thermal conductivity. These properties render the 2D ensembles great choices as alternative electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage systems. More recently,recognition of the numerous advantages of these 2D ensemble structures has led to the realization that the performance of certain devices could be significantly enhanced by utilizing three-dimensional(3D) architectures that can furnish an increased number of active sites. The present review summarizes the recent progress in 2D ensemble-based materials for energy storage applications,including supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and sodium-ion batteries. Further, perspectives relating to the challenges and opportunities in this promising research area are discussed.展开更多
The practical application of lithium-sulfur batteries is severely hampered by the poor conductivity,polysulfide shuttle effect and sluggish reaction kinetics of sulfur cathodes.Herein,a hierarchi-cally porous three-di...The practical application of lithium-sulfur batteries is severely hampered by the poor conductivity,polysulfide shuttle effect and sluggish reaction kinetics of sulfur cathodes.Herein,a hierarchi-cally porous three-dimension(3D)carbon architecture assembled by cross-linked carbon leaves with implanted atomic Co-N4 has been deli-cately developed as an advanced sulfur host through a SiO_(2)-mediated zeolitic imidazolate framework-L(ZIF-L)strategy.The unique 3D architectures not only provide a highly conductive network for fast electron transfer and buffer the volume change upon lithiation-delithi-ation process but also endow rich interface with full exposure of Co-N4 active sites to boost the lithium polysulfides adsorption and conversion.Owing to the accelerated kinetics and suppressed shuttle effect,the as-prepared sulfur cathode exhibits a superior electrochemical perfor-mance with a high reversible specific capacity of 695 mAh g^(−1) at 5 C and a low capacity fading rate of 0.053%per cycle over 500 cycles at 1 C.This work may provide a promising solution for the design of an advanced sulfur-based cathode toward high-performance Li-S batteries.展开更多
Three-dimentional(3D)transition metal selenides with sufficient channels could produce significant superiority on enhancing reaction kinetics for sodium-ion batteries.However,the thorough exploration of 3D architectur...Three-dimentional(3D)transition metal selenides with sufficient channels could produce significant superiority on enhancing reaction kinetics for sodium-ion batteries.However,the thorough exploration of 3D architecture with a facile strategy is still challenging.Here we report that a polycrystalline Cu_(2-x)Se film was epitaxial grown on(220)facets-exposed Cu by direct selenization of a nanoporous Cu skeleton,which is obtained by dealloying rolled Cu Mn@Cu alloy foil.Density functional theory calculation result shows strong adsorption energy for Se atoms on Cu(220)planes during selenization reaction,rendering a low energy consumption.By virtue of this core-shell 3D nanoporous architecture to offer abundant active sites and endow fast electron/ion transportation,the nanoporous Cu_(2-x)Se@Cu-0.15 composite electrode exhibits remarkable sodium-ion storage properties with high reversible capacity of 950.6μAh/cm^(2)at 50μA/cm^(2),suprior rate capability of 457.6μAh/cm^(2)at 500μA/cm^(2),as well as an ultra-long stability at a high current density.Mechanism investigation reveals that the electrochemical reaction is a typical conversion-type reaction with different intermediates.This novel electrode synthetic strategy provides useful instructions to design the high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries.展开更多
In the experimental garden of the Department of Soil Bioengineering and Landscape Construction, University of Applied Life Sciences in Vienna, Austria, coarse root systems of three different brush species were complet...In the experimental garden of the Department of Soil Bioengineering and Landscape Construction, University of Applied Life Sciences in Vienna, Austria, coarse root systems of three different brush species were completely excavated and semiutomatically digitized. The species were Lonicera xylosteum, Ligustrum vulgare and Euonymus europaeus. The 3-D root architectures reveal different growth strategies between species, which are related to ecological characteristics and physical soil properties. The root architecture of Lonicera xylosteum and Ligustrum vulgare, planted in the under layer of the live slope grading, where the soil is very tight and the soil water content and fertility are relatively low, is shallow. However, the root distribution of E. europaeus, planted in the middle layer, where environmental conditions are better, is deeper. Most of the root biomass of the three species is concentrated in the 0-30 cm soil layer. A quarter of the root biomass ofLigustrum vulgare is distributed in the upper layer of the plant inlay. E. europaeus has a relatively even distribution in the 30-0 cm and 60-90 cm soil layer.展开更多
P-Type NiO foam with rough nanostructured surface was prepared by the surface treatment of Ni foam,and then it was decorated with n-type ZnO nanopyramids to construct a 3D p–n junction foam. The p–n junction foam wa...P-Type NiO foam with rough nanostructured surface was prepared by the surface treatment of Ni foam,and then it was decorated with n-type ZnO nanopyramids to construct a 3D p–n junction foam. The p–n junction foam was used for electrochemical detection of dopamine and the sensing performance was improved significantly compared with the single NiO and ZnO. High sensitivity（171 mμA/mmol/L）, fast response（2 s）, excellent selectivity and stability were achieved. It was attributed to the introduction of numerous p–n junction interfaces, the interfacial potential barrier played as a tuning factor for the electrochemical determination of dopamine. The results demonstrated it would be an important way to improve the biosensing performance by introducing the p–n junction interfaces.展开更多
Form-finding is a process in architectural design.Architects create and manipulate the morphology of a building by finding the form using digital tools and algorithms,such as machine learning.Recent research indicates...Form-finding is a process in architectural design.Architects create and manipulate the morphology of a building by finding the form using digital tools and algorithms,such as machine learning.Recent research indicates that existing machine learning methods for architectural form-finding are not efficient for training and cannot generate multiple 3D forms under the constraints of users.Therefore,in this research,we develop a method to train and apply low-rank adaptation(LoRA)models in Stable Diffusion(SD)to generate 3D architectural forms based on morphological heat maps.Furthermore,the generated 3D forms can be directly used to precisely control the generation of realistic architectural renderings using pre-trained LoRA and SD models.In conclusion,our method can help architects generate 3D architectural models with consistent renderings.It can serve as a useful tool to improve efficiency and creativity in the architectural design practice of form-finding.展开更多
In modern architectural design,as complexity increases and diverse demands emerge,reconstructing 3D spaces has become a crucial method.However,existing methods remain limited to small-scale scenarios and exhibit poor ...In modern architectural design,as complexity increases and diverse demands emerge,reconstructing 3D spaces has become a crucial method.However,existing methods remain limited to small-scale scenarios and exhibit poor reconstruction accuracy when applied to building-scale environments,resulting in unstable mesh quality and reduced design productivity.Furthermore,the lack of real-time,interactive editing tools prolongs design iteration cycles and impedes workflow efficiency.To address this issue,we propose the following contributions:(1)We construct ArchiNet++,an architectural dataset that includes 710,180 multi-view images,5200 SketchUp models,and corresponding camera parameters from the conceptual design phase of architectural projects.(2)We introduce Drag2Build++,an interactive 3D mesh reconstruction framework featuring drag-based editing and three core innovations:a differentiable geometry module for fine-grained deformation,a 2D-3D rendering bridge for supervision,and a GAN-based refinement module for photorealistic texture synthesis.(3)Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our model excels in generating highquality 3D meshes and enables rapid mesh editing via drag-based interactions.Furthermore,by incorporating textured mesh generation into this interactive workflow,it improves both efficiency and modeling flexibility.We hope this combination can contribute to a more intuitive modeling process and offer a practical tool set that supports the digital transformation efforts within architectural design.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are promising candidates for high density electrochemical energy storage systems.However,the poor conductivity of S and the shuttle effect of polysulfides are a bottleneck to practical ap...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are promising candidates for high density electrochemical energy storage systems.However,the poor conductivity of S and the shuttle effect of polysulfides are a bottleneck to practical applications.Herein,a three-dimensional architecture,based on carbon nanotube(CNT)bridged Ti_(2)C MXene nanosheets,was constructed as a sulfur host.This architecture was based on Ti atoms,which can chemically absorb polysulfides.The CNTs are highly conductive and intercalate into the MXene nanosheets to prevent their stacking and construct an interspace for polysulfides.This hybrid,as a host of S,can effectively alleviate the shuttle effect through a combination of physical confinement and chemical adsorption.This resulted in an open internal space,which served as a cathode for the loaded S to promote electron transport and enhance electrochemical kinetics of the polysulfide conversion in Li-S batteries.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme by Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia(FRGS/1/2021/STG04/XMU/02/1 and FRGS/1/2022/TK09/XMU/03/2)the Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund(XMUMRF/2023-C11/IENG/0056)。
文摘MXene has been the limelight for studies on electrode active materials,aiming at developing supercapacitors with boosted energy density to meet the emerging influx of wearable and portable electronic devices.Despite its various desirable properties including intrinsic flexibility,high specific surface area,excellent metallic conductivity and unique abundance of surface functionalities,its full potential for electrochemical performance is hindered by the notorious restacking phenomenon of MXene nanosheets.Ascribed to its two-dimensional(2D)nature and surface functional groups,inevitable Van der Waals interactions drive the agglomeration of nanosheets,ultimately reducing the exposure of electrochemically active sites to the electrolyte,as well as severely lengthening electrolyte ion transport pathways.As a result,energy and power density deteriorate,limiting the application versatility of MXene-based supercapacitors.Constructing 3D architectures using 2D nanosheets presents as a straightforward yet ingenious approach to mitigate the fatal flaws of MXene.However,the sheer number of distinct methodologies reported,thus far,calls for a systematic review that unravels the rationale behind such 3D MXene structural designs.Herein,this review aims to serve this purpose while also scrutinizing the structure–property relationship to correlate such structural modifications to their ensuing electrochemical performance enhancements.Besides,the physicochemical properties of MXene play fundamental roles in determining the effective charge storage capabilities of 3D MXene-based electrodes.This largely depends on different MXene synthesis techniques and synthesis condition variations,hence,elucidated in this review as well.Lastly,the challenges and perspectives for achieving viable commercialization of MXene-based supercapacitor electrodes are highlighted.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21805105,21975091 and 21773078)。
文摘Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are one of the most promising energy storage devices because of their high theoretical energy density;however,inherent issues including poor electrical conductivity and severe dissolution of S and its discharged products hinder their practical applications.MXenes have metallic conductivity,ultra-thin two-dimensional(2D)structures,rich surface functional groups,and macrostructural adjustability and have been widely used to design advanced sulfur hosts.3D network structures assembled by 2D MXene nanosheets have shown superior performance for improving reaction kinetics,accommodating and dispersing sulfur at the micro-/nanoscale,and capturing polysulfides due to their porous interconnected structure.Herein,the applications of MXene architectures related to 2D layered structures,3D multilayered structures,and 3D spherical structures as sulfur hosts are reviewed.The structure-performance relationship,challenges for current designs,and opportunities for future 3D architectures for LSBs are also analyzed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52073010)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2214069)。
文摘The 3D hollow hierarchi-cal architectures tend to be designed for inhibiting stack of MXene flakes to obtain satisfactory lightweight,high-e cient and broadband absorbers.Herein,the hollow NiCo compound@MXene networks were prepared by etching the ZIF 67 template and subsequently anchoring the Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx nanosheets through electrostatic self-assembly.The electromagnetic parameters and microwave absorption property can be distinctly or slightly regulated by adjusting the filler loading and decoration of Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx nanoflakes.Based on the synergistic e ectsof multi-components and special well-constructed structure,NiCo layered double hydroxides@Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx(LDHT-9)absorber remarkably achieves unexpected e ective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 6.72 GHz with a thickness of 2.10 mm,covering the entire Ku-band.After calcination,transition metal oxide@Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx(TMOT-21)absorber near the percolation threshold possesses minimum reflection loss(RLmin)value of-67.22 dB at 1.70 mm within a filler loading of only 5 wt%.This work enlightens a simple strategy for constructing MXene-based composites to achieve high-e cient microwave absorbents with lightweight and tunable EAB.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2014CB239702)Research project of environmental protection in Jiangsu province(2016060)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(14DZ2250800)
文摘Three-dimensional(3D) flower-like Co–Al layered double hydroxide(Co–Al-LDH) architectures composed of atomically thin nanosheets were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method in a mixed solvent of water and butyl alcohol. Owing to the unique hierarchical structure and modification by butyl alcohol, the electrochemical stability and the charge/mass transport of the Co–Al-LDHs was improved. When used in supercapacitors, the obtained Co–Al-LDHs deliver a high specific capacitance of 838 Fg^(-1) at a current density of 1 Ag^(-1)and excellent rate performance(753 Fg^(-1) at 30 Ag^(-1) and 677 Fg^(-1) at 100 Ag^(-1)), as well as excellent cycling stability with 95% retention of the initial capacitance even after 20,000 cycles at a current density of 5 Ag^(-1). This work provides a promising alternative strategy to enhance the electrochemical properties of supercapacitors.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078148 and 21727818)the Innovative Research Team Program by the Ministry of Education of China(IRT_17R54)+3 种基金the Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(TAPP)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the Key Project by Medical Science and Technology Development Foundation of Nanjing Department of Health(ZKX17014)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX20_1021)。
文摘Nowadays,water pollution has become more serious,greatly affecting human life and healthy.Electrochemical biosensor,a novel and rapid detection technique,plays an important role in the realtime and trace detection of water pollutants.However,the stability and sensitivity of electrochemical biosensors remain a great challenge for practical detections in real samples to the strong interferences derived from complex components and coagulation effects.In this work,we reported a novel threedimensional architecture of Prussian blue nanoparticles(PBNPs)/Pt nanoparticles(PtNPs)composite film,using 3 D interweaved carbon nanofibers as a supporting matrix,for the construction of screenprinted microchips-based biosensor.PtNPs with diameters of-2.5 nm was highly dispersed on the carbon nanofibers(CNFs)to build a 3 D skeleton nanostructure through a solvothermal reduction.Subsequently,uniform PBNPs were in-situ self-assembled on this skeleton to construct a 3 D architecture of PB/Pt-CNF composite film.Due to the synergistic effects derived from this special feature,the as-prepared hydroquinone(HQ)biosensor chips can synchronously promote both surface area and conductivity to greatly enhance the electrocatalysis from enzymatic reaction.This biosensor has exhibited a high sensitivity of 220.28μA·L·mmol^(-1)·cm^(-2) with an ultrawide linear range from 2.5μmol·L^(-1) to 1.45 mmol·L^(-1) at a low potential of 0.15 V,as well as the satisfactory reproducibility and usage stability.Besides,its accuracy was also verified in the assays of real water samples.It is highly expected that the 3 D PB/Pt-CNF based screen-printed microchips will have wide applications in dynamic monitoring and early warning of analytes in the various practical fields.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21927811,51602182,21808129)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(No.ZR2021ME032)。
文摘In this work,we fabricated an efficient pre-catalyst based on(Ni,Co)S2solid solution with hierarchical architecture and high porosity to boost urea oxidation reaction and electrocatalytic oxidation of organic small molecules.The interaction between Ni and Co can optimize the electronic structure,resulting in the improved conductivity and accelerated charge transfer rate.The 2D/3D architecture can enrich more active species and endow the mass and electron transport to facilitate the surface oxidation and the following catalytic process.Post-structure and catalytic characterizations confirm the surface oxidation of(Ni,Co)S_(2)during the stability test,and the in-situ formed Co(Ni)based(oxy)hydroxides exhibit superior catalytic activity and facilitated charge transfer ability.As a result,the optimal(Ni,Co)S_(2)solid solution pre-catalyst displays facilitated catalytic behavior and good stability for multifunctional electrocatalytic oxidation,in which a high conversion of benzyl alcohol(97.50%),a good selectivity to benzoic acid(93.78%)and a satisfied faraday efficiency(91.86%)can be achieved.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51506155)
文摘MoO_2 nanocrystals(NCs) on Ni foam were simply synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method and a dip-coating method. It was worth noting that ultrafine interconnected MoO_2 nanocrystals(about 10 nm) were uniformly anchored on Ni foam to fabricate a particular three-dimensional architecture, which may provide more active sites and shorter transmission pathways for lithium ions. As binder-free anode, MoO_2 NCs on Ni foam deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 990 mAh·g^(-1) and retain a reversible capacity of 924 mAh· g(-1) after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.1 C. More importantly, when the current density returns from 2 C to 0.1 C, the capacity recovers to 910 mAh·g(-1)(about 92% of the original high capacity), suggesting excellent cycling stability and rate capability. The particular 3 D electrode as binder-free anode makes it a promising anode candidate for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
基金funded by the National Science Foundation of China (32372910 and 32102567)the Program for Shaanxi Science&Technology (2022KJXX-13, 2023-YBNY-144, K3031223077 and 2022GD-TSLD-46–0302)
文摘Background Fatty liver disease causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry due to its high occurrence and lethality rate.Three-dimensional(3D)chromatin architecture takes part in disease processing by regulating tran-scriptional reprogramming.The study is carried out to investigate the alterations of hepatic 3D genome and H3K27ac profiling in early fatty liver(FLS)and reveal their effect on hepatic transcriptional reprogramming in laying hens.Results Results show that FLS model is constructed with obvious phenotypes including hepatic visible lipid deposi-tion as well as higher total triglyceride and cholesterol in serum.A/B compartment switching,topologically associat-ing domain(TAD)and chromatin loop changes are identified by high-throughput/resolution chromosome conforma-tion capture(HiC)technology.Targeted genes of these alternations in hepatic 3D genome organization significantly enrich pathways related to lipid metabolism and hepatic damage.H3K27ac differential peaks and differential expres-sion genes(DEGs)identified through RNA-seq analysis are also enriched in these pathways.Notably,certain DEGs are found to correspond with changes in 3D chromatin structure and H3K27ac binding in their promoters.DNA motif analysis reveals that candidate transcription factors are implicated in regulating transcriptional reprogram-ming.Furthermore,disturbed folate metabolism is observed,as evidenced by lower folate levels and altered enzyme expression.Conclusion Our findings establish a link between transcriptional reprogramming changes and 3D chromatin struc-ture variations during early FLS formation,which provides candidate transcription factors and folate as targets for FLS prevention or treatment.
基金financially supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (U1701245)Research Program of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (No. SKJC-2020-01-009)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of China (91958206, 41876044)National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC0308301)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA22040105)。
文摘Yongle atoll in the Xisha(Paracel) Archipelago is an isolated carbonate platform developed on Precambrian metamorphic and Mesozoic volcanic rocks since the early Miocene. To identify the 3D stratigraphic architecture and evolution of this platform, 13 high-resolution seismic profiles and shallow-to-deep water multi-beam data were processed and analyzed to reveal seismic facies, sequence boundary reflectors, seismic units, and platform architecture. Nine types of seismic facies were recognized based on their geometry, which included seismic amplitude, continuity, and termination patterns;additionally, six reflections, i.e., Tg, T60, T50, T40, T30, and T20, were identified in the Cenozoic strata. Five seismic units, SQ1(lower Miocene), SQ2(middle Miocene), SQ3(upper Miocene), SQ4(Pliocene), and SQ5(Quaternary), were identified from bottom to top across the platform. The platform grew rapidly in the middle Miocene and backstepped in the late Miocene–Pliocene. Here, we discuss the developmental characteristics and evolution of the Yongle Atoll, in combination with drilling wells, which can be divided into four stages: the initiation stage in the early Miocene, the flourishing stage in the middle Miocene, the partial-drowning stage in the late Miocene–Pliocene, and modern atoll in the Quaternary.
基金the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China (001CB108906)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the NSF (2006J0015)the Major Special Foundation of Fujian Province (2005HZ1027, 2005HZ01-1)
文摘A supramolecular complex of Cd（II） with 1D water tapes as pillars[Cd2（dpa）2（phen）2（H2O）2]·6H2O 1 （H2dpa = diphenic acid, phen = phenanthroline）, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal is of triclinic, space group P1^- with a = 9.7029（4）, b = 11.9601（5）, c = 12.1788（4） A, α = 71.6990（10）, β = 71.8740（10）, γ = 74.4680（10）°, V = 1252.39（8） A^3, C52H48Cd2N4O16, Mr = 1209.76, Z= 1, Dc = 1.604 g/cm^3,μ = 0.925 mm^-1, F（000） = 612, R = 0.0679 and wR = 0.2514 for 3870 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））. Two intramolecular Cd（II） centers of this complex are encircled by two dpa^2- ligands forming an 18-membered ring, which is further assembled into a pillared three-dimensional （3D） supramolecular architecture through the synergetic effect of intermolecular face-to-face π…π stacking and weak O-H…O hydrogen-bonding interactions. Moreover, this complex exhibits photoluminescence with the main emission bands located at about 456 nm upon excitation at 355 nm in the solid state at room temperature.
文摘As the progress of 3D rendering technology and the changes of market demand, the 3D application has been widely used and reached as far as education, entertainment, medical treatment, city planning, military training and so on. Its trend is gradually changed from client to web, and so many people start to research the 3D graphics engine technology on the web. WebGL and HTML5 rise in recent years and WebGL solves two problems of interactive 3D application on the web perfectly. Firstly, it implements the interactive 3D web application by JavaScript without any browser plug-in components. Secondly, it makes graphics rendering using the underlying graphics hardware, which is united, standard and cross-platform OpenGL interface. However, it is very difficult for 3D application web programmer to understand multifarious details. Therefore, a 3D engine based on WebGL comes into being. The paper consults the existing 3D engine design idea, architecture and implementation experience, and designs a 3D graphics engine based on WebGL and Typescript.
基金funding from the Alchemist Project Program(Grant No.RS-2024-00422269)Technology Innovation Program(Grant No.RS-2024-00443121)+1 种基金supported by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)support by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIP,Ministry of Science,ICT&Future Planning,Grant Nos.NRF-2022R1A4A3032913 and RS-2024-00411904).
文摘Real-time sensory signal monitoring systems are crucial for continuous health tracking and enhancing human-interface technologies in virtual reality/augmented reality applications.Recent advancements in micro/nanofabrication technologies have enabled wearable and implantable sensors to achieve sufficient sensitivity for measuring subtle sensory signals,while integration with wireless communication technologies allows for real-time monitoring and closed-loop user feedback.However,highly sensitive sensing materials face challenges,as their detection results can easily be altered by external factors such as bending,temperature,and humidity.This review discusses methods for decoupling various stimuli and their applications in human interfaces.We cover the latest advancements in decoupled systems,including the design of sensing materials using micro/nanostructured materials,3-dimensional(3D)sensory system architectures,and Artificial intelligence(AI)-based signal decoupling processing techniques.Additionally,we highlight key applications in robotics,wearable,and implantable health monitoring made possible by these decoupled systems.Finally,we suggest future research directions to address the remaining challenges of developing decoupled artificial sensory systems that are resilient to external stimuli.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21571157,U1604123,and 2187051489)Outstanding Young Talent Research Fund of Zhengzhou University (No.1521320001)+3 种基金the Young Outstanding Teachers of University in Henan Province (2016-130)Creative talents in the Education Department of Henan Province (19HASTIT039)the Open Project Foundation of Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) (2017-29),Nankai UniversityOpen Project Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparation of Jilin University
文摘The rational design and synthesis of two-dimensional(2D) nanoflake ensemble-based materials have garnered great attention owing to the properties of the components of these materials, such as high mechanical flexibility, high specific surface area, numerous active sites,chemical stability, and superior electrical and thermal conductivity. These properties render the 2D ensembles great choices as alternative electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage systems. More recently,recognition of the numerous advantages of these 2D ensemble structures has led to the realization that the performance of certain devices could be significantly enhanced by utilizing three-dimensional(3D) architectures that can furnish an increased number of active sites. The present review summarizes the recent progress in 2D ensemble-based materials for energy storage applications,including supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and sodium-ion batteries. Further, perspectives relating to the challenges and opportunities in this promising research area are discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51871060,52071084 and 51831009)Recruit Program of Global Youth Experts and Fudan’s Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program(FDUROP)。
文摘The practical application of lithium-sulfur batteries is severely hampered by the poor conductivity,polysulfide shuttle effect and sluggish reaction kinetics of sulfur cathodes.Herein,a hierarchi-cally porous three-dimension(3D)carbon architecture assembled by cross-linked carbon leaves with implanted atomic Co-N4 has been deli-cately developed as an advanced sulfur host through a SiO_(2)-mediated zeolitic imidazolate framework-L(ZIF-L)strategy.The unique 3D architectures not only provide a highly conductive network for fast electron transfer and buffer the volume change upon lithiation-delithi-ation process but also endow rich interface with full exposure of Co-N4 active sites to boost the lithium polysulfides adsorption and conversion.Owing to the accelerated kinetics and suppressed shuttle effect,the as-prepared sulfur cathode exhibits a superior electrochemical perfor-mance with a high reversible specific capacity of 695 mAh g^(−1) at 5 C and a low capacity fading rate of 0.053%per cycle over 500 cycles at 1 C.This work may provide a promising solution for the design of an advanced sulfur-based cathode toward high-performance Li-S batteries.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52271011,52102291,52101251)。
文摘Three-dimentional(3D)transition metal selenides with sufficient channels could produce significant superiority on enhancing reaction kinetics for sodium-ion batteries.However,the thorough exploration of 3D architecture with a facile strategy is still challenging.Here we report that a polycrystalline Cu_(2-x)Se film was epitaxial grown on(220)facets-exposed Cu by direct selenization of a nanoporous Cu skeleton,which is obtained by dealloying rolled Cu Mn@Cu alloy foil.Density functional theory calculation result shows strong adsorption energy for Se atoms on Cu(220)planes during selenization reaction,rendering a low energy consumption.By virtue of this core-shell 3D nanoporous architecture to offer abundant active sites and endow fast electron/ion transportation,the nanoporous Cu_(2-x)Se@Cu-0.15 composite electrode exhibits remarkable sodium-ion storage properties with high reversible capacity of 950.6μAh/cm^(2)at 50μA/cm^(2),suprior rate capability of 457.6μAh/cm^(2)at 500μA/cm^(2),as well as an ultra-long stability at a high current density.Mechanism investigation reveals that the electrochemical reaction is a typical conversion-type reaction with different intermediates.This novel electrode synthetic strategy provides useful instructions to design the high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries.
文摘In the experimental garden of the Department of Soil Bioengineering and Landscape Construction, University of Applied Life Sciences in Vienna, Austria, coarse root systems of three different brush species were completely excavated and semiutomatically digitized. The species were Lonicera xylosteum, Ligustrum vulgare and Euonymus europaeus. The 3-D root architectures reveal different growth strategies between species, which are related to ecological characteristics and physical soil properties. The root architecture of Lonicera xylosteum and Ligustrum vulgare, planted in the under layer of the live slope grading, where the soil is very tight and the soil water content and fertility are relatively low, is shallow. However, the root distribution of E. europaeus, planted in the middle layer, where environmental conditions are better, is deeper. Most of the root biomass of the three species is concentrated in the 0-30 cm soil layer. A quarter of the root biomass ofLigustrum vulgare is distributed in the upper layer of the plant inlay. E. europaeus has a relatively even distribution in the 30-0 cm and 60-90 cm soil layer.
基金sponsored by Qingdao City Programs for Scienceand Technology Plan Projects(No.15-9-1-82-jch)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51572249)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University(No.201513008)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2014EMM021)
文摘P-Type NiO foam with rough nanostructured surface was prepared by the surface treatment of Ni foam,and then it was decorated with n-type ZnO nanopyramids to construct a 3D p–n junction foam. The p–n junction foam was used for electrochemical detection of dopamine and the sensing performance was improved significantly compared with the single NiO and ZnO. High sensitivity（171 mμA/mmol/L）, fast response（2 s）, excellent selectivity and stability were achieved. It was attributed to the introduction of numerous p–n junction interfaces, the interfacial potential barrier played as a tuning factor for the electrochemical determination of dopamine. The results demonstrated it would be an important way to improve the biosensing performance by introducing the p–n junction interfaces.
基金funded by the New Faculty Start-up Grant(Project No.9610653)from the City University of Hong Kong.
文摘Form-finding is a process in architectural design.Architects create and manipulate the morphology of a building by finding the form using digital tools and algorithms,such as machine learning.Recent research indicates that existing machine learning methods for architectural form-finding are not efficient for training and cannot generate multiple 3D forms under the constraints of users.Therefore,in this research,we develop a method to train and apply low-rank adaptation(LoRA)models in Stable Diffusion(SD)to generate 3D architectural forms based on morphological heat maps.Furthermore,the generated 3D forms can be directly used to precisely control the generation of realistic architectural renderings using pre-trained LoRA and SD models.In conclusion,our method can help architects generate 3D architectural models with consistent renderings.It can serve as a useful tool to improve efficiency and creativity in the architectural design practice of form-finding.
基金supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515012595)the Department of Education of Guangdong Province(2023ZDZX4078)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee(WDZC20231129201240001).
文摘In modern architectural design,as complexity increases and diverse demands emerge,reconstructing 3D spaces has become a crucial method.However,existing methods remain limited to small-scale scenarios and exhibit poor reconstruction accuracy when applied to building-scale environments,resulting in unstable mesh quality and reduced design productivity.Furthermore,the lack of real-time,interactive editing tools prolongs design iteration cycles and impedes workflow efficiency.To address this issue,we propose the following contributions:(1)We construct ArchiNet++,an architectural dataset that includes 710,180 multi-view images,5200 SketchUp models,and corresponding camera parameters from the conceptual design phase of architectural projects.(2)We introduce Drag2Build++,an interactive 3D mesh reconstruction framework featuring drag-based editing and three core innovations:a differentiable geometry module for fine-grained deformation,a 2D-3D rendering bridge for supervision,and a GAN-based refinement module for photorealistic texture synthesis.(3)Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our model excels in generating highquality 3D meshes and enables rapid mesh editing via drag-based interactions.Furthermore,by incorporating textured mesh generation into this interactive workflow,it improves both efficiency and modeling flexibility.We hope this combination can contribute to a more intuitive modeling process and offer a practical tool set that supports the digital transformation efforts within architectural design.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51932005,22072164)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC1807175)the Research Fund of Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science.
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are promising candidates for high density electrochemical energy storage systems.However,the poor conductivity of S and the shuttle effect of polysulfides are a bottleneck to practical applications.Herein,a three-dimensional architecture,based on carbon nanotube(CNT)bridged Ti_(2)C MXene nanosheets,was constructed as a sulfur host.This architecture was based on Ti atoms,which can chemically absorb polysulfides.The CNTs are highly conductive and intercalate into the MXene nanosheets to prevent their stacking and construct an interspace for polysulfides.This hybrid,as a host of S,can effectively alleviate the shuttle effect through a combination of physical confinement and chemical adsorption.This resulted in an open internal space,which served as a cathode for the loaded S to promote electron transport and enhance electrochemical kinetics of the polysulfide conversion in Li-S batteries.
