Objective Numerous studies have described both motor defects and cognitive impairments in several strains of rodents following 3-nitropropionic acid （3-NP） intoxication. In the present study, we investigated spatial...Objective Numerous studies have described both motor defects and cognitive impairments in several strains of rodents following 3-nitropropionic acid （3-NP） intoxication. In the present study, we investigated spatial recognition memory in Kunming mice that just recovered from motor defects induced by 3-NP. Methods Mouse model was made by systemic subacute 3-NP treatment, and spatial recognition memory was measured through the Y-maze Test, a simple two-trial recognition test. Results （1） On day 15 following 3-NP treatment, affected Kunming mice did not show motor defects in the Rotarod test and presented normal gait again. （2） In the following Y-maze test after lh interval, the percentage （90.0%） of mice showing novel ann preference in 3-NP treatment group was significantly higher than the random chance level （50%）, although it was only slightly higher than that （83.3%） in control group. On day 45 after 3-NP treatment, mice failed to choose unfamiliar novel arm as first choice, and the same occured in the control group. （3） For both post-intoxicated （on day 15 and day 45 following 3-NP treatment） and control groups, the duration in the novel ann and the frequency of entering it, were longer and higher compared with familiar start and other arms. For these mice that recently recovered from motor defects following 3-NP intoxication, no spatial memory deficits were observed through Y-maze Test. Conclusion Kunming mice used in our assays might possess resistance to cognitive impairment induced by 3-NP, which is consistent with previous findings in Swiss EPM-M1 mice.展开更多
Objective Striatum may be involved in depressive disorders according to the neuroimaging analysis and clinical data. However, no animal model at present supported the possible role of striatum in the pathogenesis of d...Objective Striatum may be involved in depressive disorders according to the neuroimaging analysis and clinical data. However, no animal model at present supported the possible role of striatum in the pathogenesis of depression. In the present study, we have investigated the depressive-like behavior in mice recently intoxicated with 3-nitropropionic acid （3- NP）, a widely known toxin that selectively damages the striatum in the brain. Methods Mouse model was made with subacute systemic 3-NP treatment, and the depressive-like behavior was measured using the duration of immobility during forced swimming test （FST）. Results When the mice at day 15 post-intoxication just totally recovered from motor deficits, the duration of immobility in FST was significantly longer than that in controls. The depressive-like behavior was not due to the fatigue or general sickness following 3-NP intoxication and could be reversed by the antidepressant, desipramine hydrochloride. In two successive FST in 24 h interval, the depressive-like behavior could be observed again in subsequent FST （at day 16 post-intoxication）, and the mice presented a normal ＂learned helplessness＂. Conclusion A novel depression animal model could be established in mice during the initial period of recovery from 3-NP intoxication. The depression-like behavior might occur independently without involvement of cognitive defects, and the striatal lesions may underlie the depression-like behavior attributable to 3-NP intoxication.展开更多
Summary： To examine the changes in erythropoietin （Epo） protein and its mRNA expression in rat brain subjected to focal ischemia and possible mechanism of the preconditioning of mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic...Summary： To examine the changes in erythropoietin （Epo） protein and its mRNA expression in rat brain subjected to focal ischemia and possible mechanism of the preconditioning of mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid （3-NPA）, rats were administrated either vehicle or 3-NPA at a dose of 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally （ip）, 3 days prior to a 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24- h reperfusion. Infarct volumes were measured by using 2, 3, 5 triphenylte trazolinm chloride （TTC） staining, and Epo protein and its mRNA levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）, respectively. Our results showed that after reperfusion, Epo was found to be expressed extensively in the rat brain. It was most apparent in the basal nuclei and hippocampus, and was, to some extent, present in cortex. Preconditioning with 3-NPA caused a reduction in infarct volume. The expression of both Epo protein and mRNA increased significantly in the different brain areas in the 3-NPA pretreated group as compared with the non-pretreated ischemia model group. These results suggested that preconditioning with low dose 3-NPA could induce ischemic tolerance and neuro-protective effects by increasing the Epo expression in the ischemic and ischemia-related areas.展开更多
Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the changes in the mRNA levels of neurotrophins and their receptors in the striatal tissue of mice treated with 3-nitropropionic acid （3-NP）. Methods At 1 and ...Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the changes in the mRNA levels of neurotrophins and their receptors in the striatal tissue of mice treated with 3-nitropropionic acid （3-NP）. Methods At 1 and 48 h after the last drug administration, the mRNA expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4/5 as well as their receptors p75, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC, was evaluated using semi-quantitative （semi- Q） and real-time RT-PCR. β-actin mRNA and ribosomal 18S （18S rRNA） were tested as internal controls. Results 3-NP treatment did not affect mRNA expression of all neurotrophins and their respective receptors equally. Also, differences in neurotrophin and receptor mRNA expression were observed between semi-Q and real-time RT-PCR. Real-time RT-PCR was more accurate in evaluating the mRNA expression of the neurotrophins than semi-Q, and 18S rRNA was more reliable than β-actin as an internal control. Conclusion Neurotrophins and their receptors expression is differentially affected by neuronal damage produced by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration with 3-NP treatment in low, sub-chronic doses in vivo.展开更多
The involvement of apoptosis in mitochondrial toxin 3 nitropropionic acid (3 NPA) induced ischemic tolerance to transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats and the mechanism was investigated. 3 NPA at a dose of 20 m...The involvement of apoptosis in mitochondrial toxin 3 nitropropionic acid (3 NPA) induced ischemic tolerance to transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats and the mechanism was investigated. 3 NPA at a dose of 20 mg/kg or vehicle control was intraperitoneally into the rats. Three days later, rats were exposed to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Infarct volumes were assessed by 2,3,5 triphenyltetrazolinm chloride (TTC) staining 24 h after reperfusion. Neural cell apoptosis in cerebral ischemic penumbra was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP biotin in situ nick end labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry methods (FCM). The results showed that as compared to the vehicle treated group, pretreatment with 3 NPA could reduce the infarct volume by 23.3 % and decrease the number of TUNEL positive neural cells and apoptotic percentage by 47 % ( P< 0.05) and 44.9 % ( P< 0 01), respectively. It was concluded that the development of 3 NPA induced ischemic tolerance in brain might be related to the decreases in neural cell apoptosis.展开更多
The current study investigates the role of oxidative stress and calcium homeostasis in the development of selective striatal lesions in metabolic impairment model caused by 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP). In this report,...The current study investigates the role of oxidative stress and calcium homeostasis in the development of selective striatal lesions in metabolic impairment model caused by 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP). In this report, we examined the distribution of oxidative stress markers and the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the presence of 3NP in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Protein oxidation was assessed using 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity, while DNA oxidative damage was evaluated by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activity. The Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production was determined in isolated mitochondrial from striatum and cerebellum of two age groups following 3NP and variable calcium concentration. The results demonstrate that increased 3-nitro-tyrosine level is the most robust in the striatum and the least evident in the cerebellum following 4 days of 3NP treatment. No significant change in the levels of poly ADP-ribosylated proteins was observed, likely due to a rapid PARP-1 cleavage as detected by the appearance of 50 kDa necrotic fragment. In mitochondrial isolates, there was no immediate increase in mitochondrial ROS following 3NP in either striatum or cerebellum;however, calcium addition resulted in a concentration dependent increase in reactive oxygen species in striatal mitochondria of the older animals. These results suggest that in aging, mitochondria become more susceptible to the generation of ROS in conditions that cause a concurrent compromised in mitochondrial calcium concentration. This finding implicates mitochondria dysfunction as a key cellular target in pathological states that are associated with metabolic impairment. The results also reinforce the notion that mitochondrial function in the striatum and cerebellum respond differently to the aging process, which may explain the variable regional vulnerability in 3NP model.展开更多
Chrysomelina beetlesstore 3-nitropropionic acid in form of a pretoxin,isoxazolin-5-one glucoside-conjugated ester,to protect themselves against predators.Here we identified a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase,CYP347W1,to ...Chrysomelina beetlesstore 3-nitropropionic acid in form of a pretoxin,isoxazolin-5-one glucoside-conjugated ester,to protect themselves against predators.Here we identified a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase,CYP347W1,to be involved in the production of the 3-nitropropionic acid moiety of the isoxazolin-5-one glucoside ester.Knocking down CYP347W1 led to a significant depletion in the concentration of the isoxazolin-5-one glucoside ester and an increase in the concentration of the isoxazolin-5-one glucoside in the larval hemolymph.Enzyme assays with the heterologously expressed CYP347W1 showed freeβ-alanine was not the direct substrate.Homology modeling indicated thatβ-alanine-CoA ester can fit into CYP347W1’s active site.Furthermore,we proved that Phaedon cochleariae eggs are not able to de novo synthesize 3-NPA,although both isoxazolin-5-one glucoside and its 3-NPA-conjugated ester are present in the eggs.These results provide direct evidence for the involvement of CYP347W1 in the biosynthesis of a P.cochleariae chemical defense compound.展开更多
背景:骨代谢紊乱会引起骨相关疾病的发生,而叉头框转录因子O3可以通过调节氧化应激、自噬水平等来影响骨组织细胞增殖、分化与凋亡,调控骨代谢过程。目的:系统性分析叉头框转录因子O3调控骨代谢及其在骨科疾病中作用机制的相关研究文献...背景:骨代谢紊乱会引起骨相关疾病的发生,而叉头框转录因子O3可以通过调节氧化应激、自噬水平等来影响骨组织细胞增殖、分化与凋亡,调控骨代谢过程。目的:系统性分析叉头框转录因子O3调控骨代谢及其在骨科疾病中作用机制的相关研究文献,为后续以叉头框转录因子O3为靶点治疗骨疾病的研究提供参考。方法:以“(SU=FoxO3a OR SU=Foxo3 OR SU=Forkhead box O3 OR SU=叉头框转录因子O3)AND SU=骨”为检索句在中国知网进行检索,以“主题:(“FoxO3a”)OR主题:(“Foxo3”)OR主题:(“Forkhead box O3”)OR主题:(“叉头框转录因子O3”)AND主题:(“骨”)”为检索句在万方医学数据库进行检索;以“((FoxO3a)OR(Foxo3)OR(Forkhead box O3))AND((bone)OR(Skeleton))”为检索句在PubMed数据库进行检索,排除陈旧、重复、质量较差以及不相关的文献,最终纳入56篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:①叉头框转录因子O3与骨髓间充质干细胞:叉头框转录因子O3能够促进成骨谱系的形成,还可通过激活自噬促进早期成骨分化。同时,叉头框转录因子O3在骨髓间充质干细胞中体现抗氧化特性,保护细胞免受氧化应激诱导的衰老。②叉头框转录因子O3与成骨细胞:叉头框转录因子O3在成骨细胞中能通过干扰Wnt/β-连环蛋白通路抑制成骨,同时能激活抗氧化酶保护成熟成骨细胞。叉头框转录因子O3能促进成骨祖细胞的增殖,并通过激活自噬促进成骨分化。③叉头框转录因子O3与破骨细胞:叉头框转录因子O3表达可抵抗氧化应激和激活自噬抑制破骨细胞生成。④叉头框转录因子O3与骨细胞:叉头框转录因子O3可通过抗氧化作用保护骨细胞,还可通过抑制p16和p53信号通路和抑制衰老相关分泌表型来减少骨流失。⑤叉头框转录因子O3与软骨细胞:叉头框转录因子O3在骨关节炎中对软骨细胞起到保护作用,抑制软骨细胞分解或凋亡,促进软骨细胞外基质合成,可抑制软骨细胞肥大;然而,叉头框转录因子O3与Runt相关转录因子1在软骨细胞中高度共表达却会促进软骨祖细胞的早期软骨形成和终末肥大。⑥叉头框转录因子O3通过参与氧化应激抵抗与调控自噬等过程影响骨代谢,参与多类骨相关疾病的病理进程。展开更多
基金the Medical Research Foundation of Tongji University, China (No.1509219020).
文摘Objective Numerous studies have described both motor defects and cognitive impairments in several strains of rodents following 3-nitropropionic acid （3-NP） intoxication. In the present study, we investigated spatial recognition memory in Kunming mice that just recovered from motor defects induced by 3-NP. Methods Mouse model was made by systemic subacute 3-NP treatment, and spatial recognition memory was measured through the Y-maze Test, a simple two-trial recognition test. Results （1） On day 15 following 3-NP treatment, affected Kunming mice did not show motor defects in the Rotarod test and presented normal gait again. （2） In the following Y-maze test after lh interval, the percentage （90.0%） of mice showing novel ann preference in 3-NP treatment group was significantly higher than the random chance level （50%）, although it was only slightly higher than that （83.3%） in control group. On day 45 after 3-NP treatment, mice failed to choose unfamiliar novel arm as first choice, and the same occured in the control group. （3） For both post-intoxicated （on day 15 and day 45 following 3-NP treatment） and control groups, the duration in the novel ann and the frequency of entering it, were longer and higher compared with familiar start and other arms. For these mice that recently recovered from motor defects following 3-NP intoxication, no spatial memory deficits were observed through Y-maze Test. Conclusion Kunming mice used in our assays might possess resistance to cognitive impairment induced by 3-NP, which is consistent with previous findings in Swiss EPM-M1 mice.
文摘Objective Striatum may be involved in depressive disorders according to the neuroimaging analysis and clinical data. However, no animal model at present supported the possible role of striatum in the pathogenesis of depression. In the present study, we have investigated the depressive-like behavior in mice recently intoxicated with 3-nitropropionic acid （3- NP）, a widely known toxin that selectively damages the striatum in the brain. Methods Mouse model was made with subacute systemic 3-NP treatment, and the depressive-like behavior was measured using the duration of immobility during forced swimming test （FST）. Results When the mice at day 15 post-intoxication just totally recovered from motor deficits, the duration of immobility in FST was significantly longer than that in controls. The depressive-like behavior was not due to the fatigue or general sickness following 3-NP intoxication and could be reversed by the antidepressant, desipramine hydrochloride. In two successive FST in 24 h interval, the depressive-like behavior could be observed again in subsequent FST （at day 16 post-intoxication）, and the mice presented a normal ＂learned helplessness＂. Conclusion A novel depression animal model could be established in mice during the initial period of recovery from 3-NP intoxication. The depression-like behavior might occur independently without involvement of cognitive defects, and the striatal lesions may underlie the depression-like behavior attributable to 3-NP intoxication.
基金This project was supported by scientific research Funds of Zhengzhou Municipal Government, China (No. 04BA60AB YD08)
文摘Summary： To examine the changes in erythropoietin （Epo） protein and its mRNA expression in rat brain subjected to focal ischemia and possible mechanism of the preconditioning of mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid （3-NPA）, rats were administrated either vehicle or 3-NPA at a dose of 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally （ip）, 3 days prior to a 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24- h reperfusion. Infarct volumes were measured by using 2, 3, 5 triphenylte trazolinm chloride （TTC） staining, and Epo protein and its mRNA levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）, respectively. Our results showed that after reperfusion, Epo was found to be expressed extensively in the rat brain. It was most apparent in the basal nuclei and hippocampus, and was, to some extent, present in cortex. Preconditioning with 3-NPA caused a reduction in infarct volume. The expression of both Epo protein and mRNA increased significantly in the different brain areas in the 3-NPA pretreated group as compared with the non-pretreated ischemia model group. These results suggested that preconditioning with low dose 3-NPA could induce ischemic tolerance and neuro-protective effects by increasing the Epo expression in the ischemic and ischemia-related areas.
基金supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Grant No. 42598)
文摘Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the changes in the mRNA levels of neurotrophins and their receptors in the striatal tissue of mice treated with 3-nitropropionic acid （3-NP）. Methods At 1 and 48 h after the last drug administration, the mRNA expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4/5 as well as their receptors p75, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC, was evaluated using semi-quantitative （semi- Q） and real-time RT-PCR. β-actin mRNA and ribosomal 18S （18S rRNA） were tested as internal controls. Results 3-NP treatment did not affect mRNA expression of all neurotrophins and their respective receptors equally. Also, differences in neurotrophin and receptor mRNA expression were observed between semi-Q and real-time RT-PCR. Real-time RT-PCR was more accurate in evaluating the mRNA expression of the neurotrophins than semi-Q, and 18S rRNA was more reliable than β-actin as an internal control. Conclusion Neurotrophins and their receptors expression is differentially affected by neuronal damage produced by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration with 3-NP treatment in low, sub-chronic doses in vivo.
基金ThisprojectwassupportedbyagrantfrominitiativeFoundationofNatioualEducationMinistryforscholarscomingbackfromothercountries (No .2 0 0 1 345)
文摘The involvement of apoptosis in mitochondrial toxin 3 nitropropionic acid (3 NPA) induced ischemic tolerance to transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats and the mechanism was investigated. 3 NPA at a dose of 20 mg/kg or vehicle control was intraperitoneally into the rats. Three days later, rats were exposed to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Infarct volumes were assessed by 2,3,5 triphenyltetrazolinm chloride (TTC) staining 24 h after reperfusion. Neural cell apoptosis in cerebral ischemic penumbra was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP biotin in situ nick end labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry methods (FCM). The results showed that as compared to the vehicle treated group, pretreatment with 3 NPA could reduce the infarct volume by 23.3 % and decrease the number of TUNEL positive neural cells and apoptotic percentage by 47 % ( P< 0.05) and 44.9 % ( P< 0 01), respectively. It was concluded that the development of 3 NPA induced ischemic tolerance in brain might be related to the decreases in neural cell apoptosis.
文摘The current study investigates the role of oxidative stress and calcium homeostasis in the development of selective striatal lesions in metabolic impairment model caused by 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP). In this report, we examined the distribution of oxidative stress markers and the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the presence of 3NP in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Protein oxidation was assessed using 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity, while DNA oxidative damage was evaluated by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activity. The Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production was determined in isolated mitochondrial from striatum and cerebellum of two age groups following 3NP and variable calcium concentration. The results demonstrate that increased 3-nitro-tyrosine level is the most robust in the striatum and the least evident in the cerebellum following 4 days of 3NP treatment. No significant change in the levels of poly ADP-ribosylated proteins was observed, likely due to a rapid PARP-1 cleavage as detected by the appearance of 50 kDa necrotic fragment. In mitochondrial isolates, there was no immediate increase in mitochondrial ROS following 3NP in either striatum or cerebellum;however, calcium addition resulted in a concentration dependent increase in reactive oxygen species in striatal mitochondria of the older animals. These results suggest that in aging, mitochondria become more susceptible to the generation of ROS in conditions that cause a concurrent compromised in mitochondrial calcium concentration. This finding implicates mitochondria dysfunction as a key cellular target in pathological states that are associated with metabolic impairment. The results also reinforce the notion that mitochondrial function in the striatum and cerebellum respond differently to the aging process, which may explain the variable regional vulnerability in 3NP model.
基金supported by the Max Planck Society and the China Scholarship Council(grant number 201406300098).
文摘Chrysomelina beetlesstore 3-nitropropionic acid in form of a pretoxin,isoxazolin-5-one glucoside-conjugated ester,to protect themselves against predators.Here we identified a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase,CYP347W1,to be involved in the production of the 3-nitropropionic acid moiety of the isoxazolin-5-one glucoside ester.Knocking down CYP347W1 led to a significant depletion in the concentration of the isoxazolin-5-one glucoside ester and an increase in the concentration of the isoxazolin-5-one glucoside in the larval hemolymph.Enzyme assays with the heterologously expressed CYP347W1 showed freeβ-alanine was not the direct substrate.Homology modeling indicated thatβ-alanine-CoA ester can fit into CYP347W1’s active site.Furthermore,we proved that Phaedon cochleariae eggs are not able to de novo synthesize 3-NPA,although both isoxazolin-5-one glucoside and its 3-NPA-conjugated ester are present in the eggs.These results provide direct evidence for the involvement of CYP347W1 in the biosynthesis of a P.cochleariae chemical defense compound.
文摘背景:骨代谢紊乱会引起骨相关疾病的发生,而叉头框转录因子O3可以通过调节氧化应激、自噬水平等来影响骨组织细胞增殖、分化与凋亡,调控骨代谢过程。目的:系统性分析叉头框转录因子O3调控骨代谢及其在骨科疾病中作用机制的相关研究文献,为后续以叉头框转录因子O3为靶点治疗骨疾病的研究提供参考。方法:以“(SU=FoxO3a OR SU=Foxo3 OR SU=Forkhead box O3 OR SU=叉头框转录因子O3)AND SU=骨”为检索句在中国知网进行检索,以“主题:(“FoxO3a”)OR主题:(“Foxo3”)OR主题:(“Forkhead box O3”)OR主题:(“叉头框转录因子O3”)AND主题:(“骨”)”为检索句在万方医学数据库进行检索;以“((FoxO3a)OR(Foxo3)OR(Forkhead box O3))AND((bone)OR(Skeleton))”为检索句在PubMed数据库进行检索,排除陈旧、重复、质量较差以及不相关的文献,最终纳入56篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:①叉头框转录因子O3与骨髓间充质干细胞:叉头框转录因子O3能够促进成骨谱系的形成,还可通过激活自噬促进早期成骨分化。同时,叉头框转录因子O3在骨髓间充质干细胞中体现抗氧化特性,保护细胞免受氧化应激诱导的衰老。②叉头框转录因子O3与成骨细胞:叉头框转录因子O3在成骨细胞中能通过干扰Wnt/β-连环蛋白通路抑制成骨,同时能激活抗氧化酶保护成熟成骨细胞。叉头框转录因子O3能促进成骨祖细胞的增殖,并通过激活自噬促进成骨分化。③叉头框转录因子O3与破骨细胞:叉头框转录因子O3表达可抵抗氧化应激和激活自噬抑制破骨细胞生成。④叉头框转录因子O3与骨细胞:叉头框转录因子O3可通过抗氧化作用保护骨细胞,还可通过抑制p16和p53信号通路和抑制衰老相关分泌表型来减少骨流失。⑤叉头框转录因子O3与软骨细胞:叉头框转录因子O3在骨关节炎中对软骨细胞起到保护作用,抑制软骨细胞分解或凋亡,促进软骨细胞外基质合成,可抑制软骨细胞肥大;然而,叉头框转录因子O3与Runt相关转录因子1在软骨细胞中高度共表达却会促进软骨祖细胞的早期软骨形成和终末肥大。⑥叉头框转录因子O3通过参与氧化应激抵抗与调控自噬等过程影响骨代谢,参与多类骨相关疾病的病理进程。
