在《大学英语》(精读)(李荫华主编)第四册第二单元DEERAND THE ENERGY CYCLE一文中先后出现过这样两句话: ● But, it is probably less well known that even with theirstored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter...在《大学英语》(精读)(李荫华主编)第四册第二单元DEERAND THE ENERGY CYCLE一文中先后出现过这样两句话: ● But, it is probably less well known that even with theirstored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winterthan in summer. (L10-12, P20) ● But if deep snows come and the weather remains cold展开更多
This paper leverages the Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting the Reform of the Household Registration System as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the impact of rural migrant urbanization on local go...This paper leverages the Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting the Reform of the Household Registration System as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the impact of rural migrant urbanization on local government expenditures in science and technology(S&T)and education.Employing a generalized difference-in-differences(generalized-DID)approach and panel data from 271 Chinese prefecture-level and above-level cities spanning 2003–2019,we find that household registration reform driven by this urbanization process significantly increased the absolute level as well as the fiscal share of S&T and education spending.Mechanism analyses indicate that rural migrant urbanization promotes these expenditures through two channels:increasing the overall local fiscal revenue and encouraging a greater proportion of the fiscal resources to be allocated to these sectors.The findings uncover the current evolving trends in fiscal resource allocation due to rural migrant urbanization and provide empirical evidence for optimizing the provision of public services and enhancing the potential of long-term economic development.展开更多
长期以来,“spend…+to do sth.”被国人判为语法错误已是公开的秘密,致使大中小学英语教学普遍倒向“spend…+(in)doing something”一说。然而,大量语料事实表明,前者不仅早已存在,而且至今仍频现于正规书面语中,因此,欲借些许例证还...长期以来,“spend…+to do sth.”被国人判为语法错误已是公开的秘密,致使大中小学英语教学普遍倒向“spend…+(in)doing something”一说。然而,大量语料事实表明,前者不仅早已存在,而且至今仍频现于正规书面语中,因此,欲借些许例证还其公道。展开更多
Pragmatic Spending The Double Take column looks at a single topic from an African and Chinese perspective.This month,we discuss the correct attitude towards spending.In China,a shift is taking place among the young pe...Pragmatic Spending The Double Take column looks at a single topic from an African and Chinese perspective.This month,we discuss the correct attitude towards spending.In China,a shift is taking place among the young people-away from flashy consumerism towards more practical,budget-conscious choices.On Chinese social media,the term“delicately poor”once captured a generation’s pursuit of aesthetic perfection despite tight budgets.展开更多
Reasonable income distribution and eradication of rural poverty are vital for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China.This paper primarily examines the income distribution and poverty reducti...Reasonable income distribution and eradication of rural poverty are vital for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China.This paper primarily examines the income distribution and poverty reduction effects of social security spending.Market income and redistribution policies are two determinants of income gaps.Based on CHIP2018 household survey data,we find that inadequate income redistribution policies have contributed to yawning income gaps,and that social security spending is more redistributive than personal income tax and social security contributions.After estimating the redistribution effects of social security spending and itemized incomes,we find that pension payments have contributed the most to household income gaps,and that subsistence protection and rural pension payments help improve income distribution.With respect to the poverty reduction effects of social security spending,we have estimated China’s current poverty incidence and the poverty reduction effects of pension payments,healthcare,and educational allowances with CHIP2018 data,and discover that an increase in social security spending may effectively reduce rural poverty.In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,China should increase social security spending,focusing on specific target groups,and promote the role of social security spending in regulating income distribution and offering social protection to rural residents.展开更多
University endowment funds are important capitals in many universities in China today. A lot of universities target their endowment spending at a fixed spending ratio. Because of volatile inflation, it is not optimal....University endowment funds are important capitals in many universities in China today. A lot of universities target their endowment spending at a fixed spending ratio. Because of volatile inflation, it is not optimal. In this paper, the author analyzes the importance of spending policy of university endowment funds, and suggests two models in accordance with inflation-adjusted value.展开更多
In accordance with the economic data from Statistical Communique on National Economy and Social Development in Hubei Province in the period 1980-2009, we use co-integration analysis method to research the impact of GD...In accordance with the economic data from Statistical Communique on National Economy and Social Development in Hubei Province in the period 1980-2009, we use co-integration analysis method to research the impact of GDP growth on residents' consumer spending. Result shows that although there are differences between GDP and residents' consumer spending in the short term, the equilibrium relationship exists between them, namely, the co-integration relationship, showing consistency in trends.展开更多
Objectives: To investigate components of the rapidly increasing trend in hospital spending in the 2000’s and their relationship to market structure. Study Design: Aggregate time series and multivariate analysis are c...Objectives: To investigate components of the rapidly increasing trend in hospital spending in the 2000’s and their relationship to market structure. Study Design: Aggregate time series and multivariate analysis are conducted to test whether hospital spending growth is driven by price or quantity and how recent hospital spending growth is related to health plan and hospital market structure. Method: Hospitals are grouped into strong and weak competitive markets based on the relative concentration of hospital and health plan markets as well as managed care penetration. Results: Inflation adjusted hospital spending grew much faster than gross domestic product (GDP) throughout the 2000s. Regression results show that rapid growth was observed across all hospital markets—even in those markets where price competitive market forces are the strongest and that rising hospital prices, and not utilization explain most of the increases in hospital spending. Conclusions: Hospital spending exceeded the consumer price index (CPI) by a substantial margin in the 2000’s due in part to weakening competitive market forces, which had a dampening effect on spending and especially prices. Unless competition is restored, the cost of health care for consumers, employers and public payers can be expected to increase.展开更多
This paper is an empirical analysis of provisional unrestricted level relationship between Nigerian domestic output measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and government spending proxied by capital and recurrent exp...This paper is an empirical analysis of provisional unrestricted level relationship between Nigerian domestic output measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and government spending proxied by capital and recurrent expenditures in the presence of static regressors such as crude oil prices and federal government retained revenues. We estimate an ARDL (1,0,1) using a single-equation approach. Results show that government expenditures have negative but statistically insignificant effects on domestic output in the long-run. Similarly, negative short run effects are established amongst the variables. However, recurrent expenditure is statistically significant in the short-run. Whilst federal government retained revenue has a positive and significant effect, crude oil price exhibited negative relationships with domestic output both at level and in the short-run dynamics. Also a high speed of adjustment implies that Nigerian Gross Domestic Product is extremely sensitive to shocks on the government spending in the long-run. An upward trend forecast between 2014 and 2020 is an indication of the continued positive impact and the government retained revenue will exert on the domestic output in the long-run.展开更多
<strong>Background: </strong>The Sustainable Development Goals commitment to Ending HIV/AIDS by 2030 requires sustained adequate investment. This study sought to examine the association between HIV/AIDS sp...<strong>Background: </strong>The Sustainable Development Goals commitment to Ending HIV/AIDS by 2030 requires sustained adequate investment. This study sought to examine the association between HIV/AIDS spending and outcomes in Thailand between 2008 and 2019. <strong>Methods: </strong>A quantitative secondary data analysis with time-series was conducted using a retrospective dataset of HIV spending and some selected outcomes including the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV), incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS, the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and AIDS-related deaths. Data were obtained from a diverse set of sources. Descriptive statistics and univariate regression model were used to analyze HIV expenditure and outcomes. <strong>Results: </strong>HIV spending per PLHIV rose by two folds from $347 in 2008 to more than $600 in 2019, mostly financed by domestic sources. This increase of domestic resources per PLHIV was significantly associated with better HIV-related outcomes especially in the reduction of PLHIV and AIDS-related deaths through increased number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the spending per PLHIV varied across the three public health insurance schemes. Comparison of HIV expenditure and health outcomes across upper-middle-income countries shows Thailand is not highly ranked in terms of spending efficiency despite having made good progress. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Domestic financing for HIV programs is indispensable for achieving the goal of ending AIDS. Despite significant improvement in HIV-related outcomes, challenges remain in achieving the 90-90-90 goal. The redesigning of payment methods should be considered to increase the efficiency of HIV financing. Other factors related to strengthening the health system should not be overlooked.展开更多
The relationship among reserve ration, government spending and economic growth was analyzed. A monetary endogenous growth model is well developed by taking into account the growth-enhancing effects of re- serve-augmen...The relationship among reserve ration, government spending and economic growth was analyzed. A monetary endogenous growth model is well developed by taking into account the growth-enhancing effects of re- serve-augmenting seigniorage. If the government spends all the seigniorage revenue on the provision of a public input which has positive externality on the private sector’s production, some results to be utterly different from Bronx’s have been obtained: the economy has a unique saddle-balanced growth path, but it has nothing to do with reserve ratio. However, the higher reserve ratio, the faster speed of economic convergence.展开更多
文摘在《大学英语》(精读)(李荫华主编)第四册第二单元DEERAND THE ENERGY CYCLE一文中先后出现过这样两句话: ● But, it is probably less well known that even with theirstored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winterthan in summer. (L10-12, P20) ● But if deep snows come and the weather remains cold
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Project“Research on the Mechanism and Policy Design of the Impact of Rural Migrant Urbanization on Local Government Education Investment”(Grant No.72103034)the Distinguished Young Scholar Funding Project of the University of International Business and Economics(Grant No.21JQ11).
文摘This paper leverages the Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting the Reform of the Household Registration System as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the impact of rural migrant urbanization on local government expenditures in science and technology(S&T)and education.Employing a generalized difference-in-differences(generalized-DID)approach and panel data from 271 Chinese prefecture-level and above-level cities spanning 2003–2019,we find that household registration reform driven by this urbanization process significantly increased the absolute level as well as the fiscal share of S&T and education spending.Mechanism analyses indicate that rural migrant urbanization promotes these expenditures through two channels:increasing the overall local fiscal revenue and encouraging a greater proportion of the fiscal resources to be allocated to these sectors.The findings uncover the current evolving trends in fiscal resource allocation due to rural migrant urbanization and provide empirical evidence for optimizing the provision of public services and enhancing the potential of long-term economic development.
文摘Pragmatic Spending The Double Take column looks at a single topic from an African and Chinese perspective.This month,we discuss the correct attitude towards spending.In China,a shift is taking place among the young people-away from flashy consumerism towards more practical,budget-conscious choices.On Chinese social media,the term“delicately poor”once captured a generation’s pursuit of aesthetic perfection despite tight budgets.
文摘Reasonable income distribution and eradication of rural poverty are vital for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China.This paper primarily examines the income distribution and poverty reduction effects of social security spending.Market income and redistribution policies are two determinants of income gaps.Based on CHIP2018 household survey data,we find that inadequate income redistribution policies have contributed to yawning income gaps,and that social security spending is more redistributive than personal income tax and social security contributions.After estimating the redistribution effects of social security spending and itemized incomes,we find that pension payments have contributed the most to household income gaps,and that subsistence protection and rural pension payments help improve income distribution.With respect to the poverty reduction effects of social security spending,we have estimated China’s current poverty incidence and the poverty reduction effects of pension payments,healthcare,and educational allowances with CHIP2018 data,and discover that an increase in social security spending may effectively reduce rural poverty.In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,China should increase social security spending,focusing on specific target groups,and promote the role of social security spending in regulating income distribution and offering social protection to rural residents.
文摘University endowment funds are important capitals in many universities in China today. A lot of universities target their endowment spending at a fixed spending ratio. Because of volatile inflation, it is not optimal. In this paper, the author analyzes the importance of spending policy of university endowment funds, and suggests two models in accordance with inflation-adjusted value.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation (60873021/F0201)
文摘In accordance with the economic data from Statistical Communique on National Economy and Social Development in Hubei Province in the period 1980-2009, we use co-integration analysis method to research the impact of GDP growth on residents' consumer spending. Result shows that although there are differences between GDP and residents' consumer spending in the short term, the equilibrium relationship exists between them, namely, the co-integration relationship, showing consistency in trends.
文摘Objectives: To investigate components of the rapidly increasing trend in hospital spending in the 2000’s and their relationship to market structure. Study Design: Aggregate time series and multivariate analysis are conducted to test whether hospital spending growth is driven by price or quantity and how recent hospital spending growth is related to health plan and hospital market structure. Method: Hospitals are grouped into strong and weak competitive markets based on the relative concentration of hospital and health plan markets as well as managed care penetration. Results: Inflation adjusted hospital spending grew much faster than gross domestic product (GDP) throughout the 2000s. Regression results show that rapid growth was observed across all hospital markets—even in those markets where price competitive market forces are the strongest and that rising hospital prices, and not utilization explain most of the increases in hospital spending. Conclusions: Hospital spending exceeded the consumer price index (CPI) by a substantial margin in the 2000’s due in part to weakening competitive market forces, which had a dampening effect on spending and especially prices. Unless competition is restored, the cost of health care for consumers, employers and public payers can be expected to increase.
文摘This paper is an empirical analysis of provisional unrestricted level relationship between Nigerian domestic output measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and government spending proxied by capital and recurrent expenditures in the presence of static regressors such as crude oil prices and federal government retained revenues. We estimate an ARDL (1,0,1) using a single-equation approach. Results show that government expenditures have negative but statistically insignificant effects on domestic output in the long-run. Similarly, negative short run effects are established amongst the variables. However, recurrent expenditure is statistically significant in the short-run. Whilst federal government retained revenue has a positive and significant effect, crude oil price exhibited negative relationships with domestic output both at level and in the short-run dynamics. Also a high speed of adjustment implies that Nigerian Gross Domestic Product is extremely sensitive to shocks on the government spending in the long-run. An upward trend forecast between 2014 and 2020 is an indication of the continued positive impact and the government retained revenue will exert on the domestic output in the long-run.
文摘<strong>Background: </strong>The Sustainable Development Goals commitment to Ending HIV/AIDS by 2030 requires sustained adequate investment. This study sought to examine the association between HIV/AIDS spending and outcomes in Thailand between 2008 and 2019. <strong>Methods: </strong>A quantitative secondary data analysis with time-series was conducted using a retrospective dataset of HIV spending and some selected outcomes including the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV), incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS, the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and AIDS-related deaths. Data were obtained from a diverse set of sources. Descriptive statistics and univariate regression model were used to analyze HIV expenditure and outcomes. <strong>Results: </strong>HIV spending per PLHIV rose by two folds from $347 in 2008 to more than $600 in 2019, mostly financed by domestic sources. This increase of domestic resources per PLHIV was significantly associated with better HIV-related outcomes especially in the reduction of PLHIV and AIDS-related deaths through increased number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the spending per PLHIV varied across the three public health insurance schemes. Comparison of HIV expenditure and health outcomes across upper-middle-income countries shows Thailand is not highly ranked in terms of spending efficiency despite having made good progress. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Domestic financing for HIV programs is indispensable for achieving the goal of ending AIDS. Despite significant improvement in HIV-related outcomes, challenges remain in achieving the 90-90-90 goal. The redesigning of payment methods should be considered to increase the efficiency of HIV financing. Other factors related to strengthening the health system should not be overlooked.
文摘The relationship among reserve ration, government spending and economic growth was analyzed. A monetary endogenous growth model is well developed by taking into account the growth-enhancing effects of re- serve-augmenting seigniorage. If the government spends all the seigniorage revenue on the provision of a public input which has positive externality on the private sector’s production, some results to be utterly different from Bronx’s have been obtained: the economy has a unique saddle-balanced growth path, but it has nothing to do with reserve ratio. However, the higher reserve ratio, the faster speed of economic convergence.
