Objective:To determine whether maternal β-human chorionic gonadotropin(β-hCG) level in second-trimester may be associated with subsequent development of pregnancy-induced hypertension(PIH).Methods:Seven hundred and ...Objective:To determine whether maternal β-human chorionic gonadotropin(β-hCG) level in second-trimester may be associated with subsequent development of pregnancy-induced hypertension(PIH).Methods:Seven hundred and sixty-two women in mid-trimester were to have maternal urine β-hCG standardized concentrations and maternal serum β-hCG measurements.Their case histories were recorded and reviewed from mid-trimester to delivery.The relation was observed between maternal urine,serum markers and subsequent development of PIH.Results:Among 762 women,504 cases were normal pregnancies,42 cases had PIH,94 cases had premature rupture of membrane (PROM),69 cases had preterm delivery (PD),53 other cases were excluded by various reasons.The levels of maternal urine,serum β-hCG in PIH were (61.75±9.78) IU/L and (304.56±54.17) ng/mg respectively,which were higher significantly than normal pregnancy group ([20.65±7.61] IU/L and [146.34±47.81] ng/mg,P<0.05).When maternal serum,urine β-hCG levels ≥2 MOM(multiple of mean),the incidences of developing PIH were increased significantly as compared with those of β-hCG <2 MOM women.The incidence of PIH increased from 5.1% in pregnancies with urine β-hCG ≥2 MOM to 11.7% in cases with urine β-hCG ≥4 MOM.Conclusion:The elevation of maternal mid-trimester urine,serum β-hCG levels is not only an early signal for dysfunction of placenta but also a dangerous signal for development of PIH.Second-trimester maternal urine β-hCG measurement proves to be superior to serum marker in clinical prediction.展开更多
Non-human primates （NHPs） are phylogenetically close to humans, with many similarities in terms of physiology, anatomy, immunology, as well as neurology, all of which make them excellent experimental models for biom...Non-human primates （NHPs） are phylogenetically close to humans, with many similarities in terms of physiology, anatomy, immunology, as well as neurology, all of which make them excellent experimental models for biomedical research. Compared with developed countries in America and Europe, China has relatively rich primate resources and has continually aimed to develop NHPs resources. Currently, China is a leading producer and a major supplier of NHPs on the international market. However, there are some deficiencies in feeding and management that have hampered China＇s growth in NHP research and materials. Nonetheless, China has recently established a number of primate animal models for human diseases and achieved marked scientific progress on infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases, reproductive diseases, neurological diseases, and ophthalmic diseases, etc. Advances in these fields via NHP models will undoubtedly further promote the development of China＇s life sciences and pharmaceutical industry, and enhance China＇s position as a leader in NHP research. This review covers the current status of NHPs in China and other areas, highlighting the latest developments in disease models using NHPs, as well as outlining basic problems and proposing effective to better utilize NHP resources and further foster NHP research in China.展开更多
Human functional MRI studies in acute and various chronic pain conditions have revolutionized how we view pain, and have led to a new theory that complex multi-dimensional pain experience （sensory-discriminative, aff...Human functional MRI studies in acute and various chronic pain conditions have revolutionized how we view pain, and have led to a new theory that complex multi-dimensional pain experience （sensory-discriminative, affective/motivational, and cognitive） is represented by concurrent activity in widely-distributed brain regions （termed a network or pain matrix）. Despite these break- through discoveries, the specific functions proposed for these regions remain elusive, because detailed electrophys- iological characterizations of these regions in the primate brain are lacking. To fill in this knowledge gap, we have studied the cortical areas around the central and lateral sulci of the non-human primate brain with combined submillimeter resolution functional imaging （optical imaging and fMRI） and intracranial electrophysiological recording. In this mini-review, I summarize and present data showing that the cortical circuitry engaged in nociceptive processing is much more complex than previously recognized. Electrophysiological evidence supports the engage- ment of a distinct nociceptive-processing network within SI （i.e., areas 3a, 3b, 1 and 2）, SII, and other areas along the lateral sulcus. Deafferentation caused by spinal cord injury profoundly alters the relationships between fMRI and electrophysiological signals. This finding has significant implications for using fMRI to study chronic pain conditions involving deafferentation in humans.展开更多
Stem cell therapy (SCT) for Parkinson’s disease (PD) has received considerable attention in recent years. Non-human primate (NHP) models of PD have played an instrumental role in the safety and efficacy of emerging P...Stem cell therapy (SCT) for Parkinson’s disease (PD) has received considerable attention in recent years. Non-human primate (NHP) models of PD have played an instrumental role in the safety and efficacy of emerging PD therapies and facilitated the translation of initiatives for human patients. NHP models of PD include primates with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism, who are responsive to dopamine replacement therapies, similar to human PD patients. Extensive research in SCT has been conducted to better treat the progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration that underlies PD. For effective application of SCT in PD, however, a number of basic parameters still need to be tested and optimized in NHP models, including preparation and storage of cells for engraftment, methods of transplantation, choice of target sites, and timelines for recovery. In this review, we discuss the current status of NHP models of PD in stem cell research. We also analyze the advances and remaining challenges for successful clinical translation of SCT for this persistent disease.展开更多
In the past three years, RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease from the microbial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats （CRISPR） adaptive immune system has been used to facilitate efficient genome editing in ...In the past three years, RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease from the microbial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats （CRISPR） adaptive immune system has been used to facilitate efficient genome editing in many model and non-model animals. However, its application in nonhuman primates is still at the early stage, though in view of the similarities in anatomy, physiology, behavior and genetics, closely related nonhuman primates serve as optimal models for human biology and disease studies. In this review, we summarize the current proceedings of gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in nonhuman primates.展开更多
With the increasingly serious aging of the global population, dementia has already become a severe clinical challenge on a global scale. Dementia caused by Alzheimer’s disease(AD) is the most common form of dementia ...With the increasingly serious aging of the global population, dementia has already become a severe clinical challenge on a global scale. Dementia caused by Alzheimer’s disease(AD) is the most common form of dementia observed in the elderly, but its pathogenetic mechanism has still not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, no effective treatment strategy has been developed to date, despite considerable efforts. This can be mainly attributed to the paucity of animal models of AD that are sufficiently similar to humans. Among the presently established animal models, non-human primates share the closest relationship with humans, and their neural anatomy and neurobiology share highly similar characteristics with those of humans. Thus, there is no doubt that these play an irreplaceable role in AD research. Considering this, the present literature on non-human primate models of AD was reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for future research.展开更多
Early rearing experiences are important in one＇s whole life, whereas early adverse rearing experience（EARE） is usually related to various physical and mental disorders in later life. Although there were many studie...Early rearing experiences are important in one＇s whole life, whereas early adverse rearing experience（EARE） is usually related to various physical and mental disorders in later life. Although there were many studies on human and animals, regarding the effect of EARE on brain development, neuroendocrine systems, as well as the consequential mental disorders and behavioral abnormalities, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Due to the close genetic relationship and similarity in social organizations with humans, non-human primate（NHP） studies were performed for over 60 years. Various EARE models were developed to disrupt the early normal interactions between infants and mothers or peers. Those studies provided important insights of EARE induced effects on the physiological and behavioral systems of NHPs across life span, such as social behaviors（including disturbance behavior, social deficiency, sexual behavior, etc）, learning and memory ability, brain structural and functional developments（including influences on neurons and glia cells, neuroendocrine systems, e.g., hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal（HPA） axis, etc）. In this review, the effects of EARE and the underlying epigenetic mechanisms were comprehensively summarized and the possibility of rehabilitation was discussed.展开更多
Purpose: Detailed analysis of a patient with epithelial Lewis Y (LeY) positive cancer who received twice 50 mg of the humanized Lewis Y carbohydrate specific mAb IGN311 and developed a clinically significant human ant...Purpose: Detailed analysis of a patient with epithelial Lewis Y (LeY) positive cancer who received twice 50 mg of the humanized Lewis Y carbohydrate specific mAb IGN311 and developed a clinically significant human anti-human antibody (HAHA) response (Ab2). Results: Clinical stabilization of the disease was assigned to in this patient. The HAHA response consisted mainly of IgG1 and was found to be directed against the IGN311 binding site. Consistent with the induction of the HAHA response, CDC activity against Lewis Y positive target cells was completely abolished at day 8 and could not be restored by the second 50 mg infusion indicating complete neutralization of applied IGN311. The ADCC reactivity was also significantly reduced and anti-anti idiotype-specific antibodies (Ab3) were detectable at day 65. Conclusions: Induction of Ab3 antibodies should be considered as an additional factor influencing the efficacy of humanized antibodies. In this context, the potential threat of induced HAHA responses against therapeutic mAbs might have to be reconsidered because they might actually have also beneficial immunological long-term effects leading to an active immunization component induced by therapeutic antibodies.展开更多
Modeling brain disorders has always been one of the key tasks in neurobiological studies. A wide range of organisms including worms, fruit ？ies, zebra？sh, and rodents have been used for modeling brain disorders. How...Modeling brain disorders has always been one of the key tasks in neurobiological studies. A wide range of organisms including worms, fruit ？ies, zebra？sh, and rodents have been used for modeling brain disorders. However,whether complicated neurological and psychiatric symptoms can be faithfully mimicked in animals is still debatable.In this review, we discuss key ？ndings using non-human primates to address the neural mechanisms underlying stress and anxiety behaviors, as well as technical advances for establishing genetically-engineered non-human primate models of autism spectrum disorders and other disorders.Considering the close evolutionary connections and similarity of brain structures between non-human primates and humans, together with the rapid progress in genome-editing technology, non-human primates will be indispensable for pathophysiological studies and exploring potential therapeutic methods for treating brain disorders.展开更多
Transplantation therapy for diabetes in humans is limited by the low availability of human donor whole pancreas or islets. Outcomes are complicated by immunosuppressive drug toxicity. Xenotransplantation is a strategy...Transplantation therapy for diabetes in humans is limited by the low availability of human donor whole pancreas or islets. Outcomes are complicated by immunosuppressive drug toxicity. Xenotransplantation is a strategy to overcome supply problems. Implantation of tissue obtained early during embryogenesis is a way to reduce transplant immunogenicity. Pig insulin is biologically active in humans. In that regard the pig is an appropriate xenogeneic organ donor. Insulin-producing cells originating from embryonic pig pancreas obtained very early following pancreatic primordium formation [embryonic day 28 (E28)] engraft long-term in rhesus macaques. Endocrine cells originating from embryonic pig pancreas transplanted in host mesentery migrate to mesenteric lymph nodes, engraft, differentiate and improve glucose tolerance in rhesus macaques without the need for immune suppression. Transplantation of embryonic pig pancreas is a novel approach towards beta cell replacement therapy that could be applicable to humans.展开更多
Objective: To survey hemoplasmas infection in free ranging non-human primates from 8 provinces in Thailand. Methods: DNA from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood of 262 free ranging non-human primates were identifie...Objective: To survey hemoplasmas infection in free ranging non-human primates from 8 provinces in Thailand. Methods: DNA from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood of 262 free ranging non-human primates were identified as hemoplasmas using PCR and phylogenetic analysis based on 16 S r RNA and rnp B genes. Results: A total of 148 non-human primates(56.49%) were determined positive for Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomacaque, including 125 Macaca fascicularis and 23 Macaca mulatta. Hemoplasmas can cause anemia in monkey but all positive samples were healthy. The positive rates in male and female non-human primates were not significantly different. Conclusions: Candidatus Mycoplasma infection is prevalent in free ranging Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta in Thailand.展开更多
Donor human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-specific antibodies(DSA) play an important role in solid organ transplantation. Preexisting IgG isotype DSA are considered a risk factor for antibody mediated rejection, graft failur...Donor human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-specific antibodies(DSA) play an important role in solid organ transplantation. Preexisting IgG isotype DSA are considered a risk factor for antibody mediated rejection, graft failure or graft loss. The post-transplant development of DSA depends on multiple factors including immunogenicity of mismatched antigens, HLA class Ⅱ typing of the recipient, cytokine gene polymorphisms, and cellular immunoregulatory mechanisms. De novo developed antibodies require special attention because not all DSA have equal clinical significance. Therefore, it is important for transplant clinicians and transplant immunologists to accurately characterize DSA. In this review, the contemporary immunological techniques for detection and characterization of anti-HLA antibodies and their pitfalls are described.展开更多
Aim： To investigate the possible functions of human sperm membrane protein （hSMP-1） in the process of fertilization. Methods： A 576-bp cDNA fragment of HSD-1 gene coding for the extracellular domain of hSMP-1 was ...Aim： To investigate the possible functions of human sperm membrane protein （hSMP-1） in the process of fertilization. Methods： A 576-bp cDNA fragment of HSD-1 gene coding for the extracellular domain of hSMP-1 was cloned and expressed. The localization of this protein on human and mouse sperm was determined by indirect immunofluorescent staining by using anti-recombinant hSMP-1 （anti-rhSMP-1） antibodies. Sperm acrosome reaction and spermzona pellucida （ZP） binding assay were carried out in 10-week-old BALB/c mice. Results： Recombinant hSMP-1 was successfully cloned and expressed. The expression of the native protein was limited on the acrosome of human and mouse sperm. Treatment of anti-rhSMP-1 antibodies significantly decreased the average number of sperms bound to each egg. Meanwhile, the percentage of acrosome reaction was decreased in comparison to pre-immune control after treatment with anti-rhSMP-1 （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： The results suggest that anti-rhSMP-1 antibody inhibited mouse acrosome reaction and sperm-ZP binding.展开更多
文摘Objective:To determine whether maternal β-human chorionic gonadotropin(β-hCG) level in second-trimester may be associated with subsequent development of pregnancy-induced hypertension(PIH).Methods:Seven hundred and sixty-two women in mid-trimester were to have maternal urine β-hCG standardized concentrations and maternal serum β-hCG measurements.Their case histories were recorded and reviewed from mid-trimester to delivery.The relation was observed between maternal urine,serum markers and subsequent development of PIH.Results:Among 762 women,504 cases were normal pregnancies,42 cases had PIH,94 cases had premature rupture of membrane (PROM),69 cases had preterm delivery (PD),53 other cases were excluded by various reasons.The levels of maternal urine,serum β-hCG in PIH were (61.75±9.78) IU/L and (304.56±54.17) ng/mg respectively,which were higher significantly than normal pregnancy group ([20.65±7.61] IU/L and [146.34±47.81] ng/mg,P<0.05).When maternal serum,urine β-hCG levels ≥2 MOM(multiple of mean),the incidences of developing PIH were increased significantly as compared with those of β-hCG <2 MOM women.The incidence of PIH increased from 5.1% in pregnancies with urine β-hCG ≥2 MOM to 11.7% in cases with urine β-hCG ≥4 MOM.Conclusion:The elevation of maternal mid-trimester urine,serum β-hCG levels is not only an early signal for dysfunction of placenta but also a dangerous signal for development of PIH.Second-trimester maternal urine β-hCG measurement proves to be superior to serum marker in clinical prediction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81172876,81273251,U1202228,81471620)the National Special Science Research Program of China(2012CBA01305)+1 种基金the National Science and Technology Major Project(2013ZX10001-002,2012ZX10001-007)the Knowledge Innovation Program of CAS(KSCX2-EW-R-13,KJZD-EW-L10-02)
文摘Non-human primates （NHPs） are phylogenetically close to humans, with many similarities in terms of physiology, anatomy, immunology, as well as neurology, all of which make them excellent experimental models for biomedical research. Compared with developed countries in America and Europe, China has relatively rich primate resources and has continually aimed to develop NHPs resources. Currently, China is a leading producer and a major supplier of NHPs on the international market. However, there are some deficiencies in feeding and management that have hampered China＇s growth in NHP research and materials. Nonetheless, China has recently established a number of primate animal models for human diseases and achieved marked scientific progress on infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases, reproductive diseases, neurological diseases, and ophthalmic diseases, etc. Advances in these fields via NHP models will undoubtedly further promote the development of China＇s life sciences and pharmaceutical industry, and enhance China＇s position as a leader in NHP research. This review covers the current status of NHPs in China and other areas, highlighting the latest developments in disease models using NHPs, as well as outlining basic problems and proposing effective to better utilize NHP resources and further foster NHP research in China.
基金supported by NIH Grant R01 NS069909an imaging track Grant from the Dana Foundation
文摘Human functional MRI studies in acute and various chronic pain conditions have revolutionized how we view pain, and have led to a new theory that complex multi-dimensional pain experience （sensory-discriminative, affective/motivational, and cognitive） is represented by concurrent activity in widely-distributed brain regions （termed a network or pain matrix）. Despite these break- through discoveries, the specific functions proposed for these regions remain elusive, because detailed electrophys- iological characterizations of these regions in the primate brain are lacking. To fill in this knowledge gap, we have studied the cortical areas around the central and lateral sulci of the non-human primate brain with combined submillimeter resolution functional imaging （optical imaging and fMRI） and intracranial electrophysiological recording. In this mini-review, I summarize and present data showing that the cortical circuitry engaged in nociceptive processing is much more complex than previously recognized. Electrophysiological evidence supports the engage- ment of a distinct nociceptive-processing network within SI （i.e., areas 3a, 3b, 1 and 2）, SII, and other areas along the lateral sulcus. Deafferentation caused by spinal cord injury profoundly alters the relationships between fMRI and electrophysiological signals. This finding has significant implications for using fMRI to study chronic pain conditions involving deafferentation in humans.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0101401)
文摘Stem cell therapy (SCT) for Parkinson’s disease (PD) has received considerable attention in recent years. Non-human primate (NHP) models of PD have played an instrumental role in the safety and efficacy of emerging PD therapies and facilitated the translation of initiatives for human patients. NHP models of PD include primates with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism, who are responsive to dopamine replacement therapies, similar to human PD patients. Extensive research in SCT has been conducted to better treat the progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration that underlies PD. For effective application of SCT in PD, however, a number of basic parameters still need to be tested and optimized in NHP models, including preparation and storage of cells for engraftment, methods of transplantation, choice of target sites, and timelines for recovery. In this review, we discuss the current status of NHP models of PD in stem cell research. We also analyze the advances and remaining challenges for successful clinical translation of SCT for this persistent disease.
基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB13010000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31130051)
文摘In the past three years, RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease from the microbial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats （CRISPR） adaptive immune system has been used to facilitate efficient genome editing in many model and non-model animals. However, its application in nonhuman primates is still at the early stage, though in view of the similarities in anatomy, physiology, behavior and genetics, closely related nonhuman primates serve as optimal models for human biology and disease studies. In this review, we summarize the current proceedings of gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in nonhuman primates.
基金The CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Science(2016-12M-2-006 and 2016-12M-1-10)the PUMC Innovation Fund for Graduate Students(Grant/Award number:2017-1001-07)
文摘With the increasingly serious aging of the global population, dementia has already become a severe clinical challenge on a global scale. Dementia caused by Alzheimer’s disease(AD) is the most common form of dementia observed in the elderly, but its pathogenetic mechanism has still not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, no effective treatment strategy has been developed to date, despite considerable efforts. This can be mainly attributed to the paucity of animal models of AD that are sufficiently similar to humans. Among the presently established animal models, non-human primates share the closest relationship with humans, and their neural anatomy and neurobiology share highly similar characteristics with those of humans. Thus, there is no doubt that these play an irreplaceable role in AD research. Considering this, the present literature on non-human primate models of AD was reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for future research.
基金supported by Hainan special fund project for science and technology(KJHZ2015-20)
文摘Early rearing experiences are important in one＇s whole life, whereas early adverse rearing experience（EARE） is usually related to various physical and mental disorders in later life. Although there were many studies on human and animals, regarding the effect of EARE on brain development, neuroendocrine systems, as well as the consequential mental disorders and behavioral abnormalities, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Due to the close genetic relationship and similarity in social organizations with humans, non-human primate（NHP） studies were performed for over 60 years. Various EARE models were developed to disrupt the early normal interactions between infants and mothers or peers. Those studies provided important insights of EARE induced effects on the physiological and behavioral systems of NHPs across life span, such as social behaviors（including disturbance behavior, social deficiency, sexual behavior, etc）, learning and memory ability, brain structural and functional developments（including influences on neurons and glia cells, neuroendocrine systems, e.g., hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal（HPA） axis, etc）. In this review, the effects of EARE and the underlying epigenetic mechanisms were comprehensively summarized and the possibility of rehabilitation was discussed.
文摘Purpose: Detailed analysis of a patient with epithelial Lewis Y (LeY) positive cancer who received twice 50 mg of the humanized Lewis Y carbohydrate specific mAb IGN311 and developed a clinically significant human anti-human antibody (HAHA) response (Ab2). Results: Clinical stabilization of the disease was assigned to in this patient. The HAHA response consisted mainly of IgG1 and was found to be directed against the IGN311 binding site. Consistent with the induction of the HAHA response, CDC activity against Lewis Y positive target cells was completely abolished at day 8 and could not be restored by the second 50 mg infusion indicating complete neutralization of applied IGN311. The ADCC reactivity was also significantly reduced and anti-anti idiotype-specific antibodies (Ab3) were detectable at day 65. Conclusions: Induction of Ab3 antibodies should be considered as an additional factor influencing the efficacy of humanized antibodies. In this context, the potential threat of induced HAHA responses against therapeutic mAbs might have to be reconsidered because they might actually have also beneficial immunological long-term effects leading to an active immunization component induced by therapeutic antibodies.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Priority Research Program (XDB02050400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91432111)
文摘Modeling brain disorders has always been one of the key tasks in neurobiological studies. A wide range of organisms including worms, fruit ？ies, zebra？sh, and rodents have been used for modeling brain disorders. However,whether complicated neurological and psychiatric symptoms can be faithfully mimicked in animals is still debatable.In this review, we discuss key ？ndings using non-human primates to address the neural mechanisms underlying stress and anxiety behaviors, as well as technical advances for establishing genetically-engineered non-human primate models of autism spectrum disorders and other disorders.Considering the close evolutionary connections and similarity of brain structures between non-human primates and humans, together with the rapid progress in genome-editing technology, non-human primates will be indispensable for pathophysiological studies and exploring potential therapeutic methods for treating brain disorders.
文摘Transplantation therapy for diabetes in humans is limited by the low availability of human donor whole pancreas or islets. Outcomes are complicated by immunosuppressive drug toxicity. Xenotransplantation is a strategy to overcome supply problems. Implantation of tissue obtained early during embryogenesis is a way to reduce transplant immunogenicity. Pig insulin is biologically active in humans. In that regard the pig is an appropriate xenogeneic organ donor. Insulin-producing cells originating from embryonic pig pancreas obtained very early following pancreatic primordium formation [embryonic day 28 (E28)] engraft long-term in rhesus macaques. Endocrine cells originating from embryonic pig pancreas transplanted in host mesentery migrate to mesenteric lymph nodes, engraft, differentiate and improve glucose tolerance in rhesus macaques without the need for immune suppression. Transplantation of embryonic pig pancreas is a novel approach towards beta cell replacement therapy that could be applicable to humans.
基金supported by Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University
文摘Objective: To survey hemoplasmas infection in free ranging non-human primates from 8 provinces in Thailand. Methods: DNA from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood of 262 free ranging non-human primates were identified as hemoplasmas using PCR and phylogenetic analysis based on 16 S r RNA and rnp B genes. Results: A total of 148 non-human primates(56.49%) were determined positive for Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomacaque, including 125 Macaca fascicularis and 23 Macaca mulatta. Hemoplasmas can cause anemia in monkey but all positive samples were healthy. The positive rates in male and female non-human primates were not significantly different. Conclusions: Candidatus Mycoplasma infection is prevalent in free ranging Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta in Thailand.
文摘Donor human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-specific antibodies(DSA) play an important role in solid organ transplantation. Preexisting IgG isotype DSA are considered a risk factor for antibody mediated rejection, graft failure or graft loss. The post-transplant development of DSA depends on multiple factors including immunogenicity of mismatched antigens, HLA class Ⅱ typing of the recipient, cytokine gene polymorphisms, and cellular immunoregulatory mechanisms. De novo developed antibodies require special attention because not all DSA have equal clinical significance. Therefore, it is important for transplant clinicians and transplant immunologists to accurately characterize DSA. In this review, the contemporary immunological techniques for detection and characterization of anti-HLA antibodies and their pitfalls are described.
文摘Aim： To investigate the possible functions of human sperm membrane protein （hSMP-1） in the process of fertilization. Methods： A 576-bp cDNA fragment of HSD-1 gene coding for the extracellular domain of hSMP-1 was cloned and expressed. The localization of this protein on human and mouse sperm was determined by indirect immunofluorescent staining by using anti-recombinant hSMP-1 （anti-rhSMP-1） antibodies. Sperm acrosome reaction and spermzona pellucida （ZP） binding assay were carried out in 10-week-old BALB/c mice. Results： Recombinant hSMP-1 was successfully cloned and expressed. The expression of the native protein was limited on the acrosome of human and mouse sperm. Treatment of anti-rhSMP-1 antibodies significantly decreased the average number of sperms bound to each egg. Meanwhile, the percentage of acrosome reaction was decreased in comparison to pre-immune control after treatment with anti-rhSMP-1 （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： The results suggest that anti-rhSMP-1 antibody inhibited mouse acrosome reaction and sperm-ZP binding.
