Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is common among people with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the proportion of MS and its individual components among type 2 diabetic adults, to stratify the...Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is common among people with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the proportion of MS and its individual components among type 2 diabetic adults, to stratify these by gender and to determine their association with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Method: A cross-sectional multicentre study was conducted in public and private sector clinics in Karachi, Pakistan. A pretested structured questionnaire and medical records were used to collect information from 889 people with type 2 diabetes after informed consent. Chi-square test and odds ratios with 95% CI were used to assess the association of MS, its components and IHD. Adjusted odds ratios were used to evaluate the differences of MS and its components by gender. Results: In all, 70% of the participants had MS. The likelihood of having IHD among those with MS was higher (OR = 3.21;95%CI = 2.22 - 4.65). Of the individual MS components, obesity conferred the strongest association with IHD (OR = 2.57;95%CI = 1.91 - 3.43). Multivariate analysis showed an increased proportion of MS among women (AOR = 1.63;95%CI = 1.18 - 2.24). Of the individual MS components, women had a higher prevalence of obesity (AOR = 4.70;95%CI = 3.30 - 6.70). Conclusion: A very high burden of MS among type 2 diabetics has been identified in this study. Dedicated interventions are needed to prevent/delay the onset of MS and the associated morbidity and mortality.展开更多
Background: The long-term outcomes of patients with chronic pain treated in a multidisciplinary pain management center remain variable. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the changes in outcomes of patient’s self...Background: The long-term outcomes of patients with chronic pain treated in a multidisciplinary pain management center remain variable. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the changes in outcomes of patient’s self-reported pain, psychosocial status, health related quality of life and gender differences following treatment in amultidisciplinary pain management centre. Design: A prospective longitudinal cross-sectional study uses questionnaires. Treatment Setting: A pragmatic and individualized patient centered approach in a tertiary level multidisciplinary pain management center. Subjects: Patients with chronic pain referred to the centre from 2004-2010. Outcome Measures: Pain Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Pain Temporal Description (1 - 6), Pain Self- Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and Short Form-36 (SF- 36). Follow-up questionnaires were sent at 6 and 12 months after initial assessment. Results: Mean duration of baseline chronic pain was 8.1 years and 61% of chronic pains were involving the musculoskeletal system. At 6 and 12 month follow-ups, 273 and 180 participants had been surveyed respectively. At 6-month follow-up, there were significant improvements on pain intensity (Cohen’s d = 0.8), pain self-efficacy (Cohen’s d = 0.47), depression and stress scores (Cohen’s d = 0.16) and six out of eight domains of SF-36 (Cohen’s d = 0.2 - 0.4). At 12-month follow-up, improvements were maintained on pain intensity, self-efficacy and three out of eight domains of SF-36. There were distinctive pre- and post-treatment gender differences in these outcomes and overall females showed better short- and long-term outcomes than males. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary pain management using an individualized patient centered approach remains an effective treatment for chronic pain in both the short- (6 month) and long-term (12 month). The distinctive pre- and post-treatment gender differences particularly in the psychological outcomes, suggest that it may be beneficial to further delineate and better manage vulnerable patient subgroups.展开更多
This study examined gender differences in modal choice among residents of coastal communities of Yenagoa metropolis in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The Four-Step model of transportation planning and modal choice provided t...This study examined gender differences in modal choice among residents of coastal communities of Yenagoa metropolis in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The Four-Step model of transportation planning and modal choice provided the theoretical basis for this study. A survey research design involving a stratified sampling technique was adopted. The descriptives on transport modes, amount and time spent revealed that 10 (76.9%) males and 3 (23.1%) females preferred bicycle as means of transportation, 7 (58.3%) males and 5 (41.7%) females preferred motorcycle, while a significant proportion 90 (53.9%) males and 77 (46.1%) females preferred tricycle, 80 (63.0%) males and 47 (37.0%) females preferred cars/taxis, and 12 (46.2%) males and 14 (53.8%) females preferred mass transit bus. However, 14 (46.7%) males and 16 (53.3%) females in marshy terrain and coastal locations preferred canoes and boats. The result of the logistic regression model revealed that gender modal preference is more likely to be influenced by mode of transportation with a beta weight of 1.140, safety considerations 1.139, ownership of transport 1.135 and distance to place of work 1.073. Hence, this study recommends that a combination of these factors should be incorporated into transport planning to achieve effective transport planning and sustainable development in the Yenagoa metropolis.展开更多
Objectives:Suicidal ideation is a strong predictor of suicide deaths,which refers to the consideration or desire to give up one's own life.Left-behind children in rural China are more vulnerable to psychological p...Objectives:Suicidal ideation is a strong predictor of suicide deaths,which refers to the consideration or desire to give up one's own life.Left-behind children in rural China are more vulnerable to psychological problems and suicidal ideation compared to their non-left-behind peers.The aim of the current study was to examine two potential protective factors,negotiable fate belief and coping self-efficacy,and to test the mediating role of coping self-efficacy in the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation.We also analyzed gender differences in this mediation model.Methods:Across-sectional survey was conducted in rural areas ofChina.A sample of 526 left-behind children(285 males,54.18%;241 females,45.82%;Meanage=13.29 years,SD=0.97 years)was recruited to complete the Negotiable Fate Belief Scale,Coping Self-Efficacy Scale,and the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory-Negative Scale.We used structural equation modeling to test the mediation model and multigroup analysis to test the moderation effect of gender.Results:Negotiable fate belief is negatively correlated with suicidal ideation(r=-0.13,p<0.01).Moreover,coping self-efficacy mediates the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation(β=-0.06,95%confidence interval(CI)[-0.12,-0.02]),accounting for 35.29%of the total effect.Finally,the mediating effect of coping self-efficacy was found to be significant only for female left-behind children(male:95%CI[-0.09,0.07];female:95%CI[-0.16,-0.01]).For female left-behind children,the mediating effect was complete,with a coefficient of-0.06,accounting for 85.71%of the total effect.Conclusions:The relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation among rural left-behind children is mediated by coping self-efficacy,and this mediation effect was moderated by gender.This study provides a theoretical explanation for how cultivating the belief in negotiable fate and coping self-efficacy is effective for reducing suicidal ideation of rural left-behind children.展开更多
Background: Self-efficacy has been identified as an important determinant of youth's behavior change including physical activity(PA) participation. However, the dimensionality check of a PA self-efficacy scale has...Background: Self-efficacy has been identified as an important determinant of youth's behavior change including physical activity(PA) participation. However, the dimensionality check of a PA self-efficacy scale has rarely been conducted in China. The current study aims to examine(1) the unidimensionality of a shortened Chinese version of PA self-efficacy scale(S-PASESC);(2) the measurement invariance of S-PASESC across gender and levels of education;(3) the latent factor mean difference between gender and levels of education;(4) the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA by different gender and education levels; and(5) the comparisons of the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA across gender and education levels.Methods: The participants were 5 th through 11 th grade public school students recruited from 7 cities located in different geographic regions of China. The final data include a total of 3003 participants(49.7% boys) who have completed the scales.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) test supported the unidimensionality of S-PASESC. The S-PASESC is invariant across gender and 3 levels of education at both configural, full metric, and full scalar levels. Findings from latent mean comparisons showed that boys reported higher PA self-efficacy than girls. Students' perceived PA self-efficacy tend to decrease from elementary to high school. Finally, self-efficacy positively related to PA by groups of different gender and education levels and the relationship between self-efficacy and PA is stronger among middle school boys than girls.Conclusion: Findings suggest S-PASESC is a valid scale for measuring Chinese students' PA self-efficacy.展开更多
Research has identified factors (assets) that protect youth from engaging in risk behaviors including alcohol use. Very little research has examined asset/nonuse of alcohol associations by youth gender or determined i...Research has identified factors (assets) that protect youth from engaging in risk behaviors including alcohol use. Very little research has examined asset/nonuse of alcohol associations by youth gender or determined if asset/nonuse of alcohol associations are influenced by the neighborhood environment. The purpose of the study was to determine if multiple youth assets and neighborhood factors are differentially associated with youth nonuse of alcohol by gender. Method: Five waves of data were collected annually from households (N = 1111) randomly selected to participate in the Youth Asset Study. Seventeen assets and 6 neighborhood factors assessed at waves 1 - 4 were analyzed longitudinally using marginal logistic regression to predict nonuse of alcohol at waves 2 - 5. Results: Sample mean age was 14.3 years, 52% female;39% white, 28% Hispanic, 23% African-American, and 9% other. Numerous assets were prospec- tively associated with alcohol nonuse for females (12 assets) and males (16 assets). Three assets were significantly more protective from alcohol use for males compared to females. Final modeling indicated that three assets were protective from alcohol use for both genders and that one asset was protective only for males. There were no significant associations between the neighborhood variables and nonuse of alcohol, and the neighborhood variables did not influence the asset/nonuse of alcohol associations. Conclusions: Youth assets appear to protect both genders from future alcohol use but males may benefit even more from asset-building prevention programming. Youth alcohol use and alcohol nonuse/asset associations may not be influenced by the neighborhood environment.展开更多
This essay,in light of recent studies in foreign language teaching and learning by gender,try to explore the causes why boys are underachieved in language learning from a world-wide perspective and accordingly identif...This essay,in light of recent studies in foreign language teaching and learning by gender,try to explore the causes why boys are underachieved in language learning from a world-wide perspective and accordingly identify what clues for good practice already exist and to offer some tentative suggestions to help the"failing boys".展开更多
Men and women are different from each other in many aspects, including in language. In order to analyze the differences of male and female people's language in vocabulary and styles, two corpora have been built: o...Men and women are different from each other in many aspects, including in language. In order to analyze the differences of male and female people's language in vocabulary and styles, two corpora have been built: one is the female main characters' lines of some episodes of Friends; and the other is the male main characters'. Taking Brown corpus as the reference corpus, a list of keywords for the two corpora, as well as frequencies of words, have been worked out respectively, by applying AntConc. Concordances and contexts also have been analyzed. The findings show that women use more interjection and hedges than men. What's more, women tend to be more cooperative than men in conversations. Additionally, women's words are less decisive when com-pared to men's. The results of this paper could give some suggestions in cross gender conversation so as to gain more effective communication.展开更多
Language learning style, serving as one of the elements of individual differences in foreign language learning, has substantial significance of research for EFL teaching. Males' and females' language learning ...Language learning style, serving as one of the elements of individual differences in foreign language learning, has substantial significance of research for EFL teaching. Males' and females' language learning styles are quite different. This paper illustrates the gender differences in language learning styles from sensory, cognitive and personality perspectives, and offers some suggestions for EFL teaching.展开更多
Background: Clopidogrel is a prodrug metabolized by cytochrome P450-2C19. Drugs inhibiting this enzyme might reduce its antiplatelet activity. In order to reduce gastrointestinal bleedings, proton-pump inhibitors are ...Background: Clopidogrel is a prodrug metabolized by cytochrome P450-2C19. Drugs inhibiting this enzyme might reduce its antiplatelet activity. In order to reduce gastrointestinal bleedings, proton-pump inhibitors are usually prescribed in association with clopidogrel. The study aims at assessing the clinical importance of interactions between clopidogrel and inhibitors of CYP2C19. It also aims to evaluate any possible factors that may reduce the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Particular attention was devoted to possible gender differences in responsiveness to treatment with clopidogrel or clopidogrel plus proton-pump inhibitors. This analysis is a retrospective case-control observational study carried out by the University Hospital of Ferrara. Methods: Subjects were patients who had received clopidogrel from 01-01-2008 to 31-12-2008. For them, we analysed hospital admissions and data of drug prescriptions relative to dispensing of drugs cytochrome P-450-2C19 inhibitors. Patients were subdivided into case and control groups based on the occurrence or not of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular secondary events during therapy with clopidogrel. Results: The study focused on 781 patients, 20.1% of which (n.157) experienced secondary effects. The mean age is 70 years old. Men (67% of the analyzed population) experienced secondary events more than women (OR 1.54;CI 95% 1.04 - 2.28;p < 0.03). 70% of patients took PPIs and we noticed that the risk of secondary events increased by 2.2% with respect to the remaining patients (20.77% vs 18.57%;OR 1.15;CI 0.78 - 1.70;p = NS). Among PPIs, lansoprazole is the most used. For this subgroup the risk is 5.2% higher (risk in those exposed of 23.75% vs 18.57% in those not exposed;or 1.37, 95% CI 0.92 - 2.03;p = NS). The interaction with PPIs is particularly interesting only among women, with a risk 6.3% higher (17.46% exposed, 11.11% non exposed). The risk remains the same among men. Conclusions: Analyzed data show an increase in cardiovascular or cerebral secondary events for patients exposed to PPIs. It also demonstrated the existence of differrent gender in therapeutic response to clopidogrel.展开更多
In the competitive retail industry of the digital era,data-driven insights into gender-specific customer behavior are essential.They support the optimization of store performance,layout design,product placement,and ta...In the competitive retail industry of the digital era,data-driven insights into gender-specific customer behavior are essential.They support the optimization of store performance,layout design,product placement,and targeted marketing.However,existing computer vision solutions often rely on facial recognition to gather such insights,raising significant privacy and ethical concerns.To address these issues,this paper presents a privacypreserving customer analytics system through two key strategies.First,we deploy a deep learning framework using YOLOv9s,trained on the RCA-TVGender dataset.Cameras are positioned perpendicular to observation areas to reduce facial visibility while maintaining accurate gender classification.Second,we apply AES-128 encryption to customer position data,ensuring secure access and regulatory compliance.Our system achieved overall performance,with 81.5%mAP@50,77.7%precision,and 75.7%recall.Moreover,a 90-min observational study confirmed the system’s ability to generate privacy-protected heatmaps revealing distinct behavioral patterns between male and female customers.For instance,women spent more time in certain areas and showed interest in different products.These results confirm the system’s effectiveness in enabling personalized layout and marketing strategies without compromising privacy.展开更多
The present research aims to find out(1) What are gender differences of Meta-cognitive Strategy Use and Listening Achievement(2) What are the correlation between male and female students'meta-cognitive strategy us...The present research aims to find out(1) What are gender differences of Meta-cognitive Strategy Use and Listening Achievement(2) What are the correlation between male and female students'meta-cognitive strategy use and their listening achievement.236 subjects,including 153 girls and 83 boys,in a medical university located in Guangxi participate in the research.The results show:(1) both male and female have significant differences in their use of meta-cognition,planning and evaluating but this is not the case in their listening achievement.Moreover,female obtains higher means in meta-cognitive strategies use and gets higher listening achievement than male;(2) male and female's overall meta-cognition and planning significantly correlate with their listening proficiency and male's correlations are slightly higher than female's;(3) only male high-achievers highly correlates their listening with meta-cognition,monitoring and evaluating at a significant level and just female low-achievers significantly correlate their listening achievement with meta-cognition.展开更多
In recent years,people pay more and more attention to the connection between gender and language.Due to some social reasons and differences in body structure,gender differences no doubt exist.But gender differences in...In recent years,people pay more and more attention to the connection between gender and language.Due to some social reasons and differences in body structure,gender differences no doubt exist.But gender differences in language have changed a little in modern society due to women's elevation of social status and their desire of realizing self-value.In this paper gender differences reflected in modern language hope to be found out on the basis of two public speeches of Hillary and Obama.展开更多
Generally language learning styles are classified as sensory style and cognitive style. This thesis analyzes the different characteristics of male and female college students in their language learning styles,thus put...Generally language learning styles are classified as sensory style and cognitive style. This thesis analyzes the different characteristics of male and female college students in their language learning styles,thus put forwards the strategy of teaching through individuality.展开更多
Sex differences are a fundamental fact of human life and it is not surprising to find them reflected in language. To better study the feminist language, we must contrast it with male language to protrude its specialty.
The obesity epidemic continues to challenge global cardiovascular(CV)health,but not all obesity is equal.Emerging evidence underscores that distinct obesity phenotypes—particularly metabolically healthy vs unhealthy ...The obesity epidemic continues to challenge global cardiovascular(CV)health,but not all obesity is equal.Emerging evidence underscores that distinct obesity phenotypes—particularly metabolically healthy vs unhealthy profiles—confer differential CV risks.Recent large-scale studies have revealed that even metabol-ically healthy obesity(MHO)is associated with an increased risk of adverse CV events,particularly in the context of socioeconomic disadvantage.Central is the role of chronic low-grade inflammation,termed“metaflammation”,which can persist even in the absence of overt metabolic syndrome and is shaped by both gender and fat distribution.Epicardial and visceral adiposity contribute to this pro-inflammatory state and are strongly associated with conditions such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation.Notably,aging and hormonal changes,particularly in women,may destabilize MHO status,increasing CV vulnerability over time.This overview calls for a paradigm shift in cardiometabolic care,moving beyond anthropometric parameters toward a more refined assessment that incorporate inflammatory biomarkers,fat distribution and sex-specific factors.Recognizing these underlying biological and phenotypic differences enables more accurate CV risk stratification and supports the development of precision-based therapeutic strategies.Ultimately,understanding not just who is at risk,but why,is essential to improving prevention and outcomes across diverse populations facing the bur-den of obesity.展开更多
This thesis makes a hypothesis there exist gender differences in autonomous learning after make a review of related researches in and abroad.The writer uses questionnaire to make an investigation of students in Rizhao...This thesis makes a hypothesis there exist gender differences in autonomous learning after make a review of related researches in and abroad.The writer uses questionnaire to make an investigation of students in Rizhao Economics and Trade School.The research re sults show that males and females do have differences in setting up self-learning objectives,making learning plans,state of learning,taking notes in class,participating in class discussions and so on.At last,the writer points out the limitations of this research and give suggestions for future research.展开更多
Due to the worldwide epidemic of obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) has become the most com-mon cause of elevated liver enzymes. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver injury ranging from simple steato-sis...Due to the worldwide epidemic of obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) has become the most com-mon cause of elevated liver enzymes. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver injury ranging from simple steato-sis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) which may progress to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Individuals with NAFLD, especially those with metabolic syndrome, have higher overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and liver-related mortality compared with the general population. According to the population-based studies, NAFLD and NASH are more prevalent in males and in Hispanics. Both the gender and racial ethnic differences in NAFLD and NASH are likely attributed to interaction between environmental, behavioral, and genetic fac-tors. Using genome-wide association studies, several genetic variants have been identified to be associated with NAFLD/NASH. However, these variants account for only a small amount of variation in hepatic steatosis among ethnic groups and may serve as modifiers of the natural history of NAFLD. Alternatively, these variants may not be the causative variants but simply markers representing a larger body of genetic variations. In this article, we provide a concise review of the gender and racial differences in the prevalence of NAFLD and NASHin adults. We also discuss the possible mechanisms for these disparities.展开更多
Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries owing to cost-effective potassium resources and a suitable redox potential of-2.93 V(vs.-3.04 V for Li+/Li).However,the explo...Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries owing to cost-effective potassium resources and a suitable redox potential of-2.93 V(vs.-3.04 V for Li+/Li).However,the exploration of appro-priate electrode materials with the correct size for reversibly accommodating large K+ions presents a significant challenge.In addition,the reaction mecha-nisms and origins of enhanced performance remain elusive.Here,tetragonal FeSe nanoflakes of different sizes are designed to serve as an anode for PIBs,and their live and atomic-scale potassiation/depotassiation mechanisms are revealed for the first time through in situ high-resolution transmission electron micros-copy.We found that FeSe undergoes two distinct structural evolutions,sequen-tially characterized by intercalation and conversion reactions,and the initial intercalation behavior is size-dependent.Apparent expansion induced by the intercalation of K+ions is observed in small-sized FeSe nanoflakes,whereas unexpected cracks are formed along the direction of ionic diffusion in large-sized nanoflakes.The significant stress generation and crack extension originating from the combined effect of mechanical and electrochemical interactions are elucidated by geometric phase analysis and finite-element analysis.Despite the different intercalation behaviors,the formed products of Fe and K_(2)Se after full potassiation can be converted back into the original FeSe phase upon depotassiation.In particular,small-sized nanoflakes exhibit better cycling perfor-mance with well-maintained structural integrity.This article presents the first successful demonstration of atomic-scale visualization that can reveal size-dependent potassiation dynamics.Moreover,it provides valuable guidelines for optimizing the dimensions of electrode materials for advanced PIBs.展开更多
文摘Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is common among people with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the proportion of MS and its individual components among type 2 diabetic adults, to stratify these by gender and to determine their association with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Method: A cross-sectional multicentre study was conducted in public and private sector clinics in Karachi, Pakistan. A pretested structured questionnaire and medical records were used to collect information from 889 people with type 2 diabetes after informed consent. Chi-square test and odds ratios with 95% CI were used to assess the association of MS, its components and IHD. Adjusted odds ratios were used to evaluate the differences of MS and its components by gender. Results: In all, 70% of the participants had MS. The likelihood of having IHD among those with MS was higher (OR = 3.21;95%CI = 2.22 - 4.65). Of the individual MS components, obesity conferred the strongest association with IHD (OR = 2.57;95%CI = 1.91 - 3.43). Multivariate analysis showed an increased proportion of MS among women (AOR = 1.63;95%CI = 1.18 - 2.24). Of the individual MS components, women had a higher prevalence of obesity (AOR = 4.70;95%CI = 3.30 - 6.70). Conclusion: A very high burden of MS among type 2 diabetics has been identified in this study. Dedicated interventions are needed to prevent/delay the onset of MS and the associated morbidity and mortality.
文摘Background: The long-term outcomes of patients with chronic pain treated in a multidisciplinary pain management center remain variable. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the changes in outcomes of patient’s self-reported pain, psychosocial status, health related quality of life and gender differences following treatment in amultidisciplinary pain management centre. Design: A prospective longitudinal cross-sectional study uses questionnaires. Treatment Setting: A pragmatic and individualized patient centered approach in a tertiary level multidisciplinary pain management center. Subjects: Patients with chronic pain referred to the centre from 2004-2010. Outcome Measures: Pain Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Pain Temporal Description (1 - 6), Pain Self- Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and Short Form-36 (SF- 36). Follow-up questionnaires were sent at 6 and 12 months after initial assessment. Results: Mean duration of baseline chronic pain was 8.1 years and 61% of chronic pains were involving the musculoskeletal system. At 6 and 12 month follow-ups, 273 and 180 participants had been surveyed respectively. At 6-month follow-up, there were significant improvements on pain intensity (Cohen’s d = 0.8), pain self-efficacy (Cohen’s d = 0.47), depression and stress scores (Cohen’s d = 0.16) and six out of eight domains of SF-36 (Cohen’s d = 0.2 - 0.4). At 12-month follow-up, improvements were maintained on pain intensity, self-efficacy and three out of eight domains of SF-36. There were distinctive pre- and post-treatment gender differences in these outcomes and overall females showed better short- and long-term outcomes than males. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary pain management using an individualized patient centered approach remains an effective treatment for chronic pain in both the short- (6 month) and long-term (12 month). The distinctive pre- and post-treatment gender differences particularly in the psychological outcomes, suggest that it may be beneficial to further delineate and better manage vulnerable patient subgroups.
文摘This study examined gender differences in modal choice among residents of coastal communities of Yenagoa metropolis in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The Four-Step model of transportation planning and modal choice provided the theoretical basis for this study. A survey research design involving a stratified sampling technique was adopted. The descriptives on transport modes, amount and time spent revealed that 10 (76.9%) males and 3 (23.1%) females preferred bicycle as means of transportation, 7 (58.3%) males and 5 (41.7%) females preferred motorcycle, while a significant proportion 90 (53.9%) males and 77 (46.1%) females preferred tricycle, 80 (63.0%) males and 47 (37.0%) females preferred cars/taxis, and 12 (46.2%) males and 14 (53.8%) females preferred mass transit bus. However, 14 (46.7%) males and 16 (53.3%) females in marshy terrain and coastal locations preferred canoes and boats. The result of the logistic regression model revealed that gender modal preference is more likely to be influenced by mode of transportation with a beta weight of 1.140, safety considerations 1.139, ownership of transport 1.135 and distance to place of work 1.073. Hence, this study recommends that a combination of these factors should be incorporated into transport planning to achieve effective transport planning and sustainable development in the Yenagoa metropolis.
基金funded by the 2023Laibin City Philosophy and Social Science Research Project(No.2023LBZS035)2024Guangxi Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project(No.S202411546046X)2025 Research Project of Guangxi Science&Technology Normal University(No.GXKS2025YB020).
文摘Objectives:Suicidal ideation is a strong predictor of suicide deaths,which refers to the consideration or desire to give up one's own life.Left-behind children in rural China are more vulnerable to psychological problems and suicidal ideation compared to their non-left-behind peers.The aim of the current study was to examine two potential protective factors,negotiable fate belief and coping self-efficacy,and to test the mediating role of coping self-efficacy in the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation.We also analyzed gender differences in this mediation model.Methods:Across-sectional survey was conducted in rural areas ofChina.A sample of 526 left-behind children(285 males,54.18%;241 females,45.82%;Meanage=13.29 years,SD=0.97 years)was recruited to complete the Negotiable Fate Belief Scale,Coping Self-Efficacy Scale,and the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory-Negative Scale.We used structural equation modeling to test the mediation model and multigroup analysis to test the moderation effect of gender.Results:Negotiable fate belief is negatively correlated with suicidal ideation(r=-0.13,p<0.01).Moreover,coping self-efficacy mediates the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation(β=-0.06,95%confidence interval(CI)[-0.12,-0.02]),accounting for 35.29%of the total effect.Finally,the mediating effect of coping self-efficacy was found to be significant only for female left-behind children(male:95%CI[-0.09,0.07];female:95%CI[-0.16,-0.01]).For female left-behind children,the mediating effect was complete,with a coefficient of-0.06,accounting for 85.71%of the total effect.Conclusions:The relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation among rural left-behind children is mediated by coping self-efficacy,and this mediation effect was moderated by gender.This study provides a theoretical explanation for how cultivating the belief in negotiable fate and coping self-efficacy is effective for reducing suicidal ideation of rural left-behind children.
基金supported by a grant from the National Social Science Foundation of China (No. 13CTY031)
文摘Background: Self-efficacy has been identified as an important determinant of youth's behavior change including physical activity(PA) participation. However, the dimensionality check of a PA self-efficacy scale has rarely been conducted in China. The current study aims to examine(1) the unidimensionality of a shortened Chinese version of PA self-efficacy scale(S-PASESC);(2) the measurement invariance of S-PASESC across gender and levels of education;(3) the latent factor mean difference between gender and levels of education;(4) the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA by different gender and education levels; and(5) the comparisons of the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA across gender and education levels.Methods: The participants were 5 th through 11 th grade public school students recruited from 7 cities located in different geographic regions of China. The final data include a total of 3003 participants(49.7% boys) who have completed the scales.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) test supported the unidimensionality of S-PASESC. The S-PASESC is invariant across gender and 3 levels of education at both configural, full metric, and full scalar levels. Findings from latent mean comparisons showed that boys reported higher PA self-efficacy than girls. Students' perceived PA self-efficacy tend to decrease from elementary to high school. Finally, self-efficacy positively related to PA by groups of different gender and education levels and the relationship between self-efficacy and PA is stronger among middle school boys than girls.Conclusion: Findings suggest S-PASESC is a valid scale for measuring Chinese students' PA self-efficacy.
文摘Research has identified factors (assets) that protect youth from engaging in risk behaviors including alcohol use. Very little research has examined asset/nonuse of alcohol associations by youth gender or determined if asset/nonuse of alcohol associations are influenced by the neighborhood environment. The purpose of the study was to determine if multiple youth assets and neighborhood factors are differentially associated with youth nonuse of alcohol by gender. Method: Five waves of data were collected annually from households (N = 1111) randomly selected to participate in the Youth Asset Study. Seventeen assets and 6 neighborhood factors assessed at waves 1 - 4 were analyzed longitudinally using marginal logistic regression to predict nonuse of alcohol at waves 2 - 5. Results: Sample mean age was 14.3 years, 52% female;39% white, 28% Hispanic, 23% African-American, and 9% other. Numerous assets were prospec- tively associated with alcohol nonuse for females (12 assets) and males (16 assets). Three assets were significantly more protective from alcohol use for males compared to females. Final modeling indicated that three assets were protective from alcohol use for both genders and that one asset was protective only for males. There were no significant associations between the neighborhood variables and nonuse of alcohol, and the neighborhood variables did not influence the asset/nonuse of alcohol associations. Conclusions: Youth assets appear to protect both genders from future alcohol use but males may benefit even more from asset-building prevention programming. Youth alcohol use and alcohol nonuse/asset associations may not be influenced by the neighborhood environment.
文摘This essay,in light of recent studies in foreign language teaching and learning by gender,try to explore the causes why boys are underachieved in language learning from a world-wide perspective and accordingly identify what clues for good practice already exist and to offer some tentative suggestions to help the"failing boys".
文摘Men and women are different from each other in many aspects, including in language. In order to analyze the differences of male and female people's language in vocabulary and styles, two corpora have been built: one is the female main characters' lines of some episodes of Friends; and the other is the male main characters'. Taking Brown corpus as the reference corpus, a list of keywords for the two corpora, as well as frequencies of words, have been worked out respectively, by applying AntConc. Concordances and contexts also have been analyzed. The findings show that women use more interjection and hedges than men. What's more, women tend to be more cooperative than men in conversations. Additionally, women's words are less decisive when com-pared to men's. The results of this paper could give some suggestions in cross gender conversation so as to gain more effective communication.
文摘Language learning style, serving as one of the elements of individual differences in foreign language learning, has substantial significance of research for EFL teaching. Males' and females' language learning styles are quite different. This paper illustrates the gender differences in language learning styles from sensory, cognitive and personality perspectives, and offers some suggestions for EFL teaching.
文摘Background: Clopidogrel is a prodrug metabolized by cytochrome P450-2C19. Drugs inhibiting this enzyme might reduce its antiplatelet activity. In order to reduce gastrointestinal bleedings, proton-pump inhibitors are usually prescribed in association with clopidogrel. The study aims at assessing the clinical importance of interactions between clopidogrel and inhibitors of CYP2C19. It also aims to evaluate any possible factors that may reduce the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Particular attention was devoted to possible gender differences in responsiveness to treatment with clopidogrel or clopidogrel plus proton-pump inhibitors. This analysis is a retrospective case-control observational study carried out by the University Hospital of Ferrara. Methods: Subjects were patients who had received clopidogrel from 01-01-2008 to 31-12-2008. For them, we analysed hospital admissions and data of drug prescriptions relative to dispensing of drugs cytochrome P-450-2C19 inhibitors. Patients were subdivided into case and control groups based on the occurrence or not of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular secondary events during therapy with clopidogrel. Results: The study focused on 781 patients, 20.1% of which (n.157) experienced secondary effects. The mean age is 70 years old. Men (67% of the analyzed population) experienced secondary events more than women (OR 1.54;CI 95% 1.04 - 2.28;p < 0.03). 70% of patients took PPIs and we noticed that the risk of secondary events increased by 2.2% with respect to the remaining patients (20.77% vs 18.57%;OR 1.15;CI 0.78 - 1.70;p = NS). Among PPIs, lansoprazole is the most used. For this subgroup the risk is 5.2% higher (risk in those exposed of 23.75% vs 18.57% in those not exposed;or 1.37, 95% CI 0.92 - 2.03;p = NS). The interaction with PPIs is particularly interesting only among women, with a risk 6.3% higher (17.46% exposed, 11.11% non exposed). The risk remains the same among men. Conclusions: Analyzed data show an increase in cardiovascular or cerebral secondary events for patients exposed to PPIs. It also demonstrated the existence of differrent gender in therapeutic response to clopidogrel.
文摘In the competitive retail industry of the digital era,data-driven insights into gender-specific customer behavior are essential.They support the optimization of store performance,layout design,product placement,and targeted marketing.However,existing computer vision solutions often rely on facial recognition to gather such insights,raising significant privacy and ethical concerns.To address these issues,this paper presents a privacypreserving customer analytics system through two key strategies.First,we deploy a deep learning framework using YOLOv9s,trained on the RCA-TVGender dataset.Cameras are positioned perpendicular to observation areas to reduce facial visibility while maintaining accurate gender classification.Second,we apply AES-128 encryption to customer position data,ensuring secure access and regulatory compliance.Our system achieved overall performance,with 81.5%mAP@50,77.7%precision,and 75.7%recall.Moreover,a 90-min observational study confirmed the system’s ability to generate privacy-protected heatmaps revealing distinct behavioral patterns between male and female customers.For instance,women spent more time in certain areas and showed interest in different products.These results confirm the system’s effectiveness in enabling personalized layout and marketing strategies without compromising privacy.
文摘The present research aims to find out(1) What are gender differences of Meta-cognitive Strategy Use and Listening Achievement(2) What are the correlation between male and female students'meta-cognitive strategy use and their listening achievement.236 subjects,including 153 girls and 83 boys,in a medical university located in Guangxi participate in the research.The results show:(1) both male and female have significant differences in their use of meta-cognition,planning and evaluating but this is not the case in their listening achievement.Moreover,female obtains higher means in meta-cognitive strategies use and gets higher listening achievement than male;(2) male and female's overall meta-cognition and planning significantly correlate with their listening proficiency and male's correlations are slightly higher than female's;(3) only male high-achievers highly correlates their listening with meta-cognition,monitoring and evaluating at a significant level and just female low-achievers significantly correlate their listening achievement with meta-cognition.
文摘In recent years,people pay more and more attention to the connection between gender and language.Due to some social reasons and differences in body structure,gender differences no doubt exist.But gender differences in language have changed a little in modern society due to women's elevation of social status and their desire of realizing self-value.In this paper gender differences reflected in modern language hope to be found out on the basis of two public speeches of Hillary and Obama.
文摘Generally language learning styles are classified as sensory style and cognitive style. This thesis analyzes the different characteristics of male and female college students in their language learning styles,thus put forwards the strategy of teaching through individuality.
文摘Sex differences are a fundamental fact of human life and it is not surprising to find them reflected in language. To better study the feminist language, we must contrast it with male language to protrude its specialty.
文摘The obesity epidemic continues to challenge global cardiovascular(CV)health,but not all obesity is equal.Emerging evidence underscores that distinct obesity phenotypes—particularly metabolically healthy vs unhealthy profiles—confer differential CV risks.Recent large-scale studies have revealed that even metabol-ically healthy obesity(MHO)is associated with an increased risk of adverse CV events,particularly in the context of socioeconomic disadvantage.Central is the role of chronic low-grade inflammation,termed“metaflammation”,which can persist even in the absence of overt metabolic syndrome and is shaped by both gender and fat distribution.Epicardial and visceral adiposity contribute to this pro-inflammatory state and are strongly associated with conditions such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation.Notably,aging and hormonal changes,particularly in women,may destabilize MHO status,increasing CV vulnerability over time.This overview calls for a paradigm shift in cardiometabolic care,moving beyond anthropometric parameters toward a more refined assessment that incorporate inflammatory biomarkers,fat distribution and sex-specific factors.Recognizing these underlying biological and phenotypic differences enables more accurate CV risk stratification and supports the development of precision-based therapeutic strategies.Ultimately,understanding not just who is at risk,but why,is essential to improving prevention and outcomes across diverse populations facing the bur-den of obesity.
文摘This thesis makes a hypothesis there exist gender differences in autonomous learning after make a review of related researches in and abroad.The writer uses questionnaire to make an investigation of students in Rizhao Economics and Trade School.The research re sults show that males and females do have differences in setting up self-learning objectives,making learning plans,state of learning,taking notes in class,participating in class discussions and so on.At last,the writer points out the limitations of this research and give suggestions for future research.
文摘Due to the worldwide epidemic of obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) has become the most com-mon cause of elevated liver enzymes. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver injury ranging from simple steato-sis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) which may progress to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Individuals with NAFLD, especially those with metabolic syndrome, have higher overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and liver-related mortality compared with the general population. According to the population-based studies, NAFLD and NASH are more prevalent in males and in Hispanics. Both the gender and racial ethnic differences in NAFLD and NASH are likely attributed to interaction between environmental, behavioral, and genetic fac-tors. Using genome-wide association studies, several genetic variants have been identified to be associated with NAFLD/NASH. However, these variants account for only a small amount of variation in hepatic steatosis among ethnic groups and may serve as modifiers of the natural history of NAFLD. Alternatively, these variants may not be the causative variants but simply markers representing a larger body of genetic variations. In this article, we provide a concise review of the gender and racial differences in the prevalence of NAFLD and NASHin adults. We also discuss the possible mechanisms for these disparities.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFB1304902)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12004034,U1813211,22005247,11904372,51502007,52072323,52122211,12174019,and 51972058)+1 种基金the Gen-eral Research Fund of Hong Kong(Project No.11217221)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(Grant No.2021M690386).
文摘Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries owing to cost-effective potassium resources and a suitable redox potential of-2.93 V(vs.-3.04 V for Li+/Li).However,the exploration of appro-priate electrode materials with the correct size for reversibly accommodating large K+ions presents a significant challenge.In addition,the reaction mecha-nisms and origins of enhanced performance remain elusive.Here,tetragonal FeSe nanoflakes of different sizes are designed to serve as an anode for PIBs,and their live and atomic-scale potassiation/depotassiation mechanisms are revealed for the first time through in situ high-resolution transmission electron micros-copy.We found that FeSe undergoes two distinct structural evolutions,sequen-tially characterized by intercalation and conversion reactions,and the initial intercalation behavior is size-dependent.Apparent expansion induced by the intercalation of K+ions is observed in small-sized FeSe nanoflakes,whereas unexpected cracks are formed along the direction of ionic diffusion in large-sized nanoflakes.The significant stress generation and crack extension originating from the combined effect of mechanical and electrochemical interactions are elucidated by geometric phase analysis and finite-element analysis.Despite the different intercalation behaviors,the formed products of Fe and K_(2)Se after full potassiation can be converted back into the original FeSe phase upon depotassiation.In particular,small-sized nanoflakes exhibit better cycling perfor-mance with well-maintained structural integrity.This article presents the first successful demonstration of atomic-scale visualization that can reveal size-dependent potassiation dynamics.Moreover,it provides valuable guidelines for optimizing the dimensions of electrode materials for advanced PIBs.
