This paper presents an ultralow-frequency cyclic loading creep test system for rock salt.The system comprises five subsystems:a cyclic load generation system,a triaxial pressure chamber,a pressure and deformation moni...This paper presents an ultralow-frequency cyclic loading creep test system for rock salt.The system comprises five subsystems:a cyclic load generation system,a triaxial pressure chamber,a pressure and deformation monitoring system,a signal acquisition and load control integrated system,and an automatic oil replenishment and discharge system.This test system overcomes the limitations of traditional electrohydraulic servo creep testing machines and gravity loading creep testing machines when conducting low-frequency cyclic load creep tests.This allows for long-term(1-2 years)creep tests under extremely-low-frequency cyclic loading conditions,which simulate the actual operating conditions of salt cavern gas storage.The cyclic load generation system converted constant-weight loads into a continuously variable hydraulic oil pressure and amplified the oil pressure using a pressure intensifier,which provided a stable load source for the test system.Using this test system,creep tests were performed under low-frequency cyclic loading with periods of 1 d and 7 d.The results showed that the test system performed well,as evidenced by the validation of the loading capacity,loading stability,and temperature control stability.Comparing the creep deformation of rock salt samples with the cyclic periods of 1 d and 7 d,it was observed that,within this cyclic period range,the creep deformation of the sample increased with higher loading frequencies,provided that the cyclic loading waveform and stress remained constant.展开更多
Captive model tests are one of the most common methods to calculate the maneuvering hydrodynamic coefficients and characteristics of surface and underwater vehicles.Considerable attention must be paid to selecting and...Captive model tests are one of the most common methods to calculate the maneuvering hydrodynamic coefficients and characteristics of surface and underwater vehicles.Considerable attention must be paid to selecting and designing the most suitable laboratory equipment for towing tanks.A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-based method is implemented to determine the loads acting on the towing facility of the submarine model.A reversed topology is also used to ensure the appropriateness of the load cells in the developed method.In this study,the numerical simulations were evaluated using the experimental results of the SUBOFF benchmark submarine model of the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency.The maximum and minimum loads acting on the 2.5-meter submarine model were measured by determining the body’s lightest and heaviest maneuvering test scenarios.In addition to having sufficient endurance against high loads,the precision in measuring the light load was also investigated.The horizontal planar motion mechanism(HPMM)facilities in the National Iranian Marine Laboratory were developed by locating the load cells inside the submarine model.The results were presented as a case study.A numerical-based method was developed to obtain the appropriate load measurement facilities.Load cells of HPMM test basins can be selected by following the two-way procedure presented in this study.展开更多
BACKGROUND To prevent mother to child transmission(MTCT)of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),sustained maternal viral load suppression(VLS)and early HIV testing among HIV exposed infants(HEI)is critical.AIM To investi...BACKGROUND To prevent mother to child transmission(MTCT)of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),sustained maternal viral load suppression(VLS)and early HIV testing among HIV exposed infants(HEI)is critical.AIM To investigate maternal viral load results and infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks,and 9-months and 18-months in Rwanda.METHODS Between 2015 and 2022,VLS(<200 copies/mL)was measured among pregnant women living with HIV(WLHIV)from 38-healthcare facilities.Viral loads(VL)were measured at 6-months,12-months and 24-months,respectively.For maternal VL,the unit of analysis was visit-pair,and the pairs were created to define those with VL<200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits as having sustained VLS,persistent viremia(VL≥200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits),viral rebound(VL<200 copies/mL at prior visit only)and newly suppressed(VL<200 copies/mL at subsequent visit only).HEI were considered to have persistent HIV testing if they had all three HIV tests.Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the adjusted incidence rate ratio(aIRR)and 95%CI for factors associated with sustained VLS and persistent HIV testing.RESULTS A total of 1145 mother-infant pairs were analyzed.Infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks,9-months and 18-months was 1145(100.0%),1089(95.1%),1006(87.9%)respectively.Nine hundred ninety-nine HEI(87.3%)tested for HIV persistently.At 18-months,the incidence of HIV among HEI was 8(0.7%).Of 1145 mothers,1076(94.0%)had≥2 VL results making a total of 2010 visit-pairs(142-single;934-double visit-pairs).The incidence rate of sustained VLS,persistent viremia,viral rebound and new suppression were 91.0%,1.3%,3.6%and 4.0%respectively.Maternal disclosure of HIV status(aIRR=1.08,95%CI:1.02-1.14)was associated with increased likelihood of sustained VLS.Having peer support(aIRR=1.0595%CI:1.01-1.10)was associated with persistent HIV testing among HEI.CONCLUSION Sustained VLS is high among pregnant WLHIV in Rwanda.The low incidence of HIV among HEI may be attributed to high VLS levels.Targeted interventions,including enhanced HIV disclosure and peer support,are crucial for improving sustained VLS and increasing infant HIV testing uptake to reduce MTCT.展开更多
With the increase of underground engineering construction depth,the phenomenon of surrounding rock sudden failure caused by supporting structure failure occurs frequently.The conventional unloading con-fining pressure...With the increase of underground engineering construction depth,the phenomenon of surrounding rock sudden failure caused by supporting structure failure occurs frequently.The conventional unloading con-fining pressure(CUCP)test cannot simulate the plastic yielding and instantaneous unloading process of supporting structure to rock.Thus,a high stress loading-instantaneous unloading confining pressure(HSL-IUCP)test method was proposed and applied by considering bolt’s fracture under stress.The wall thickness of confining pressure plates and the material of bolts were changed to realize different confin-ing pressure loading stiffness(CPLS)and lateral maximum allowable deformation(LMAD).The superio-rity of HSL-ICPU method is verified compared with CUCP.The rock failure mechanism caused by sudden failure of supporting structure is obtained.The results show that when CPLS increases from 1.35 to 2.33 GN/m,rock’s peak strength and elastic modulus increase by 25.18%and 23.70%,respectively.The fracture characteristics change from tensile failure to tensile-shear mixed failure.When LMAD decreases from 0.40 to 0.16 mm,rock’s residual strength,peak strain,and residual strain decrease by 91.80%,16.94%,and 21.92%,respectively,and post-peak drop modulus increases by 140.47%.The test results obtained by this method are closer to rock’s real mechanical response characteristics compared with CUCP.展开更多
The deteriorated continuous rigid frame bridge is strengthened by external prestressing. Static loading tests wereconducted before and after the bridge rehabilitation to verify the effectiveness of the rehabilitation ...The deteriorated continuous rigid frame bridge is strengthened by external prestressing. Static loading tests wereconducted before and after the bridge rehabilitation to verify the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process. Thestiffness of the repaired bridge is improved, and the maximum deflection of the load test is reduced from 37.9 to27.6 mm. A bridge health monitoring system is installed after the bridge is reinforced. To achieve an easy assessmentof the bridge’s safety status by directly using transferred data, a real-time safety warning system is createdbased on a five-level safety standard. The threshold for each safety level will be determined by theoretical calculationsand the outcomes of static loading tests. The highest risk threshold will be set at the ultimate limit statevalue. The remaining levels, namely middle risk, low risk, and very low risk, will be determined usingreduction coefficients of 0.95, 0.9, and 0.8, respectively.展开更多
Testing of large-sized specimens is becoming increasingly important in deep underground rock mechanics and engineering.In traditional mechanical loading,stresses on large-sized specimens are achieved by large host fra...Testing of large-sized specimens is becoming increasingly important in deep underground rock mechanics and engineering.In traditional mechanical loading,stresses on large-sized specimens are achieved by large host frames and hydraulic pumps,which could lead to great investment.Low-cost testing machines clearly always have great appeal.In this study,a new approach is proposed using thermal expansion stress to load rock specimens,which may be particularly suitable for tests of deep hot dry rock with high temperatures.This is a different technical route from traditional mechanical loading through hydraulic pressure.For the rock mechanics test system of hot dry rock that already has an investment in heating systems,this technology may reduce the cost of the loading subsystem by fully utilizing the temperature changes.This paper presents the basic principle and a typical design of this technical solution.Preliminary feasibility analysis is then conducted based on numerical simulations.Although some technical details still need to be resolved,the feasibility of this loading approach has been preliminarily confirmed.展开更多
This article uses real engineering projects as examples to analyze how static load test technology is applied in testing the bridge-bearing capacity.The analysis covers aspects such as testing section layout,test load...This article uses real engineering projects as examples to analyze how static load test technology is applied in testing the bridge-bearing capacity.The analysis covers aspects such as testing section layout,test load and efficiency coefficient,loading plan,evaluation optimization,test result modification,and result evaluation.The aim is to support the accurate detection and evaluation of bridge-bearing capacity.展开更多
Highway bridges are a crucial component in road transportation networks.These bridges must be maintained according to usage requirements regularly.Test results must be considered before devising a maintenance plan.Loa...Highway bridges are a crucial component in road transportation networks.These bridges must be maintained according to usage requirements regularly.Test results must be considered before devising a maintenance plan.Load testing is a vital method of assessing the quality and performance of highway bridges.The outcomes of these tests facilitate the formulation of maintenance plans.This article examines the definition of load testing,its significance,and the process of execution,with the goal of providing support for bridge inspection and maintenance.展开更多
Ice load on underwater vehicles breaking through ice covers from underneath is a significant concern for researchers in polar exploration,and the research on this problem is still in its early stages.Both mechanical e...Ice load on underwater vehicles breaking through ice covers from underneath is a significant concern for researchers in polar exploration,and the research on this problem is still in its early stages.Both mechanical experimental measurement and numerical simulation pose research challenges.This study focuses on the ice load of a cylinder structure breaking upward through the ice sheet form underneath in the Small Ice Model Basin of China Ship Scientific Research Center(CSSRC SIMB).A high-speed camera system was employed to observe the ice sheet failure during the tests,in which,with the loading position as center,local radial cracks and circumferential cracks were generated.A load sensor was used to measure the overall ice load during this process.Meanwhile,a numerical model was developed using LS-DYNA for validation and comparison.With this model,numerical simulation was conducted under various ice thicknesses and upgoing speeds to analyze the instantaneous curves of ice load.The calculation results were statistically analyzed under different working conditions to determine the influence of the factors on the ice load of the cylinder.The study explores the measurement method about ice load of objects vertically breaking through model ice sheet and is expected to provide some fundamental insights into the safety design of underwater structures operating in ice waters.展开更多
The behavior of rigid piles in sandy soils under one-way cyclic oblique tensile loading represents a critical design consideration for floating renewable devices.These piles,when moored with catenary or taut moorings,...The behavior of rigid piles in sandy soils under one-way cyclic oblique tensile loading represents a critical design consideration for floating renewable devices.These piles,when moored with catenary or taut moorings,experience one-way cyclic tensile loads at inclinations ranging from 0°(horizontal)to 90°(vertical).However,the combined effects of cyclic loading and load inclination remain inadequately understood.This study presents findings from centrifuge tests conducted on rough rigid piles installed in dense sand samples.The results demonstrate that load inclinations significantly influence both cyclic response and ultimate capacity of the piles.Based on the observed cyclic response characteristics,the vertical cyclic load amplitude should not exceed 25%of the ultimate bearing capacity to maintain pile stability.A power expression(with exponent m values ranging from 0.055 to 0.065)is proposed for predicting cumulative pile displacement under unidirectional cyclic loading at inclinations from 0°to 60°.The cyclic response exhibits reduced sensitivity to horizontal cyclic load magnitude,with m-value increasing from 0.06 to 0.14 as load magnitude increases from 0.3 to 0.9.For piles maintaining stability under oblique cyclic loading,the average normalized secant stiffness exceeds 1 and increases with decreasing inclination,indicating enhanced pile stiffness under cyclic loading.For load inclinations below 30°,pile stiffness can be determined using logarithmic function.展开更多
The mechanical behavior of cohesive soil is sensitized to drying-wetting cycles under confinements.However,the hydromechanical coupling effect has not been considered in current constitutive models.A macro-micro analy...The mechanical behavior of cohesive soil is sensitized to drying-wetting cycles under confinements.However,the hydromechanical coupling effect has not been considered in current constitutive models.A macro-micro analysis scheme is proposed in this paper to investigate the soil deformation behavior under the coupling of stress and drying-wetting cycles.A new device is developed based on CT(computerized tomography)workstation to apply certain normal and shear stresses on a soil specimen during drying-wetting cycles.A series of tests are conducted on a type of loess with various coupling of stress paths and drying-wetting cycles.At macroscopic level,stress sensor and laser sensor are used to acquire stress and strain,respectively.The shear and volumetric strain increase during the first few drying-wetting cycles and then become stable.The increase of the shear stress level or confining pressure would cause higher increase rate and the value of shear strain in the process of drying-wetting cycles.At microscopic level,the grayscale value(GSV)of CT scanning image is characterized as the proportion of soil particles to voids.A fabric state parameter is proposed to characterize soil microstructures under the influence of stress and drying-wetting cycle.Test results indicate that the macroand micro-responses show high consistence and relevance.The stress and drying-wetting cycles would both induce collapse of the soil microstructure,which dominants degradation of the soil mechanical properties.The evolution of the macro-mechanical property of soil exhibits a positive linear relationship with the micro-evolution of the fabric state parameter.展开更多
The scaled suction caisson repre sents an innovative design featuring a bio-inspired sidewall modeled after snake skin,commonly utilized in offshore mooring platforms.In comparison with traditional suction caissons,th...The scaled suction caisson repre sents an innovative design featuring a bio-inspired sidewall modeled after snake skin,commonly utilized in offshore mooring platforms.In comparison with traditional suction caissons,this bio-inspired design demonstrates reduced penetration resistance and enhanced pull-out capacity due to the anisotropic shear behaviors of its sidewall.To investigate the shear behavior of the bio-inspired sidewall under pull-out load,direct shear tests were conducted between the bio-inspired surface and sand.The research demonstrates that the interface shear strength of the bio-inspired surface significantly surpasses that of the smooth surface due to interlocking effects.Additionally,the interface shear strength correlates with the aspect ratio of the bio-inspired surface,shear angle,and particle diameter distribution,with values increasing as the uniformity coefficient Cudecreases,while initially increasing and subsequently decreasing with increases in both aspect ratio and shear angle.The ratio between the interface friction angleδand internal friction angle δ_(s) defines the interface effect factor k.For the bio-inspired surface,the interface effect factor k varies with shear angleβ,ranging from 0.9 to 1.12.The peak value occurs at a shear angleβof 60°,substantially exceeding that of the smooth surface.A method for calculating the relative roughness R_(N) is employed to evaluate the interface roughness of the bio-inspired surface,taking into account scale dimension and particle diameter distribution effects.展开更多
In deep drilling applications,such as those for geothermal energy,there are many challenges,such as those related to efficient operation of the drilling fluid(mud)pumping system.Legacy drilling rigs often use paired,p...In deep drilling applications,such as those for geothermal energy,there are many challenges,such as those related to efficient operation of the drilling fluid(mud)pumping system.Legacy drilling rigs often use paired,parallel-connected independent-excitation direct-current(DC)motors for mud pumps,that are supplied by a single power converter.This configuration results in electrical power imbalance,thus reducing its efficiency.This paper investigates this power imbalance issue in such legacy DC mud pump drive systems and offers an innovative solution in the form of a closed-loop control system for electrical load balancing.The paper first analyzes the drilling fluid circulation and electrical drive layout to develop an analytical model that can be used for electrical load balancing and related energy efficiency improvements.Based on this analysis,a feedback control system(so-called“current mirror”control system)is designed to balance the electrical load(i.e.,armature currents)of parallel-connected DC machines by adjusting the excitation current of one of the DC machines,thus mitigating the power imbalance of the electrical drive.Theproposed control systemeffectiveness has been validated,first through simulations,followed by experimental testing on a deep drilling rig during commissioning and field tests.The results demonstrate the practical viability of the proposed“current mirror”control system that can effectively and rather quickly equalize the armature currents of both DC machines in a parallel-connected electrical drive,and thus balance both the electrical and mechanical load of individual DC machines under realistic operating conditions of the mud pump electrical drive.展开更多
Seismicity resulting from the near-or in-field fault activation significantly affects the stability of large-scale underground caverns that are operating under high-stress conditions.A comprehensive scientific assessm...Seismicity resulting from the near-or in-field fault activation significantly affects the stability of large-scale underground caverns that are operating under high-stress conditions.A comprehensive scientific assessment of the operational safety of such caverns requires an in-depth understanding of the response characteristics of the rock mass subjected to dynamic disturbances.To address this issue,we conducted true triaxial modeling tests and dynamic numerical simulations on large underground caverns to investigate the impact of static stress levels,dynamic load parameters,and input directions on the response characteristics of the surrounding rock mass.The findings reveal that:(1)When subjected to identical incident stress waves and static loads,the surrounding rock mass exhibits the greatest stress response during horizontal incidence.When the incident direction is fixed,the mechanical response is more pronounced at the cavern wall parallel to the direction of dynamic loading.(2)A high initial static stress level specifically enhances the impact of dynamic loading.(3)The response of the surrounding rock mass is directly linked to the amplitude of the incident stress wave.High amplitude results in tensile damage in regions experiencing tensile stress concentration under static loading and shear damage in regions experiencing compressive stress concentration.These results have significant implications for the evaluation and prevention of dynamic disasters in the surrounding rock of underground caverns experiencing dynamic disturbances.展开更多
High-aspect-ratio aircraft are widely used in military and civilian fields,such as reconnaissance,surveillance,and attacks,due to their high lift-to-drag ratio,strong payload capability,significant endurance effect,an...High-aspect-ratio aircraft are widely used in military and civilian fields,such as reconnaissance,surveillance,and attacks,due to their high lift-to-drag ratio,strong payload capability,significant endurance effect,and good stealth performance.However,compared to conventional aircraft,high-aspect-ratio aircraft are more susceptible to gust disturbances during flight.In response to this phenomenon,a full-scale dynamic model of a high-aspect-ratio unmanned aerial vehicle was developed.Considering the coupling among control surfaces,structural forces,and aerodynamic forces,along with sensor,actuator,and delay effects,an H_(∞)control law was designed using the principle of singular value energy flow reduction and weighted function,with a PID(Proportional-Integral-Derivative)control law for comparison.The two controllers were then subjected to pulse-response and jury stability tests.Finally,wind tunnel tests were conducted to investigate the gust alleviation principle,in which gust disturbances were generated using gust generators and control surface self-excitation.The results present that the average wing root bending moment and wing tip overload under the PID control law decrease by approximately 30%,while under the H_(∞)control law,both the average wing root bending moment and wing tip overload reduction rate exceed 50%,with peaks reaching 60%.This validates the feasibility and efficiency of the designed H_(∞)controller.展开更多
Working memory is a core cognitive function that supports goal-directed behavior and complex thought.We developed a spatial working memory and attention test on paired symbols(SWAPS)which has been proved to be a usefu...Working memory is a core cognitive function that supports goal-directed behavior and complex thought.We developed a spatial working memory and attention test on paired symbols(SWAPS)which has been proved to be a useful and valid tool for spatial working memory and attention studies in the fields of cognitive psychology,education,and psychiatry.The repeated administration of working memory capacity tests is common in clinical and research settings.Studies suggest that repeated cognitive tests may improve the performance scores also known as retest effects.The systematic investigation of retest effects in SWAPS is critical for interpreting scientific results,but it is still not fully developed.To address this,we recruited 77 college students aged 18–21 years and used SWAPS comprising 72 trials with different memory loads,learning time,and delay span.We repeated the test once a week for five weeks to investigate the retest effects of SWAPS.There were significant retest effects in the first two tests:the accuracy of the SWAPS tests significantly increased,and then stabilized.These findings provide useful information for researchers to appropriately use or interpret the repeated working memory tests.Further experiments are still needed to clarify the factors that mediate the retest effects,and find out the cognitive mechanism that influences the retest effects.展开更多
Complicated loads encountered by floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs)in real sea conditions are crucial for future optimization of design,but obtaining data on them directly poses a challenge.To address this issue,w...Complicated loads encountered by floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs)in real sea conditions are crucial for future optimization of design,but obtaining data on them directly poses a challenge.To address this issue,we applied machine learning techniques to obtain hydrodynamic and aerodynamic loads of FOWTs by measuring platform motion responses and wave-elevation sequences.First,a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation model of the floating platform was established based on the dynamic fluid body interaction technique and overset grid technology.Then,a long short-term memory(LSTM)neural network model was constructed and trained to learn the nonlinear relationship between the waves,platform-motion inputs,and hydrodynamic-load outputs.The optimal model was determined after analyzing the sensitivity of parameters such as sample characteristics,network layers,and neuron numbers.Subsequently,the effectiveness of the hydrodynamic load model was validated under different simulation conditions,and the aerodynamic load calculation was completed based on the D'Alembert principle.Finally,we built a hybrid-scale FOWT model,based on the software in the loop strategy,in which the wind turbine was replaced by an actuation system.Model tests were carried out in a wave basin and the results demonstrated that the root mean square errors of the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic load measurements were 4.20%and 10.68%,respectively.展开更多
Construction of seaside and underground wall bracing often uses stiffened deep cement mixed columns （SDCM）. This research investigates methods used to improve the level of bearing capacity of these SDCM when subject...Construction of seaside and underground wall bracing often uses stiffened deep cement mixed columns （SDCM）. This research investigates methods used to improve the level of bearing capacity of these SDCM when subjected to cyclic lateral loading via various types of stiffer cores. Eight piles, two deep cement mixed piles and six stiffened deep cement mixing piles with three different types of cores, H shape cross section prestressed concrete, steel pipe, and H-beam steel, were embedded though soft clay into medium-hard clay on site in Thailand. Cyclic horizontal loading was gradually applied until pile failure and the hysteresis loops of lateral load vs. lateral deformation were recorded. The lateral carrying capacities of the SDCM piles with an H-beam steel core increased by 3-4 times that of the DCM piles. This field research clearly shows that using H-beam steel as a stiffer core for SDCM piles is the best method to improve its lateral carrying capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity.展开更多
Piled embankments,which offer many advantages,are increasingly popular in construction of high-speed railways in China.Although the performance of piled embankment under static loading is well-known,the behavior under...Piled embankments,which offer many advantages,are increasingly popular in construction of high-speed railways in China.Although the performance of piled embankment under static loading is well-known,the behavior under the dynamic train load of a high-speed railway is not yet understood.In light of this,a heavily instrumented piled embankment model was set up,and a model test was carried out,in which a servo-hydraulic actuator outputting M-shaped waves was adopted to simulate the process of a running train.Earth pressure,settlement,strain in the geogrid and pile and excess pore water pressure were measured.The results show that the soil arching height under the dynamic train load of a high-speed railway is shorter than under static loading.The growth trend for accumulated settlement slowed down after long-term vibration although there was still a tendency for it to increase.Accumulated geogrid strain has an increasing tendency after long-term vibration.The closer the embankment edge,the greater the geogrid strain over the subsoil.Strains in the pile were smaller under dynamic train loads,and their distribution was different from that under static loading.At the same elevation,excess pore water pressure under the track slab was greater than that under the embankment shoulder.展开更多
An active control technique utilizing piezoelectric actuators to alleviate gust-response loads of a large-aspect-ratio flexible wing is investigated. Piezoelectric materials have been extensively used for active vibra...An active control technique utilizing piezoelectric actuators to alleviate gust-response loads of a large-aspect-ratio flexible wing is investigated. Piezoelectric materials have been extensively used for active vibration control of engineering structures. In this paper, piezoelectric materials further attempt to suppress the vibration of the aeroelastic wing caused by gust. The motion equation of the flexible wing with piezoelectric patches is obtained by Hamilton＇s principle with the modal approach, and then numerical gust responses are analyzed, based on which a gust load alleviation（GLA） control system is proposed. The gust load alleviation system employs classic propor tional-integral-derivative（PID） controllers which treat piezoelectric patches as control actuators and acceleration as the feedback signal. By a numerical method, the control mechanism that piezoelectric actuators can be used to alleviate gust-response loads is also analyzed qualitatively. Furthermore, through low-speed wind tunnel tests, the effectiveness of the gust load alleviation active control technology is validated. The test results agree well with the numerical results. Test results show that at a certain frequency range, the control scheme can effectively alleviate the z and x wingtip accelerations and the root bending moment of the wing to a certain extent. The control system gives satisfying gust load alleviation efficacy with the reduction rate being generally over 20%.展开更多
基金funding support from the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52374069)the Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52122403)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(Grant No.Y2023089).
文摘This paper presents an ultralow-frequency cyclic loading creep test system for rock salt.The system comprises five subsystems:a cyclic load generation system,a triaxial pressure chamber,a pressure and deformation monitoring system,a signal acquisition and load control integrated system,and an automatic oil replenishment and discharge system.This test system overcomes the limitations of traditional electrohydraulic servo creep testing machines and gravity loading creep testing machines when conducting low-frequency cyclic load creep tests.This allows for long-term(1-2 years)creep tests under extremely-low-frequency cyclic loading conditions,which simulate the actual operating conditions of salt cavern gas storage.The cyclic load generation system converted constant-weight loads into a continuously variable hydraulic oil pressure and amplified the oil pressure using a pressure intensifier,which provided a stable load source for the test system.Using this test system,creep tests were performed under low-frequency cyclic loading with periods of 1 d and 7 d.The results showed that the test system performed well,as evidenced by the validation of the loading capacity,loading stability,and temperature control stability.Comparing the creep deformation of rock salt samples with the cyclic periods of 1 d and 7 d,it was observed that,within this cyclic period range,the creep deformation of the sample increased with higher loading frequencies,provided that the cyclic loading waveform and stress remained constant.
文摘Captive model tests are one of the most common methods to calculate the maneuvering hydrodynamic coefficients and characteristics of surface and underwater vehicles.Considerable attention must be paid to selecting and designing the most suitable laboratory equipment for towing tanks.A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-based method is implemented to determine the loads acting on the towing facility of the submarine model.A reversed topology is also used to ensure the appropriateness of the load cells in the developed method.In this study,the numerical simulations were evaluated using the experimental results of the SUBOFF benchmark submarine model of the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency.The maximum and minimum loads acting on the 2.5-meter submarine model were measured by determining the body’s lightest and heaviest maneuvering test scenarios.In addition to having sufficient endurance against high loads,the precision in measuring the light load was also investigated.The horizontal planar motion mechanism(HPMM)facilities in the National Iranian Marine Laboratory were developed by locating the load cells inside the submarine model.The results were presented as a case study.A numerical-based method was developed to obtain the appropriate load measurement facilities.Load cells of HPMM test basins can be selected by following the two-way procedure presented in this study.
文摘BACKGROUND To prevent mother to child transmission(MTCT)of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),sustained maternal viral load suppression(VLS)and early HIV testing among HIV exposed infants(HEI)is critical.AIM To investigate maternal viral load results and infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks,and 9-months and 18-months in Rwanda.METHODS Between 2015 and 2022,VLS(<200 copies/mL)was measured among pregnant women living with HIV(WLHIV)from 38-healthcare facilities.Viral loads(VL)were measured at 6-months,12-months and 24-months,respectively.For maternal VL,the unit of analysis was visit-pair,and the pairs were created to define those with VL<200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits as having sustained VLS,persistent viremia(VL≥200 copies/mL at two consecutive visits),viral rebound(VL<200 copies/mL at prior visit only)and newly suppressed(VL<200 copies/mL at subsequent visit only).HEI were considered to have persistent HIV testing if they had all three HIV tests.Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the adjusted incidence rate ratio(aIRR)and 95%CI for factors associated with sustained VLS and persistent HIV testing.RESULTS A total of 1145 mother-infant pairs were analyzed.Infant HIV testing uptake at 6-weeks,9-months and 18-months was 1145(100.0%),1089(95.1%),1006(87.9%)respectively.Nine hundred ninety-nine HEI(87.3%)tested for HIV persistently.At 18-months,the incidence of HIV among HEI was 8(0.7%).Of 1145 mothers,1076(94.0%)had≥2 VL results making a total of 2010 visit-pairs(142-single;934-double visit-pairs).The incidence rate of sustained VLS,persistent viremia,viral rebound and new suppression were 91.0%,1.3%,3.6%and 4.0%respectively.Maternal disclosure of HIV status(aIRR=1.08,95%CI:1.02-1.14)was associated with increased likelihood of sustained VLS.Having peer support(aIRR=1.0595%CI:1.01-1.10)was associated with persistent HIV testing among HEI.CONCLUSION Sustained VLS is high among pregnant WLHIV in Rwanda.The low incidence of HIV among HEI may be attributed to high VLS levels.Targeted interventions,including enhanced HIV disclosure and peer support,are crucial for improving sustained VLS and increasing infant HIV testing uptake to reduce MTCT.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52374218,52174122 and 52374094)Outstanding Youth Fund of Shandong Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2022YQ49)Taishan Scholar Project in Shandong Province(Nos.tspd20210313 and tsqn202211150).
文摘With the increase of underground engineering construction depth,the phenomenon of surrounding rock sudden failure caused by supporting structure failure occurs frequently.The conventional unloading con-fining pressure(CUCP)test cannot simulate the plastic yielding and instantaneous unloading process of supporting structure to rock.Thus,a high stress loading-instantaneous unloading confining pressure(HSL-IUCP)test method was proposed and applied by considering bolt’s fracture under stress.The wall thickness of confining pressure plates and the material of bolts were changed to realize different confin-ing pressure loading stiffness(CPLS)and lateral maximum allowable deformation(LMAD).The superio-rity of HSL-ICPU method is verified compared with CUCP.The rock failure mechanism caused by sudden failure of supporting structure is obtained.The results show that when CPLS increases from 1.35 to 2.33 GN/m,rock’s peak strength and elastic modulus increase by 25.18%and 23.70%,respectively.The fracture characteristics change from tensile failure to tensile-shear mixed failure.When LMAD decreases from 0.40 to 0.16 mm,rock’s residual strength,peak strain,and residual strain decrease by 91.80%,16.94%,and 21.92%,respectively,and post-peak drop modulus increases by 140.47%.The test results obtained by this method are closer to rock’s real mechanical response characteristics compared with CUCP.
文摘The deteriorated continuous rigid frame bridge is strengthened by external prestressing. Static loading tests wereconducted before and after the bridge rehabilitation to verify the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process. Thestiffness of the repaired bridge is improved, and the maximum deflection of the load test is reduced from 37.9 to27.6 mm. A bridge health monitoring system is installed after the bridge is reinforced. To achieve an easy assessmentof the bridge’s safety status by directly using transferred data, a real-time safety warning system is createdbased on a five-level safety standard. The threshold for each safety level will be determined by theoretical calculationsand the outcomes of static loading tests. The highest risk threshold will be set at the ultimate limit statevalue. The remaining levels, namely middle risk, low risk, and very low risk, will be determined usingreduction coefficients of 0.95, 0.9, and 0.8, respectively.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaGrant/Award Number:41972316+3 种基金Sichuan Science&Technology FoundationGrant/Award Number:2022YFSY0007Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaGrant/Award Number:U2344226。
文摘Testing of large-sized specimens is becoming increasingly important in deep underground rock mechanics and engineering.In traditional mechanical loading,stresses on large-sized specimens are achieved by large host frames and hydraulic pumps,which could lead to great investment.Low-cost testing machines clearly always have great appeal.In this study,a new approach is proposed using thermal expansion stress to load rock specimens,which may be particularly suitable for tests of deep hot dry rock with high temperatures.This is a different technical route from traditional mechanical loading through hydraulic pressure.For the rock mechanics test system of hot dry rock that already has an investment in heating systems,this technology may reduce the cost of the loading subsystem by fully utilizing the temperature changes.This paper presents the basic principle and a typical design of this technical solution.Preliminary feasibility analysis is then conducted based on numerical simulations.Although some technical details still need to be resolved,the feasibility of this loading approach has been preliminarily confirmed.
文摘This article uses real engineering projects as examples to analyze how static load test technology is applied in testing the bridge-bearing capacity.The analysis covers aspects such as testing section layout,test load and efficiency coefficient,loading plan,evaluation optimization,test result modification,and result evaluation.The aim is to support the accurate detection and evaluation of bridge-bearing capacity.
文摘Highway bridges are a crucial component in road transportation networks.These bridges must be maintained according to usage requirements regularly.Test results must be considered before devising a maintenance plan.Load testing is a vital method of assessing the quality and performance of highway bridges.The outcomes of these tests facilitate the formulation of maintenance plans.This article examines the definition of load testing,its significance,and the process of execution,with the goal of providing support for bridge inspection and maintenance.
文摘Ice load on underwater vehicles breaking through ice covers from underneath is a significant concern for researchers in polar exploration,and the research on this problem is still in its early stages.Both mechanical experimental measurement and numerical simulation pose research challenges.This study focuses on the ice load of a cylinder structure breaking upward through the ice sheet form underneath in the Small Ice Model Basin of China Ship Scientific Research Center(CSSRC SIMB).A high-speed camera system was employed to observe the ice sheet failure during the tests,in which,with the loading position as center,local radial cracks and circumferential cracks were generated.A load sensor was used to measure the overall ice load during this process.Meanwhile,a numerical model was developed using LS-DYNA for validation and comparison.With this model,numerical simulation was conducted under various ice thicknesses and upgoing speeds to analyze the instantaneous curves of ice load.The calculation results were statistically analyzed under different working conditions to determine the influence of the factors on the ice load of the cylinder.The study explores the measurement method about ice load of objects vertically breaking through model ice sheet and is expected to provide some fundamental insights into the safety design of underwater structures operating in ice waters.
基金supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.B200202050)Open Funds of Key Laboratory of Navigation Structure。
文摘The behavior of rigid piles in sandy soils under one-way cyclic oblique tensile loading represents a critical design consideration for floating renewable devices.These piles,when moored with catenary or taut moorings,experience one-way cyclic tensile loads at inclinations ranging from 0°(horizontal)to 90°(vertical).However,the combined effects of cyclic loading and load inclination remain inadequately understood.This study presents findings from centrifuge tests conducted on rough rigid piles installed in dense sand samples.The results demonstrate that load inclinations significantly influence both cyclic response and ultimate capacity of the piles.Based on the observed cyclic response characteristics,the vertical cyclic load amplitude should not exceed 25%of the ultimate bearing capacity to maintain pile stability.A power expression(with exponent m values ranging from 0.055 to 0.065)is proposed for predicting cumulative pile displacement under unidirectional cyclic loading at inclinations from 0°to 60°.The cyclic response exhibits reduced sensitivity to horizontal cyclic load magnitude,with m-value increasing from 0.06 to 0.14 as load magnitude increases from 0.3 to 0.9.For piles maintaining stability under oblique cyclic loading,the average normalized secant stiffness exceeds 1 and increases with decreasing inclination,indicating enhanced pile stiffness under cyclic loading.For load inclinations below 30°,pile stiffness can be determined using logarithmic function.
基金funded by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3007001)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.8244053)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M754065).
文摘The mechanical behavior of cohesive soil is sensitized to drying-wetting cycles under confinements.However,the hydromechanical coupling effect has not been considered in current constitutive models.A macro-micro analysis scheme is proposed in this paper to investigate the soil deformation behavior under the coupling of stress and drying-wetting cycles.A new device is developed based on CT(computerized tomography)workstation to apply certain normal and shear stresses on a soil specimen during drying-wetting cycles.A series of tests are conducted on a type of loess with various coupling of stress paths and drying-wetting cycles.At macroscopic level,stress sensor and laser sensor are used to acquire stress and strain,respectively.The shear and volumetric strain increase during the first few drying-wetting cycles and then become stable.The increase of the shear stress level or confining pressure would cause higher increase rate and the value of shear strain in the process of drying-wetting cycles.At microscopic level,the grayscale value(GSV)of CT scanning image is characterized as the proportion of soil particles to voids.A fabric state parameter is proposed to characterize soil microstructures under the influence of stress and drying-wetting cycle.Test results indicate that the macroand micro-responses show high consistence and relevance.The stress and drying-wetting cycles would both induce collapse of the soil microstructure,which dominants degradation of the soil mechanical properties.The evolution of the macro-mechanical property of soil exhibits a positive linear relationship with the micro-evolution of the fabric state parameter.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52371301 and 52471289)。
文摘The scaled suction caisson repre sents an innovative design featuring a bio-inspired sidewall modeled after snake skin,commonly utilized in offshore mooring platforms.In comparison with traditional suction caissons,this bio-inspired design demonstrates reduced penetration resistance and enhanced pull-out capacity due to the anisotropic shear behaviors of its sidewall.To investigate the shear behavior of the bio-inspired sidewall under pull-out load,direct shear tests were conducted between the bio-inspired surface and sand.The research demonstrates that the interface shear strength of the bio-inspired surface significantly surpasses that of the smooth surface due to interlocking effects.Additionally,the interface shear strength correlates with the aspect ratio of the bio-inspired surface,shear angle,and particle diameter distribution,with values increasing as the uniformity coefficient Cudecreases,while initially increasing and subsequently decreasing with increases in both aspect ratio and shear angle.The ratio between the interface friction angleδand internal friction angle δ_(s) defines the interface effect factor k.For the bio-inspired surface,the interface effect factor k varies with shear angleβ,ranging from 0.9 to 1.12.The peak value occurs at a shear angleβof 60°,substantially exceeding that of the smooth surface.A method for calculating the relative roughness R_(N) is employed to evaluate the interface roughness of the bio-inspired surface,taking into account scale dimension and particle diameter distribution effects.
文摘In deep drilling applications,such as those for geothermal energy,there are many challenges,such as those related to efficient operation of the drilling fluid(mud)pumping system.Legacy drilling rigs often use paired,parallel-connected independent-excitation direct-current(DC)motors for mud pumps,that are supplied by a single power converter.This configuration results in electrical power imbalance,thus reducing its efficiency.This paper investigates this power imbalance issue in such legacy DC mud pump drive systems and offers an innovative solution in the form of a closed-loop control system for electrical load balancing.The paper first analyzes the drilling fluid circulation and electrical drive layout to develop an analytical model that can be used for electrical load balancing and related energy efficiency improvements.Based on this analysis,a feedback control system(so-called“current mirror”control system)is designed to balance the electrical load(i.e.,armature currents)of parallel-connected DC machines by adjusting the excitation current of one of the DC machines,thus mitigating the power imbalance of the electrical drive.Theproposed control systemeffectiveness has been validated,first through simulations,followed by experimental testing on a deep drilling rig during commissioning and field tests.The results demonstrate the practical viability of the proposed“current mirror”control system that can effectively and rather quickly equalize the armature currents of both DC machines in a parallel-connected electrical drive,and thus balance both the electrical and mechanical load of individual DC machines under realistic operating conditions of the mud pump electrical drive.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52279116)the Key Projects of the Yalong River Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.U1865203).
文摘Seismicity resulting from the near-or in-field fault activation significantly affects the stability of large-scale underground caverns that are operating under high-stress conditions.A comprehensive scientific assessment of the operational safety of such caverns requires an in-depth understanding of the response characteristics of the rock mass subjected to dynamic disturbances.To address this issue,we conducted true triaxial modeling tests and dynamic numerical simulations on large underground caverns to investigate the impact of static stress levels,dynamic load parameters,and input directions on the response characteristics of the surrounding rock mass.The findings reveal that:(1)When subjected to identical incident stress waves and static loads,the surrounding rock mass exhibits the greatest stress response during horizontal incidence.When the incident direction is fixed,the mechanical response is more pronounced at the cavern wall parallel to the direction of dynamic loading.(2)A high initial static stress level specifically enhances the impact of dynamic loading.(3)The response of the surrounding rock mass is directly linked to the amplitude of the incident stress wave.High amplitude results in tensile damage in regions experiencing tensile stress concentration under static loading and shear damage in regions experiencing compressive stress concentration.These results have significant implications for the evaluation and prevention of dynamic disasters in the surrounding rock of underground caverns experiencing dynamic disturbances.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12272104,U22B2013).
文摘High-aspect-ratio aircraft are widely used in military and civilian fields,such as reconnaissance,surveillance,and attacks,due to their high lift-to-drag ratio,strong payload capability,significant endurance effect,and good stealth performance.However,compared to conventional aircraft,high-aspect-ratio aircraft are more susceptible to gust disturbances during flight.In response to this phenomenon,a full-scale dynamic model of a high-aspect-ratio unmanned aerial vehicle was developed.Considering the coupling among control surfaces,structural forces,and aerodynamic forces,along with sensor,actuator,and delay effects,an H_(∞)control law was designed using the principle of singular value energy flow reduction and weighted function,with a PID(Proportional-Integral-Derivative)control law for comparison.The two controllers were then subjected to pulse-response and jury stability tests.Finally,wind tunnel tests were conducted to investigate the gust alleviation principle,in which gust disturbances were generated using gust generators and control surface self-excitation.The results present that the average wing root bending moment and wing tip overload under the PID control law decrease by approximately 30%,while under the H_(∞)control law,both the average wing root bending moment and wing tip overload reduction rate exceed 50%,with peaks reaching 60%.This validates the feasibility and efficiency of the designed H_(∞)controller.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91632103)the Shanghai Education Commission Research and Innovation Program(No.2019-01-07-00-02-E00037)+2 种基金the Program of Shanghai Subject Chief Scientist(No.17XD1401700)the Higher Education Disciplinary Innovation Programthe“Eastern Scholar”Project。
文摘Working memory is a core cognitive function that supports goal-directed behavior and complex thought.We developed a spatial working memory and attention test on paired symbols(SWAPS)which has been proved to be a useful and valid tool for spatial working memory and attention studies in the fields of cognitive psychology,education,and psychiatry.The repeated administration of working memory capacity tests is common in clinical and research settings.Studies suggest that repeated cognitive tests may improve the performance scores also known as retest effects.The systematic investigation of retest effects in SWAPS is critical for interpreting scientific results,but it is still not fully developed.To address this,we recruited 77 college students aged 18–21 years and used SWAPS comprising 72 trials with different memory loads,learning time,and delay span.We repeated the test once a week for five weeks to investigate the retest effects of SWAPS.There were significant retest effects in the first two tests:the accuracy of the SWAPS tests significantly increased,and then stabilized.These findings provide useful information for researchers to appropriately use or interpret the repeated working memory tests.Further experiments are still needed to clarify the factors that mediate the retest effects,and find out the cognitive mechanism that influences the retest effects.
基金This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFB4203000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20178)
文摘Complicated loads encountered by floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs)in real sea conditions are crucial for future optimization of design,but obtaining data on them directly poses a challenge.To address this issue,we applied machine learning techniques to obtain hydrodynamic and aerodynamic loads of FOWTs by measuring platform motion responses and wave-elevation sequences.First,a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation model of the floating platform was established based on the dynamic fluid body interaction technique and overset grid technology.Then,a long short-term memory(LSTM)neural network model was constructed and trained to learn the nonlinear relationship between the waves,platform-motion inputs,and hydrodynamic-load outputs.The optimal model was determined after analyzing the sensitivity of parameters such as sample characteristics,network layers,and neuron numbers.Subsequently,the effectiveness of the hydrodynamic load model was validated under different simulation conditions,and the aerodynamic load calculation was completed based on the D'Alembert principle.Finally,we built a hybrid-scale FOWT model,based on the software in the loop strategy,in which the wind turbine was replaced by an actuation system.Model tests were carried out in a wave basin and the results demonstrated that the root mean square errors of the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic load measurements were 4.20%and 10.68%,respectively.
基金the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) for their financial support to this study
文摘Construction of seaside and underground wall bracing often uses stiffened deep cement mixed columns （SDCM）. This research investigates methods used to improve the level of bearing capacity of these SDCM when subjected to cyclic lateral loading via various types of stiffer cores. Eight piles, two deep cement mixed piles and six stiffened deep cement mixing piles with three different types of cores, H shape cross section prestressed concrete, steel pipe, and H-beam steel, were embedded though soft clay into medium-hard clay on site in Thailand. Cyclic horizontal loading was gradually applied until pile failure and the hysteresis loops of lateral load vs. lateral deformation were recorded. The lateral carrying capacities of the SDCM piles with an H-beam steel core increased by 3-4 times that of the DCM piles. This field research clearly shows that using H-beam steel as a stiffer core for SDCM piles is the best method to improve its lateral carrying capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.51622803,51378177 and 51420105013the 111 Project under Grant No.B13024
文摘Piled embankments,which offer many advantages,are increasingly popular in construction of high-speed railways in China.Although the performance of piled embankment under static loading is well-known,the behavior under the dynamic train load of a high-speed railway is not yet understood.In light of this,a heavily instrumented piled embankment model was set up,and a model test was carried out,in which a servo-hydraulic actuator outputting M-shaped waves was adopted to simulate the process of a running train.Earth pressure,settlement,strain in the geogrid and pile and excess pore water pressure were measured.The results show that the soil arching height under the dynamic train load of a high-speed railway is shorter than under static loading.The growth trend for accumulated settlement slowed down after long-term vibration although there was still a tendency for it to increase.Accumulated geogrid strain has an increasing tendency after long-term vibration.The closer the embankment edge,the greater the geogrid strain over the subsoil.Strains in the pile were smaller under dynamic train loads,and their distribution was different from that under static loading.At the same elevation,excess pore water pressure under the track slab was greater than that under the embankment shoulder.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFB 0200703)
文摘An active control technique utilizing piezoelectric actuators to alleviate gust-response loads of a large-aspect-ratio flexible wing is investigated. Piezoelectric materials have been extensively used for active vibration control of engineering structures. In this paper, piezoelectric materials further attempt to suppress the vibration of the aeroelastic wing caused by gust. The motion equation of the flexible wing with piezoelectric patches is obtained by Hamilton＇s principle with the modal approach, and then numerical gust responses are analyzed, based on which a gust load alleviation（GLA） control system is proposed. The gust load alleviation system employs classic propor tional-integral-derivative（PID） controllers which treat piezoelectric patches as control actuators and acceleration as the feedback signal. By a numerical method, the control mechanism that piezoelectric actuators can be used to alleviate gust-response loads is also analyzed qualitatively. Furthermore, through low-speed wind tunnel tests, the effectiveness of the gust load alleviation active control technology is validated. The test results agree well with the numerical results. Test results show that at a certain frequency range, the control scheme can effectively alleviate the z and x wingtip accelerations and the root bending moment of the wing to a certain extent. The control system gives satisfying gust load alleviation efficacy with the reduction rate being generally over 20%.
