LEACH (Low-Encrgy Adaptive Clustering Hi-erarchy) protocol is a basic clustering-based routing protocol of sensor networks. In this paper, we present the design of SLEACH, asecure extension for the LEACH protocol. We ...LEACH (Low-Encrgy Adaptive Clustering Hi-erarchy) protocol is a basic clustering-based routing protocol of sensor networks. In this paper, we present the design of SLEACH, asecure extension for the LEACH protocol. We divide SLEACH into four phases and fit inexpensivecryplp-graphic operations to each part of the protocol functionality to create an efficient,practical protocol. Then we give security analyses of SLEACH. Our security analyses show that ourschemeis robust against any external attacker or compromised nodes in the sensor network.展开更多
Presents the new design of a reservation based medium access protocol,dynamic frame packet reservation multiple access (DF PRMA), for wireless ATM environments its mathematic model built, and analysis of such performa...Presents the new design of a reservation based medium access protocol,dynamic frame packet reservation multiple access (DF PRMA), for wireless ATM environments its mathematic model built, and analysis of such performance as delay and channel throughput its adaptbility to the fluctuation of traffic by controlling frame length dynamically and guarantee delay performance by forced collision and special reservarion slot. Thereby providing a limited access delay and QoS level and maintaining a resonable high channel throughput.展开更多
Sensor networks tend to support different traffic patterns since more and more emerging applications have diverse needs. We present MGRP, a Multi-Gradient Routing Protocol for wireless sensor networks, which is fully ...Sensor networks tend to support different traffic patterns since more and more emerging applications have diverse needs. We present MGRP, a Multi-Gradient Routing Protocol for wireless sensor networks, which is fully distributed and efficiently supports endto-end, one-to-many and many-to-one traffic patterns by effectively construct and maintain a gradient vector for each node. We further combine neighbor link estimation with routing information to reduce packet exchange on network dynamics and node failures. We have implemented MGRP on Tiny OS and evaluated its performance on real-world testbeds. The result shows MGRP achieves lower end-to-end packet delay in different traffic patterns compared to the state of the art routing protocols while still remains high packet delivery ratio.展开更多
Reducing the energy consumption of available resources is still a problem to be solved in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Many types of existing routing protocols are developed to save power consumption. In these pro...Reducing the energy consumption of available resources is still a problem to be solved in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Many types of existing routing protocols are developed to save power consumption. In these protocols, cluster-based routing protocols are found to be more energy efficient. A cluster head is selected to aggregate the data received from root nodes and forwards these data to the base station in cluster-based routing. The selection of cluster heads should be efficient to save energy. In our proposed protocol, we use static clustering for the efficient selection of cluster heads. The proposed routing protocol works efficiently in large as well as small areas. For an optimal number of cluster head selection we divide a large sensor field into rectangular clusters. Then these rectangular clusters are further grouped into zones for efficient communication between cluster heads and a base station. We perform MATLAB simulations to observe the network stability, throughput, energy consumption, network lifetime and the number of cluster heads. Our proposed routing protocol outperforms in large areas in comparison with the LEACH, MH-LEACH, and SEP routing protocols.展开更多
This paper provides a deep evaluation of the energy consumption of routing protocols. The evaluation is done along with other metrics such as throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). We introduce two more metrics t...This paper provides a deep evaluation of the energy consumption of routing protocols. The evaluation is done along with other metrics such as throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). We introduce two more metrics to capture the efficiency of the energy consumption: e-throughput and e-PDR. Both are ratios in relation to the energy. We consider the three low layers of the stack. Three types of routing protocols are used: proactive, reactive, and hybrid. At the MAC and PHY layer, three radio types are considered: 802.11a/b/g. Finally, the number of nodes is varying in random topologies, with nodes being static or mobile. Simulations are conducted using NS3. The parameters of a real network interface card are used. From the results in mobile position scenarios, no protocol is outperforming the others;even if OLSR has the lowest energy consumption, most of the time. However, in constant position scenarios, AODV consumed a lower energy, apart from the scenarios using the 802.11a standard where HWMP energy consumption is the lowest. Regarding the energy efficiency, AODV protocols provided the best e-throughput and OLSR the best e-PDR in overall configurations. A framework for selecting energy-efficient routing protocol depending on network characteristics is proposed at the end.展开更多
In wireless ad hoe network environments, every link is wireless and every node is mobile. Those features make data lost easily as well as multicasting inefficient and unreliable. Moreover, Efficient and reliable multi...In wireless ad hoe network environments, every link is wireless and every node is mobile. Those features make data lost easily as well as multicasting inefficient and unreliable. Moreover, Efficient and reliable multicast in wireless ad hoe network is a difficult issue. It is a major challenge to transmission delays and packet losses due to link changes of a multicast tree at the provision of high delivery ratio for each packet transmission in wireless ad hoe network environment. In this paler, we propose and evaluate Reliable Adaptive Multicast Protocol （RAMP） based on a relay node concept. Relay nodes are placed along the multieast tree. Data recovery is done between relay nodes. RAMP supports a reliable multicasting suitable for mobile ad hoe network by reducing the number of packet retransmissions. We compare RAMP with SRM （Scalable Reliable Multicast）. Simulation results show that the RAMP has high delivery ratio and low end-to-end delay for packet transmsission.展开更多
Remote tracking for mobile targets is one of the most important applications in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. A target tracking protoco–exponential distributed predictive tracking （EDPT） is proposed. To reduce...Remote tracking for mobile targets is one of the most important applications in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. A target tracking protoco–exponential distributed predictive tracking （EDPT） is proposed. To reduce energy waste and response time, an improved predictive algorithm–exponential smoothing predictive algorithm （ESPA） is presented. With the aid of an additive proportion and differential （PD） controller, ESPA decreases the system predictive delay effectively. As a recovery mechanism, an optimal searching radius （OSR） algorithm is applied to calculate the optimal radius of the recovery zone. The simulation results validate that the proposed EDPT protocol performes better in terms of track failed ratio, energy waste ratio and enlarged sensing nodes ratio, respectively.展开更多
An efcient hop count route fnding approach for mobile ad hoc network is presented in this paper.It is an adaptive routing protocol that has a tradeof between transmission power and hop count for wireless ad hoc networ...An efcient hop count route fnding approach for mobile ad hoc network is presented in this paper.It is an adaptive routing protocol that has a tradeof between transmission power and hop count for wireless ad hoc networks.During the route fnding process,the node can dynamically assign transmission power to nodes along the route.The node who has received route request message compares its power with the threshold power value,and then selects a reasonable route according to discriminating algorithms.This algorithm is an efective solution scheme to wireless ad hoc networks through reasonably selected path to reduce network consumption.Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol can deliver better performances with respect to energy consumption and end-to-end delay.展开更多
Recently, location-based routings in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting a lot of interest in the research community, especially because of its scalability. In location-based routing, the network size is sc...Recently, location-based routings in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting a lot of interest in the research community, especially because of its scalability. In location-based routing, the network size is scalable without increasing the signalling overhead as routing decisions are inherently localized. Here, each node is aware of its position in the network through some positioning device like GPS and uses this information in the routing mechanism. In this paper, we first discuss the basics of WSNs including the architecture of the network, energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and draw a detailed picture of classification of location-based routing protocols. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of location-based routing protocols, mostly for sensor networks. All the schemes are subsequently discussed in depth. Finally, we conclude the paper with some insights on potential research directions for location-based routing in WSNs.展开更多
The inception of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has brought convenience into many lives with uninterrupted wireless network. The nodes that transmit data consist of heterogeneous and battery equipped sensor nodes (SNs...The inception of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has brought convenience into many lives with uninterrupted wireless network. The nodes that transmit data consist of heterogeneous and battery equipped sensor nodes (SNs) that are deployed randomly for network surveillance. To manage the random deployment of nodes, clustering algorithms are used with efficient routing protocols. This results in aggregation and dropping of redundant data packets that enables flawless data transmission from cluster nodes to Base Station (BS) via Cluster Heads (CHs). In this paper, a dynamic and multi-hop clustering and routing protocol for thorough behavior analysis is proposed, taking distance and energy into consideration. This forms a smooth routing path from the cluster nodes, CHs, Sub-CHs to the BS. On comparing proposed process with the existing system, experimental analysis shows a significant enhancement in the performance of network lifetime, with improved data aggregation, throughput, as the protocol showing deterministic behavior while traversing the network for data transmission, we name this protocol as Multi-hop Deterministic energy efficient Routing protocol (MDR).展开更多
The wireless application protocol （WAP） protocol is now the leading standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones. By the use of WAP, wireless devices, like mobile phones, are po...The wireless application protocol （WAP） protocol is now the leading standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones. By the use of WAP, wireless devices, like mobile phones, are possibly infected with virus and worms. Though up to now there is no such attack, as the usage of script languages increases, there is a chance of malicious code injection. This paper discusses the threats with current WAP protocol, and how changes in the protocol and the increase in its usage will enable entry of real viruses. Future threat scenarios are presented along with suggestions to avoid these problems.展开更多
Wireless sensor network has been used as a landslide monitoring tool for more than one decade. The robustness of the network is important as the systems need to survive in harsh conditions. In this paper, we consider ...Wireless sensor network has been used as a landslide monitoring tool for more than one decade. The robustness of the network is important as the systems need to survive in harsh conditions. In this paper, we consider the living time of the sensor network under the influences of the small-scale landslide. We investigate the performance of famous energy-efficient routing protocol PEGASIS in both landslide case and non-landslide case. Genetic Algorithm is also applied to enhance the effectiveness of PEGASIS. The simulation results in this paper showed that the Genetic Algorithm helps to delay the first node death if it is used at the beginning of data transmission while being used every round helps to prolong last node death slightly. The impact of the Genetic Algorithm on energy usage and route length is also examined.<span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span><span>Under the effect of landslide, with only 70% of energy </span></span></span><span><span><span>are</span></span></span><span><span><span> spent, the simulated protocols reduced around 30% equivalent route length while managed to keep the living time up the network up to 90.76%, comparing to cases with no landslide.</span></span></span>展开更多
Routing protocols are perceived to be growing hotspots and required to devote more time and work to studying it. Research on routing protocols of wireless sensor networks is significantly important to accurately guide...Routing protocols are perceived to be growing hotspots and required to devote more time and work to studying it. Research on routing protocols of wireless sensor networks is significantly important to accurately guide the application. Theoretical analysis and comparison are one of the key steps in the protocol research. Restricted by irreversible factors of power and others, lifetime of wireless sensor networks is very short. In this paper, we analyze and compare the characteristics and application fields of existing protocols. On the basis of that, this paper mainly proposes an improved directed diffusion exploring the phase of reinforcing path, which chooses the way to strengthen the path after evaluating the critical factors. It was determined by simulation that improved directed diffusion has a higher transmission rate, and it satisfies the requirements, which balancing the energy consumption and prolonging the lifetime.展开更多
New wireless sensor network applications (e.g., military surveillance) require higher reliability than a simple best effort service could provide. Classical reliable transport protocols like Transmission Control Proto...New wireless sensor network applications (e.g., military surveillance) require higher reliability than a simple best effort service could provide. Classical reliable transport protocols like Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) are not well suited for wireless sensor networks due to both the characteristics of the network nodes (low computing power, strong energy constraints) and those of the main applications running on those nodes (low data rates). Recent researches present new transport protocols for wireless sensor networks providing various type of reliability and using new mechanisms for loss detection and recovery, and congestion control. This paper presents a survey on reliable transport protocol for WSNs.展开更多
The wireless full-duplex(FD) nodes can transmit and receive at the same time using the same frequency-band. Currently, the latest FD media access control(MAC) protocols mainly focus on how to convert the physical laye...The wireless full-duplex(FD) nodes can transmit and receive at the same time using the same frequency-band. Currently, the latest FD media access control(MAC) protocols mainly focus on how to convert the physical layer gains of FD nodes to the throughput gain of wireless FD networks, but pay little attention to the energy consumptions of FD nodes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient FD MAC protocol. According to the values of self-interference cancellation coefficients corresponding to the nodes of each FD pair and the signal propagation attenuation, the proposed protocol can adaptively select the communication mode of the FD pair between the full-duplex and half-duplex. Also, the minimum transmit power for FD nodes can be obtained to achieve high energy efficiency. We develop an analytical model to characterize the performance of our protocol. The numerical results show that the proposed MAC protocol can optimize the system throughput and reduce the transmission energy consumptions of nodes simultaneously as compared with those of the existing works.展开更多
Energy efficiency is the primary issue for the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol in sensor networks. Adopting periodic sleep,adaptive listen,overhearing avoidance and message passing mechanisms,the Sensor Medium Ac...Energy efficiency is the primary issue for the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol in sensor networks. Adopting periodic sleep,adaptive listen,overhearing avoidance and message passing mechanisms,the Sensor Medium Access Control (S-MAC) protocol improves energy efficiency and latency in the network. There are mainly two methods to enhance the S-MAC protocol: dynamic adjustment,and sending control and data packets under different transport conditions. For the wireless sensor network,it is not realistic to design one MAC protocol that meets all requirements of every aspect; however,it is possible to design corresponding protocols in accordance with different requirements by flexibly adopting different methods.展开更多
A proactive routing protocol CL-OLSR （cross-layer based optimized link state routing） by using a brand-new routing metric CLM （cross-layer metric） is proposed. CL-OLSR takes into account four link quality impact f...A proactive routing protocol CL-OLSR （cross-layer based optimized link state routing） by using a brand-new routing metric CLM （cross-layer metric） is proposed. CL-OLSR takes into account four link quality impact factors in route calculation through the cross-layer operation mechanism： the node available bandwidth, the node load, the link delivery rate, and the link interference, and thus the effect of route selection is optimized greatly. The simulation results show that the proposed CL-OLSR protocol can not only improve the network throughput to a large extent, but also reduce the end-to-end delay, while achieving load balance route results.展开更多
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in different civilian, military, and industrial applications. Recently, many routing protocols have been proposed attempting to find suitable routes to transmit data. In this p...Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in different civilian, military, and industrial applications. Recently, many routing protocols have been proposed attempting to find suitable routes to transmit data. In this paper we propose a Fuzzy Energy Aware tree-based Routing (FEAR) protocol that aims to enhance existing tree-based routing protocols and prolong the network’s life time by considering sensors’ limited energy. The design and implementation of the new protocol is based on cross-layer structure where information from different layers are utilized to achieve the best power saving. Each node maintains a list of its neighbors in order to use neighbors’links in addition to the parent-child links. The protocol is tested and compared with other tree-based protocols and the simulation results show that FEAR protocol is more energy-efficient than comparable protocols. According to the results FEAR protocol saves up to 70.5% in the number of generated control messages and up to 55.08% in the consumed power.展开更多
We suggest event collection protocol in a specific region where sensors are deployed to detect and collect events.In the traditional multi-hop routing in wireless sensor networks reporting events to a sink node or bas...We suggest event collection protocol in a specific region where sensors are deployed to detect and collect events.In the traditional multi-hop routing in wireless sensor networks reporting events to a sink node or base-station will cause imbalanced energy consumption of static sensors.To solve this problem,we use mobile sink.In this paper,we study the design of efficiency routing protocol for supporting efficient data collecting in mobile sink wireless sensor networks(mWSNs).We suggest the following two main ideas.First,we use reactive protocol to cut off unnecessary delay.Mobile sink makes a path to access to sensor node.Second,we model mobile sink movement depending on data frequency,so we can reduce moving distance efficiently.We simulate this protocol and compare it with the traditional method.Simulation results show this protocol reduces distance significantly and is suitable for mWSNs with heavy traffic.展开更多
文摘LEACH (Low-Encrgy Adaptive Clustering Hi-erarchy) protocol is a basic clustering-based routing protocol of sensor networks. In this paper, we present the design of SLEACH, asecure extension for the LEACH protocol. We divide SLEACH into four phases and fit inexpensivecryplp-graphic operations to each part of the protocol functionality to create an efficient,practical protocol. Then we give security analyses of SLEACH. Our security analyses show that ourschemeis robust against any external attacker or compromised nodes in the sensor network.
文摘Presents the new design of a reservation based medium access protocol,dynamic frame packet reservation multiple access (DF PRMA), for wireless ATM environments its mathematic model built, and analysis of such performance as delay and channel throughput its adaptbility to the fluctuation of traffic by controlling frame length dynamically and guarantee delay performance by forced collision and special reservarion slot. Thereby providing a limited access delay and QoS level and maintaining a resonable high channel throughput.
基金supported by National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China under Grant No.2014BAH14F01National Science and Technology Major Project of China under Grant No.2012ZX03005007+1 种基金National NSF of China Grant No.61402372Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities Grant No.3102014JSJ0003
文摘Sensor networks tend to support different traffic patterns since more and more emerging applications have diverse needs. We present MGRP, a Multi-Gradient Routing Protocol for wireless sensor networks, which is fully distributed and efficiently supports endto-end, one-to-many and many-to-one traffic patterns by effectively construct and maintain a gradient vector for each node. We further combine neighbor link estimation with routing information to reduce packet exchange on network dynamics and node failures. We have implemented MGRP on Tiny OS and evaluated its performance on real-world testbeds. The result shows MGRP achieves lower end-to-end packet delay in different traffic patterns compared to the state of the art routing protocols while still remains high packet delivery ratio.
文摘Reducing the energy consumption of available resources is still a problem to be solved in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Many types of existing routing protocols are developed to save power consumption. In these protocols, cluster-based routing protocols are found to be more energy efficient. A cluster head is selected to aggregate the data received from root nodes and forwards these data to the base station in cluster-based routing. The selection of cluster heads should be efficient to save energy. In our proposed protocol, we use static clustering for the efficient selection of cluster heads. The proposed routing protocol works efficiently in large as well as small areas. For an optimal number of cluster head selection we divide a large sensor field into rectangular clusters. Then these rectangular clusters are further grouped into zones for efficient communication between cluster heads and a base station. We perform MATLAB simulations to observe the network stability, throughput, energy consumption, network lifetime and the number of cluster heads. Our proposed routing protocol outperforms in large areas in comparison with the LEACH, MH-LEACH, and SEP routing protocols.
文摘This paper provides a deep evaluation of the energy consumption of routing protocols. The evaluation is done along with other metrics such as throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). We introduce two more metrics to capture the efficiency of the energy consumption: e-throughput and e-PDR. Both are ratios in relation to the energy. We consider the three low layers of the stack. Three types of routing protocols are used: proactive, reactive, and hybrid. At the MAC and PHY layer, three radio types are considered: 802.11a/b/g. Finally, the number of nodes is varying in random topologies, with nodes being static or mobile. Simulations are conducted using NS3. The parameters of a real network interface card are used. From the results in mobile position scenarios, no protocol is outperforming the others;even if OLSR has the lowest energy consumption, most of the time. However, in constant position scenarios, AODV consumed a lower energy, apart from the scenarios using the 802.11a standard where HWMP energy consumption is the lowest. Regarding the energy efficiency, AODV protocols provided the best e-throughput and OLSR the best e-PDR in overall configurations. A framework for selecting energy-efficient routing protocol depending on network characteristics is proposed at the end.
文摘In wireless ad hoe network environments, every link is wireless and every node is mobile. Those features make data lost easily as well as multicasting inefficient and unreliable. Moreover, Efficient and reliable multicast in wireless ad hoe network is a difficult issue. It is a major challenge to transmission delays and packet losses due to link changes of a multicast tree at the provision of high delivery ratio for each packet transmission in wireless ad hoe network environment. In this paler, we propose and evaluate Reliable Adaptive Multicast Protocol （RAMP） based on a relay node concept. Relay nodes are placed along the multieast tree. Data recovery is done between relay nodes. RAMP supports a reliable multicasting suitable for mobile ad hoe network by reducing the number of packet retransmissions. We compare RAMP with SRM （Scalable Reliable Multicast）. Simulation results show that the RAMP has high delivery ratio and low end-to-end delay for packet transmsission.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2010CB731800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60934003+2 种基金 60974123 60804010)the Hebei Provincial Educational Foundation of China (2008147)
文摘Remote tracking for mobile targets is one of the most important applications in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. A target tracking protoco–exponential distributed predictive tracking （EDPT） is proposed. To reduce energy waste and response time, an improved predictive algorithm–exponential smoothing predictive algorithm （ESPA） is presented. With the aid of an additive proportion and differential （PD） controller, ESPA decreases the system predictive delay effectively. As a recovery mechanism, an optimal searching radius （OSR） algorithm is applied to calculate the optimal radius of the recovery zone. The simulation results validate that the proposed EDPT protocol performes better in terms of track failed ratio, energy waste ratio and enlarged sensing nodes ratio, respectively.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.60940010 and 61071073)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(No.20090061110043)
文摘An efcient hop count route fnding approach for mobile ad hoc network is presented in this paper.It is an adaptive routing protocol that has a tradeof between transmission power and hop count for wireless ad hoc networks.During the route fnding process,the node can dynamically assign transmission power to nodes along the route.The node who has received route request message compares its power with the threshold power value,and then selects a reasonable route according to discriminating algorithms.This algorithm is an efective solution scheme to wireless ad hoc networks through reasonably selected path to reduce network consumption.Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol can deliver better performances with respect to energy consumption and end-to-end delay.
文摘Recently, location-based routings in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting a lot of interest in the research community, especially because of its scalability. In location-based routing, the network size is scalable without increasing the signalling overhead as routing decisions are inherently localized. Here, each node is aware of its position in the network through some positioning device like GPS and uses this information in the routing mechanism. In this paper, we first discuss the basics of WSNs including the architecture of the network, energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and draw a detailed picture of classification of location-based routing protocols. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of location-based routing protocols, mostly for sensor networks. All the schemes are subsequently discussed in depth. Finally, we conclude the paper with some insights on potential research directions for location-based routing in WSNs.
文摘The inception of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has brought convenience into many lives with uninterrupted wireless network. The nodes that transmit data consist of heterogeneous and battery equipped sensor nodes (SNs) that are deployed randomly for network surveillance. To manage the random deployment of nodes, clustering algorithms are used with efficient routing protocols. This results in aggregation and dropping of redundant data packets that enables flawless data transmission from cluster nodes to Base Station (BS) via Cluster Heads (CHs). In this paper, a dynamic and multi-hop clustering and routing protocol for thorough behavior analysis is proposed, taking distance and energy into consideration. This forms a smooth routing path from the cluster nodes, CHs, Sub-CHs to the BS. On comparing proposed process with the existing system, experimental analysis shows a significant enhancement in the performance of network lifetime, with improved data aggregation, throughput, as the protocol showing deterministic behavior while traversing the network for data transmission, we name this protocol as Multi-hop Deterministic energy efficient Routing protocol (MDR).
文摘The wireless application protocol （WAP） protocol is now the leading standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones. By the use of WAP, wireless devices, like mobile phones, are possibly infected with virus and worms. Though up to now there is no such attack, as the usage of script languages increases, there is a chance of malicious code injection. This paper discusses the threats with current WAP protocol, and how changes in the protocol and the increase in its usage will enable entry of real viruses. Future threat scenarios are presented along with suggestions to avoid these problems.
文摘Wireless sensor network has been used as a landslide monitoring tool for more than one decade. The robustness of the network is important as the systems need to survive in harsh conditions. In this paper, we consider the living time of the sensor network under the influences of the small-scale landslide. We investigate the performance of famous energy-efficient routing protocol PEGASIS in both landslide case and non-landslide case. Genetic Algorithm is also applied to enhance the effectiveness of PEGASIS. The simulation results in this paper showed that the Genetic Algorithm helps to delay the first node death if it is used at the beginning of data transmission while being used every round helps to prolong last node death slightly. The impact of the Genetic Algorithm on energy usage and route length is also examined.<span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span><span>Under the effect of landslide, with only 70% of energy </span></span></span><span><span><span>are</span></span></span><span><span><span> spent, the simulated protocols reduced around 30% equivalent route length while managed to keep the living time up the network up to 90.76%, comparing to cases with no landslide.</span></span></span>
文摘Routing protocols are perceived to be growing hotspots and required to devote more time and work to studying it. Research on routing protocols of wireless sensor networks is significantly important to accurately guide the application. Theoretical analysis and comparison are one of the key steps in the protocol research. Restricted by irreversible factors of power and others, lifetime of wireless sensor networks is very short. In this paper, we analyze and compare the characteristics and application fields of existing protocols. On the basis of that, this paper mainly proposes an improved directed diffusion exploring the phase of reinforcing path, which chooses the way to strengthen the path after evaluating the critical factors. It was determined by simulation that improved directed diffusion has a higher transmission rate, and it satisfies the requirements, which balancing the energy consumption and prolonging the lifetime.
文摘New wireless sensor network applications (e.g., military surveillance) require higher reliability than a simple best effort service could provide. Classical reliable transport protocols like Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) are not well suited for wireless sensor networks due to both the characteristics of the network nodes (low computing power, strong energy constraints) and those of the main applications running on those nodes (low data rates). Recent researches present new transport protocols for wireless sensor networks providing various type of reliability and using new mechanisms for loss detection and recovery, and congestion control. This paper presents a survey on reliable transport protocol for WSNs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61401330)Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province of China (No. 2016JQ6027)
文摘The wireless full-duplex(FD) nodes can transmit and receive at the same time using the same frequency-band. Currently, the latest FD media access control(MAC) protocols mainly focus on how to convert the physical layer gains of FD nodes to the throughput gain of wireless FD networks, but pay little attention to the energy consumptions of FD nodes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient FD MAC protocol. According to the values of self-interference cancellation coefficients corresponding to the nodes of each FD pair and the signal propagation attenuation, the proposed protocol can adaptively select the communication mode of the FD pair between the full-duplex and half-duplex. Also, the minimum transmit power for FD nodes can be obtained to achieve high energy efficiency. We develop an analytical model to characterize the performance of our protocol. The numerical results show that the proposed MAC protocol can optimize the system throughput and reduce the transmission energy consumptions of nodes simultaneously as compared with those of the existing works.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 60372107.
文摘Energy efficiency is the primary issue for the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol in sensor networks. Adopting periodic sleep,adaptive listen,overhearing avoidance and message passing mechanisms,the Sensor Medium Access Control (S-MAC) protocol improves energy efficiency and latency in the network. There are mainly two methods to enhance the S-MAC protocol: dynamic adjustment,and sending control and data packets under different transport conditions. For the wireless sensor network,it is not realistic to design one MAC protocol that meets all requirements of every aspect; however,it is possible to design corresponding protocols in accordance with different requirements by flexibly adopting different methods.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.ZYGX2009j006Foundation of Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province under Grant No.2011GZ0192
文摘A proactive routing protocol CL-OLSR （cross-layer based optimized link state routing） by using a brand-new routing metric CLM （cross-layer metric） is proposed. CL-OLSR takes into account four link quality impact factors in route calculation through the cross-layer operation mechanism： the node available bandwidth, the node load, the link delivery rate, and the link interference, and thus the effect of route selection is optimized greatly. The simulation results show that the proposed CL-OLSR protocol can not only improve the network throughput to a large extent, but also reduce the end-to-end delay, while achieving load balance route results.
文摘Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in different civilian, military, and industrial applications. Recently, many routing protocols have been proposed attempting to find suitable routes to transmit data. In this paper we propose a Fuzzy Energy Aware tree-based Routing (FEAR) protocol that aims to enhance existing tree-based routing protocols and prolong the network’s life time by considering sensors’ limited energy. The design and implementation of the new protocol is based on cross-layer structure where information from different layers are utilized to achieve the best power saving. Each node maintains a list of its neighbors in order to use neighbors’links in addition to the parent-child links. The protocol is tested and compared with other tree-based protocols and the simulation results show that FEAR protocol is more energy-efficient than comparable protocols. According to the results FEAR protocol saves up to 70.5% in the number of generated control messages and up to 55.08% in the consumed power.
基金MKE(the Ministry of Knowledge Economy),Korea,under the Convergence-ITRC(Convergence Infor mation Technology Research Center)support program(NIPA-2011-C6150-1101-0004)supervised by the NIPA(National IT Industry Pro-motion Agency)
文摘We suggest event collection protocol in a specific region where sensors are deployed to detect and collect events.In the traditional multi-hop routing in wireless sensor networks reporting events to a sink node or base-station will cause imbalanced energy consumption of static sensors.To solve this problem,we use mobile sink.In this paper,we study the design of efficiency routing protocol for supporting efficient data collecting in mobile sink wireless sensor networks(mWSNs).We suggest the following two main ideas.First,we use reactive protocol to cut off unnecessary delay.Mobile sink makes a path to access to sensor node.Second,we model mobile sink movement depending on data frequency,so we can reduce moving distance efficiently.We simulate this protocol and compare it with the traditional method.Simulation results show this protocol reduces distance significantly and is suitable for mWSNs with heavy traffic.
