A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integ...A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes.展开更多
基于云高仪激光雷达、飞机AMDAR数据和常规站点等多源观测数据,并与数值模拟(CAMx-PSAT模型)相结合,以京津冀典型城市——北京城区与郊区(密云)和石家庄城区与郊区(平山)为案例研究区域,对城区和郊区边界层高度差异(ΔPBLH)、地面PM_(2...基于云高仪激光雷达、飞机AMDAR数据和常规站点等多源观测数据,并与数值模拟(CAMx-PSAT模型)相结合,以京津冀典型城市——北京城区与郊区(密云)和石家庄城区与郊区(平山)为案例研究区域,对城区和郊区边界层高度差异(ΔPBLH)、地面PM_(2.5)浓度差异(ΔSurf_PM_(2.5))、高空PM_(2.5)浓度差异(ΔVert_PM_(2.5))和传输通量强度及高度分布特征差异进行分析.结果表明,由于人为热源、短波辐射和热力湍流等因素,导致城区年均边界层高度(PBLH)较郊区高8%~29%,且不同季节下城区PBLH月均较郊区高2%(石家庄4月)~47%(北京7月).由于人为排放、逆温和大气湍流等共同作用,在0~1260 m之间等高度城区年均ρ(PM_(2.5))较郊区高0.1(石家庄)~29.7(北京)μg ·m^(-3),随高度增加而减小.城区年均总净通量强度远大于郊区,城区表现为流出,郊区表现为流入,是由于城区低压和郊区高压,形成城郊热力环流.北京城区和郊区与周边的年均总净通量强度之和(44.77 t ·d^(-1))大于石家庄(34.44 t ·d^(-1)).受风速和PM_(2.5)浓度的影响,在0~1260 m之间,城区和郊区与周边的净通量随离地高度的增加通量强度呈现明显增大趋势,其中1月城区和4月郊区与周边的传输交换对环境影响最为明显.不同季节下城区和郊区最大净通量的强度差异明显,两者相差2.23~4.48倍;但最大净通量强度的高度特征差异较小,主要位于611~1260 m.展开更多
We highlighted the flexibility of using unstructured mesh together with the local refinement by a resistivity model with complicated topography. The effect of topography is emphasized. Based on this, we calculated a s...We highlighted the flexibility of using unstructured mesh together with the local refinement by a resistivity model with complicated topography. The effect of topography is emphasized. Based on this, we calculated a specific class of layered models and found that the accuracy is not always satisfactory by utilizing the standard approach. As an improvement, we employed the layered earth as the reference model to calculate the wavenumbers. The comparison demonstrates that the accuracy is considerably improved by using this enhanced approach.展开更多
基金The work is supported by the ＂100 Talent project＂ of Chinese Academy of Sciences （Grant No. KCL14014） the National 0utstanding Youth Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 40325016）.
文摘A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes.
文摘基于云高仪激光雷达、飞机AMDAR数据和常规站点等多源观测数据,并与数值模拟(CAMx-PSAT模型)相结合,以京津冀典型城市——北京城区与郊区(密云)和石家庄城区与郊区(平山)为案例研究区域,对城区和郊区边界层高度差异(ΔPBLH)、地面PM_(2.5)浓度差异(ΔSurf_PM_(2.5))、高空PM_(2.5)浓度差异(ΔVert_PM_(2.5))和传输通量强度及高度分布特征差异进行分析.结果表明,由于人为热源、短波辐射和热力湍流等因素,导致城区年均边界层高度(PBLH)较郊区高8%~29%,且不同季节下城区PBLH月均较郊区高2%(石家庄4月)~47%(北京7月).由于人为排放、逆温和大气湍流等共同作用,在0~1260 m之间等高度城区年均ρ(PM_(2.5))较郊区高0.1(石家庄)~29.7(北京)μg ·m^(-3),随高度增加而减小.城区年均总净通量强度远大于郊区,城区表现为流出,郊区表现为流入,是由于城区低压和郊区高压,形成城郊热力环流.北京城区和郊区与周边的年均总净通量强度之和(44.77 t ·d^(-1))大于石家庄(34.44 t ·d^(-1)).受风速和PM_(2.5)浓度的影响,在0~1260 m之间,城区和郊区与周边的净通量随离地高度的增加通量强度呈现明显增大趋势,其中1月城区和4月郊区与周边的传输交换对环境影响最为明显.不同季节下城区和郊区最大净通量的强度差异明显,两者相差2.23~4.48倍;但最大净通量强度的高度特征差异较小,主要位于611~1260 m.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2007AA06Z134)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40874072)
文摘We highlighted the flexibility of using unstructured mesh together with the local refinement by a resistivity model with complicated topography. The effect of topography is emphasized. Based on this, we calculated a specific class of layered models and found that the accuracy is not always satisfactory by utilizing the standard approach. As an improvement, we employed the layered earth as the reference model to calculate the wavenumbers. The comparison demonstrates that the accuracy is considerably improved by using this enhanced approach.
