Matrix metallopeptidase 3 is a zinc-containing proteinase that participates in tissue remodeling and immune responses. In this study, a cDNA encoding matrix metallopeptidase 3 was isolated and characterized from the A...Matrix metallopeptidase 3 is a zinc-containing proteinase that participates in tissue remodeling and immune responses. In this study, a cDNA encoding matrix metallopeptidase 3 was isolated and characterized from the Asian yellow pond turtle Mauremys mutica（designated as MaMMP3）. The MaMMP3 cDNA is 1805 bp and consists of a 5＇-untranslated region（UTR） of 56 bp, a 3＇-UTR of 243 bp, and an open reading frame（ORF） of 1506 bp encoding 481 amino acids. Homology analysis of MaMMP3 revealed that the MaMMP3 shared 25%–63% similarity to other known MMP3 sequences. The genomic sequence covers 6007 bp. Comparative analysis of the cDNA sequence revealed that the Asian yellow pond turtle MMP3 has eight exons and seven introns. The phylogenetic tree showed that the MaMMP3 is closely related to Gallus gallus MMP3 and Taeniopygia guttata MMP3. The mRNA expression of the MaMMP3 in normal group without any bacterial challenge could be detected in all studied tissues including kidney, heart, live and spleen, with the highest level in the spleen. The results of immune challenge showed that the expression level of MaMMP3 was up-regulated in the spleen and liver. These results provided an important information for studying the roles of Asian yellow pond turtle MMP3 in immunity further.展开更多
Water pollution resulting from Artisanal and small-scale mining(ASM)operations has been a major challenge for many governments and stakeholders over the years.The effluents from ASM operations are reported in multitud...Water pollution resulting from Artisanal and small-scale mining(ASM)operations has been a major challenge for many governments and stakeholders over the years.The effluents from ASM operations are reported in multitudinous studies to be discharged into water bodies such as rivers,lakes,streams,lagoons leading to the heavy metals concentrations and high physio-chemical properties of such water bodies beyond acceptable limits.These pollutants are known to be the causes of the Minamata disease,cancer,brain disorders and damages and could even lead to deaths if bioconcentrations are high in the human body.Even-though various remediation techniques such as physical and chemical precipitation,ion-exchange,reverse osmosis,membrane filtration,electrochemical treatment,solvent extraction,and adsorption,have emerged,the huge nature of the polluted natural water bodies coupled with the continuous discharge of ASM effluents makes the application of such technologies economically unsustainable.This study establishes the different dimensions of water pollution spanning from the 2 categories of ASM operations and the need for future remediation technologies to thrive on these 2 dimensions of water pollution for sustainable implementation.Methods used include total analysis of water from 2 legal ASM site and 1 central processing plant in Ghana.In addition,there was a review of 21 studies published between 2014 to 2024 to ascertain the nature of illegal ASM water pollution,the pollutant levels and the success of any remediation technique implemented for cleaning the water.Results from the study indicated that the legal ASM operations employed a management system which is mainly based on“contained and recirculated”technique and the 3-pond purification method to manage effluents.However,the illegal ASM operations discharge their effluents directly into natural fresh water bodies resulting in heavy metals concentrations and high physio-chemical properties of the natural water bodies beyond the WHO standards for fresh natural water.Moreover,none of the studies could report on the successful implementation of any remediation technology on the polluted water bodies.This study therefore recommends that future remediation technologies should consider the different dimensions of the water pollution from the 2 categories of operations for sustainable implementation.展开更多
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology funds (No. 2011GB23260021)Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (No. 2004CB117401)+1 种基金Science and Technology New Star from Guangzhou City (No. 2012089)Fundamental Research Funds from CAFS (No. 2012A0403)
文摘Matrix metallopeptidase 3 is a zinc-containing proteinase that participates in tissue remodeling and immune responses. In this study, a cDNA encoding matrix metallopeptidase 3 was isolated and characterized from the Asian yellow pond turtle Mauremys mutica（designated as MaMMP3）. The MaMMP3 cDNA is 1805 bp and consists of a 5＇-untranslated region（UTR） of 56 bp, a 3＇-UTR of 243 bp, and an open reading frame（ORF） of 1506 bp encoding 481 amino acids. Homology analysis of MaMMP3 revealed that the MaMMP3 shared 25%–63% similarity to other known MMP3 sequences. The genomic sequence covers 6007 bp. Comparative analysis of the cDNA sequence revealed that the Asian yellow pond turtle MMP3 has eight exons and seven introns. The phylogenetic tree showed that the MaMMP3 is closely related to Gallus gallus MMP3 and Taeniopygia guttata MMP3. The mRNA expression of the MaMMP3 in normal group without any bacterial challenge could be detected in all studied tissues including kidney, heart, live and spleen, with the highest level in the spleen. The results of immune challenge showed that the expression level of MaMMP3 was up-regulated in the spleen and liver. These results provided an important information for studying the roles of Asian yellow pond turtle MMP3 in immunity further.
文摘Water pollution resulting from Artisanal and small-scale mining(ASM)operations has been a major challenge for many governments and stakeholders over the years.The effluents from ASM operations are reported in multitudinous studies to be discharged into water bodies such as rivers,lakes,streams,lagoons leading to the heavy metals concentrations and high physio-chemical properties of such water bodies beyond acceptable limits.These pollutants are known to be the causes of the Minamata disease,cancer,brain disorders and damages and could even lead to deaths if bioconcentrations are high in the human body.Even-though various remediation techniques such as physical and chemical precipitation,ion-exchange,reverse osmosis,membrane filtration,electrochemical treatment,solvent extraction,and adsorption,have emerged,the huge nature of the polluted natural water bodies coupled with the continuous discharge of ASM effluents makes the application of such technologies economically unsustainable.This study establishes the different dimensions of water pollution spanning from the 2 categories of ASM operations and the need for future remediation technologies to thrive on these 2 dimensions of water pollution for sustainable implementation.Methods used include total analysis of water from 2 legal ASM site and 1 central processing plant in Ghana.In addition,there was a review of 21 studies published between 2014 to 2024 to ascertain the nature of illegal ASM water pollution,the pollutant levels and the success of any remediation technique implemented for cleaning the water.Results from the study indicated that the legal ASM operations employed a management system which is mainly based on“contained and recirculated”technique and the 3-pond purification method to manage effluents.However,the illegal ASM operations discharge their effluents directly into natural fresh water bodies resulting in heavy metals concentrations and high physio-chemical properties of the natural water bodies beyond the WHO standards for fresh natural water.Moreover,none of the studies could report on the successful implementation of any remediation technology on the polluted water bodies.This study therefore recommends that future remediation technologies should consider the different dimensions of the water pollution from the 2 categories of operations for sustainable implementation.
