Seven parents and their 21 Fl diallel crosses of maize were grown under field conditions in the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons on two soils mutually air-distanced 800 m （BI = fluvisol and B2 = stagnic albeluvisol; pH ...Seven parents and their 21 Fl diallel crosses of maize were grown under field conditions in the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons on two soils mutually air-distanced 800 m （BI = fluvisol and B2 = stagnic albeluvisol; pH in KCI = 7.02 and 3.85, humus = 2.75 and 2.02, CaCO3 = 11.4% and 0, for B 1 and B2, respectively）. Also, the B 1 and B2 were differently in NH4Acetate-EDTA soluble fraction （mg.kgl： calcium 25,500 and 2,300; zinc 1.61 and 0.53; cadmium 0.195 and 0.064, respectively）. The experiments were conducted in four replicates （the basic plot 16.8 m2） in a randomized complete block design. The ear-leaf was taken at the beginning of silking and grain samples at maturity. Mean leaf-Cd （mg Cd.kg-t in dry matter） were 0.102 and 0.072, for 2001 and 2002; 0.064 and 0.195, for BI and B2, while differences in level of genotype were from 0.040 to 0.581 （the parents） and from 0.046 to 0.171 （the hybrids）. Six hybrids of Bc707-1 had considerably higher leaf-Cd in comparison with six hybrids of Bc265-1 （means 0.100 and 0.050 respectively）. Grain-Cd was under detectable range （〈 0.040） with exception of Bc707-1 parent on the B2 soil （0.17 mg Cd-kg^-1）.展开更多
Isopycnal analyses were performed on the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System （GODAS） to determine the oceanic processes leading to so-called second-year cooling of the La Nina event.In 2010-12,a horseshoe-like pat...Isopycnal analyses were performed on the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System （GODAS） to determine the oceanic processes leading to so-called second-year cooling of the La Nina event.In 2010-12,a horseshoe-like pattern was seen,connecting negative temperature anomalies off and on the Equator,with a dominant influence from the South Pacific.During the 2010 La Nina event,warm waters piled up at subsurface depths in the western tropical Pacific.Beginning in early 2011,these warm subsurface anomalies propagated along the Equator toward the eastern basin,acting to reverse the sign of sea surface temperature （SST） anomalies （SSTAs） there and initiate a warm SSTA.However,throughout early 2011,pronounced negative anomalies persisted off the Equator in the subsurface depths of the South Pacific.As isopycnal surfaces outcropped in the central equatorial Pacific,negative anomalies from the subsurface spread upward along with mean circulation pathways,naturally initializing a cold SSTA.In the summer,a cold SSTA reappeared in the central basin,which subsequently strengthened due to the off-equatorial effects mostly in the South Pacific.These SSTAs acted to initiate local coupled air-sea interactions,generating atmospheric-oceanic anomalies that developed and evolved with the second-year cooling in the fall of 2011.However,the cooling tendency in mid-2012 did not develop into another La Nina event,since the cold anomalies in the South Pacific were not strong enough.An analysis of the 2007-09 La Nina event revealed similar processes to the 2010-12 La Nina event.展开更多
Objective To define TB control priorities using cost-effectiveness and burden of disease.Methods An assumed cohort of 2 000 cases was set up based on age-specific incidence of 794 newly registered smear-positive cas...Objective To define TB control priorities using cost-effectiveness and burden of disease.Methods An assumed cohort of 2 000 cases was set up based on age-specific incidence of 794 newly registered smear-positive cases in Beijing in1994.Prognostic trees and model diagrams of infectivity with natural history and DOTS intervention were constructed based on the epidemiological parameters.Results DOTS reduced 89.19% of YLL,78.90% of YLD,and 99.98% of infectivity BOD.One DALY could be saved with 45.70% Yuan by DOTS with 3% discount.Sensitivity analysis showed that discount had effect on CER.Weight of age was insensitive to CER.The higher the DOTS coured rate,the more the cost-effectiveness.Conclusions DOTS is a good cost-effectiveness TB control strategy.Cost-effectiveness and burden of disease can be used to define TB control priorities.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the model, quality as well as effect of teaching-in-English in five-year clinical medicine program of Hainan Medical University.Methods: The questionnaire was carried out among clinical medic...Objective: To investigate the model, quality as well as effect of teaching-in-English in five-year clinical medicine program of Hainan Medical University.Methods: The questionnaire was carried out among clinical medicine undergraduates of2012–2015 grades in Hainan Medical University, to investigate studying time, studying habits and the impact of teaching in English. Additionally results of CET-4, CET-6 and overseas internship from undergraduates of 2012–2015 grade, as well as the result of phased medical licensing examination and post-graduate entrance examination from undergraduates of 2012 were accordingly collected from the Teaching Management Department.Results: For the Chinese students in international classes, the average time of self-study was 161.49 min, 58.3% had preview before classes, and 90.7% had habit of review after classes. Thus the first time pass rate, total pass rate, first time excellent rate and total excellent rate of CET-4 and CET-6 of international classes were significantly higher than those of regular classes. The result of post-graduate entrance examination in 2016 showed that the score, pass rate and acceptance rate of international classes of 2012 grade were significantly higher those of regular classes(P < 0.01).Conclusions: Teaching-in-English reform in Hainan Medical University has achieved initial success. Chinese students from international classes are superior to those from regular classes in many aspects. However, there are still many problems, and effective measures should be implemented to promote teaching quality continuously.展开更多
Objective: Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that induces osteoclast apoptosis and inhibits bone resorption. Adding ZOL to neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to have potential anticanc...Objective: Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that induces osteoclast apoptosis and inhibits bone resorption. Adding ZOL to neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to have potential anticancer benefits in women with HER2-negative breast cancer. The objective of the present study was to investigate ZOL’s cost-effectiveness from the perspective of health care payers in Japan. Methods: A Markov model was developed to evaluate the costs and effectiveness associated with ZOL + chemotherapy (CTZ) and chemotherapy (CT) alone over a 10-year time horizon. Monthly transition probabilities were estimated according to JONIE1 (Japan Organization of Neoadjuvant Innovative Expert) Study data and an extrapolated Weibull model. Health outcomes were measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Costs were calculated using year-2018 Japanese yen (JPY) (1.00 US dollars (USD) = 110.4 JPY). Model robustness was addressed through one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. The costs and QALYs were discounted at a rate of 2% per year. Results: In the base case, the use of CTZ was associated with a gain of 3.94 QALYs. The incremental cost per QALY of the CTZ gain was 681,056.1 JPY (6168.99 USD) per QALY. Conclusion: It is convincing that neoadjuvant CTZ for patients with breast cancer would be expected to have statistically significant clinical efficacy. Addition of ZOL to CT might be a cost-effective option compared with CT alone.展开更多
目的探讨大气污染短期暴露与缺血性脑卒中患者寿命损失年(year of life lost,YLL)的关联以及极端温度事件的修饰效应。方法收集2015年1月1日至2019年12月31日淄博市缺血性脑卒中患者死亡数据、同期气象数据和大气污染数据。采用标准寿...目的探讨大气污染短期暴露与缺血性脑卒中患者寿命损失年(year of life lost,YLL)的关联以及极端温度事件的修饰效应。方法收集2015年1月1日至2019年12月31日淄博市缺血性脑卒中患者死亡数据、同期气象数据和大气污染数据。采用标准寿命表计算逐日YLL。采用广义加性模型分析大气污染对缺血性脑卒中患者YLL的短期影响,并进行亚组分析以识别脆弱人群。同时,采用分层分析识别极端温度事件的修饰效应。结果暴露当天和累积滞后1 d的PM_(2.5)与缺血性脑卒中患者YLL呈正向关联,PM_(2.5)浓度每增加10μg/m^(3),缺血性脑卒中患者YLL的变化值分别为0.56(95%CI:0.05~1.07)年和0.66(95%CI:0.06~1.25)年。滞后4 d、累积滞后1、4、5 d的PM10与缺血性脑卒中患者YLL呈正向关联,PM10浓度每增加10μg/m^(3),缺血性脑卒中患者YLL的变化值分别为0.40(95%CI:0.05~0.75)年、0.40(95%CI:0.01~0.79)年、0.67(95%CI:0.12~1.23)年和0.74(95%CI:0.13~1.35)年。O_(3)与缺血性脑卒中患者YLL的关联在全人群中无统计学意义(P>0.05),但是女性和≥65岁人群更易受到O_(3)影响从而导致缺血性脑卒中患者YLL增加。SO_(2)、NO_(2)和CO与缺血性脑卒中患者YLL的关联在全人群和各亚组的效应均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。此外,在冷季(每年10月至次年3月),寒潮可能会掩盖PM_(2.5)的不利健康效应。在特定寒潮定义下,PM_(2.5)的不利健康效应在非寒潮天大于寒潮天,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论短期暴露于PM10和PM_(2.5)可增加本地区居民缺血性脑卒中患者YLL,其中PM_(2.5)在非寒潮日的不利健康影响更强,女性和≥65岁人群对O_(3)暴露更为敏感。改善空气质量有助于预防因缺血性脑卒中而导致的过早死亡,尤其需加强非寒潮日的防护和对脆弱人群的保护。展开更多
文摘Seven parents and their 21 Fl diallel crosses of maize were grown under field conditions in the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons on two soils mutually air-distanced 800 m （BI = fluvisol and B2 = stagnic albeluvisol; pH in KCI = 7.02 and 3.85, humus = 2.75 and 2.02, CaCO3 = 11.4% and 0, for B 1 and B2, respectively）. Also, the B 1 and B2 were differently in NH4Acetate-EDTA soluble fraction （mg.kgl： calcium 25,500 and 2,300; zinc 1.61 and 0.53; cadmium 0.195 and 0.064, respectively）. The experiments were conducted in four replicates （the basic plot 16.8 m2） in a randomized complete block design. The ear-leaf was taken at the beginning of silking and grain samples at maturity. Mean leaf-Cd （mg Cd.kg-t in dry matter） were 0.102 and 0.072, for 2001 and 2002; 0.064 and 0.195, for BI and B2, while differences in level of genotype were from 0.040 to 0.581 （the parents） and from 0.046 to 0.171 （the hybrids）. Six hybrids of Bc707-1 had considerably higher leaf-Cd in comparison with six hybrids of Bc265-1 （means 0.100 and 0.050 respectively）. Grain-Cd was under detectable range （〈 0.040） with exception of Bc707-1 parent on the B2 soil （0.17 mg Cd-kg^-1）.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40906014)the Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project (Grant No. 201205018-2)+4 种基金the National Key Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB950302)the China Scholarship Council (CSC)supported partly by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (Grant No. ATM0727668)NASA (Grant No. NNX08AI74G)the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (Grant No. NA08OAR4310885)
文摘Isopycnal analyses were performed on the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System （GODAS） to determine the oceanic processes leading to so-called second-year cooling of the La Nina event.In 2010-12,a horseshoe-like pattern was seen,connecting negative temperature anomalies off and on the Equator,with a dominant influence from the South Pacific.During the 2010 La Nina event,warm waters piled up at subsurface depths in the western tropical Pacific.Beginning in early 2011,these warm subsurface anomalies propagated along the Equator toward the eastern basin,acting to reverse the sign of sea surface temperature （SST） anomalies （SSTAs） there and initiate a warm SSTA.However,throughout early 2011,pronounced negative anomalies persisted off the Equator in the subsurface depths of the South Pacific.As isopycnal surfaces outcropped in the central equatorial Pacific,negative anomalies from the subsurface spread upward along with mean circulation pathways,naturally initializing a cold SSTA.In the summer,a cold SSTA reappeared in the central basin,which subsequently strengthened due to the off-equatorial effects mostly in the South Pacific.These SSTAs acted to initiate local coupled air-sea interactions,generating atmospheric-oceanic anomalies that developed and evolved with the second-year cooling in the fall of 2011.However,the cooling tendency in mid-2012 did not develop into another La Nina event,since the cold anomalies in the South Pacific were not strong enough.An analysis of the 2007-09 La Nina event revealed similar processes to the 2010-12 La Nina event.
文摘Objective To define TB control priorities using cost-effectiveness and burden of disease.Methods An assumed cohort of 2 000 cases was set up based on age-specific incidence of 794 newly registered smear-positive cases in Beijing in1994.Prognostic trees and model diagrams of infectivity with natural history and DOTS intervention were constructed based on the epidemiological parameters.Results DOTS reduced 89.19% of YLL,78.90% of YLD,and 99.98% of infectivity BOD.One DALY could be saved with 45.70% Yuan by DOTS with 3% discount.Sensitivity analysis showed that discount had effect on CER.Weight of age was insensitive to CER.The higher the DOTS coured rate,the more the cost-effectiveness.Conclusions DOTS is a good cost-effectiveness TB control strategy.Cost-effectiveness and burden of disease can be used to define TB control priorities.
基金supported by Key Research and Development Project of Hainan Province(Grant No ZDXM2017123)
文摘Objective: To investigate the model, quality as well as effect of teaching-in-English in five-year clinical medicine program of Hainan Medical University.Methods: The questionnaire was carried out among clinical medicine undergraduates of2012–2015 grades in Hainan Medical University, to investigate studying time, studying habits and the impact of teaching in English. Additionally results of CET-4, CET-6 and overseas internship from undergraduates of 2012–2015 grade, as well as the result of phased medical licensing examination and post-graduate entrance examination from undergraduates of 2012 were accordingly collected from the Teaching Management Department.Results: For the Chinese students in international classes, the average time of self-study was 161.49 min, 58.3% had preview before classes, and 90.7% had habit of review after classes. Thus the first time pass rate, total pass rate, first time excellent rate and total excellent rate of CET-4 and CET-6 of international classes were significantly higher than those of regular classes. The result of post-graduate entrance examination in 2016 showed that the score, pass rate and acceptance rate of international classes of 2012 grade were significantly higher those of regular classes(P < 0.01).Conclusions: Teaching-in-English reform in Hainan Medical University has achieved initial success. Chinese students from international classes are superior to those from regular classes in many aspects. However, there are still many problems, and effective measures should be implemented to promote teaching quality continuously.
文摘Objective: Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that induces osteoclast apoptosis and inhibits bone resorption. Adding ZOL to neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to have potential anticancer benefits in women with HER2-negative breast cancer. The objective of the present study was to investigate ZOL’s cost-effectiveness from the perspective of health care payers in Japan. Methods: A Markov model was developed to evaluate the costs and effectiveness associated with ZOL + chemotherapy (CTZ) and chemotherapy (CT) alone over a 10-year time horizon. Monthly transition probabilities were estimated according to JONIE1 (Japan Organization of Neoadjuvant Innovative Expert) Study data and an extrapolated Weibull model. Health outcomes were measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Costs were calculated using year-2018 Japanese yen (JPY) (1.00 US dollars (USD) = 110.4 JPY). Model robustness was addressed through one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. The costs and QALYs were discounted at a rate of 2% per year. Results: In the base case, the use of CTZ was associated with a gain of 3.94 QALYs. The incremental cost per QALY of the CTZ gain was 681,056.1 JPY (6168.99 USD) per QALY. Conclusion: It is convincing that neoadjuvant CTZ for patients with breast cancer would be expected to have statistically significant clinical efficacy. Addition of ZOL to CT might be a cost-effective option compared with CT alone.
文摘目的探讨大气污染短期暴露与缺血性脑卒中患者寿命损失年(year of life lost,YLL)的关联以及极端温度事件的修饰效应。方法收集2015年1月1日至2019年12月31日淄博市缺血性脑卒中患者死亡数据、同期气象数据和大气污染数据。采用标准寿命表计算逐日YLL。采用广义加性模型分析大气污染对缺血性脑卒中患者YLL的短期影响,并进行亚组分析以识别脆弱人群。同时,采用分层分析识别极端温度事件的修饰效应。结果暴露当天和累积滞后1 d的PM_(2.5)与缺血性脑卒中患者YLL呈正向关联,PM_(2.5)浓度每增加10μg/m^(3),缺血性脑卒中患者YLL的变化值分别为0.56(95%CI:0.05~1.07)年和0.66(95%CI:0.06~1.25)年。滞后4 d、累积滞后1、4、5 d的PM10与缺血性脑卒中患者YLL呈正向关联,PM10浓度每增加10μg/m^(3),缺血性脑卒中患者YLL的变化值分别为0.40(95%CI:0.05~0.75)年、0.40(95%CI:0.01~0.79)年、0.67(95%CI:0.12~1.23)年和0.74(95%CI:0.13~1.35)年。O_(3)与缺血性脑卒中患者YLL的关联在全人群中无统计学意义(P>0.05),但是女性和≥65岁人群更易受到O_(3)影响从而导致缺血性脑卒中患者YLL增加。SO_(2)、NO_(2)和CO与缺血性脑卒中患者YLL的关联在全人群和各亚组的效应均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。此外,在冷季(每年10月至次年3月),寒潮可能会掩盖PM_(2.5)的不利健康效应。在特定寒潮定义下,PM_(2.5)的不利健康效应在非寒潮天大于寒潮天,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论短期暴露于PM10和PM_(2.5)可增加本地区居民缺血性脑卒中患者YLL,其中PM_(2.5)在非寒潮日的不利健康影响更强,女性和≥65岁人群对O_(3)暴露更为敏感。改善空气质量有助于预防因缺血性脑卒中而导致的过早死亡,尤其需加强非寒潮日的防护和对脆弱人群的保护。
