Background The personality and feedback of an animated pedagogical agent(APA)are vital social-emotional features that render the agent perceptually believable.Their effects on learning during virtual training need to ...Background The personality and feedback of an animated pedagogical agent(APA)are vital social-emotional features that render the agent perceptually believable.Their effects on learning during virtual training need to be examined.Methods In this paper,an explanation model is proposed to clarify the underlying mechanism of how these two features affect learners.Two studies were conducted to investigate the model.In Study 1,the effect of the APA's personality type and feedback strategy on flow experience and performance was reexamined,revealing significant effects of the feedback strategy on flow and performance and a marginally significant effect of the personality type on performance.To explore the mechanism behind these effects,a theoretical model is proposed by distinguishing between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation effects.In Study 2,the model was evaluated,and the APA's personality type was found to significantly influence the factors in the path of the extrinsic motivation effect rather than those in the path of the intrinsic motivation effect.Results In contrast,the feedback strategy affected factors in the path of the intrinsic motivation effect.Conclusions These results validated the proposed model.Further distinguishing the two motivation effects is necessary to understand the respective effects of an APA's personality and feedback features on learning experiences and outcomes.展开更多
Users are often interested in exploring ranks over time data to compare the performance or ranking of multiple observations with respect to each other.However,predominant visualization techniques suffer from a high co...Users are often interested in exploring ranks over time data to compare the performance or ranking of multiple observations with respect to each other.However,predominant visualization techniques suffer from a high cognitive load due to visual clutter.We propose Colorslope,a hybrid of Tufte’s slope graph and temporal heatmap,to depict ranks over time in one graph while maintaining an overview and details with scalability.Colorslope combines both canonical visualization methods’complementary benefits:depicting overall trends and enabling the estimation of detailed values.We evaluated the efficacy and effectiveness of Colorslope by comparing it with a standard bump chart and temporal heatmap on various data sizes.We conclude that Colorslope contributes by(1)allowing users to identify extremes of the data and rate of change effectively in a relatively large number of series;(2)allowing the visualization to have better scalability in a larger amount of data(e.g.,30∼50)than a bump chart;and(3)allowing users to gain a better estimate of data values than a heatmap.For a certain size of ranks over time data,Colorslope provides an alternative solution to visualize multiple time series simultaneously that provides both an overview and a certain level of detail.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61802232)the Young Scholars Program of Shandong University,Weihai (20820211005)
文摘Background The personality and feedback of an animated pedagogical agent(APA)are vital social-emotional features that render the agent perceptually believable.Their effects on learning during virtual training need to be examined.Methods In this paper,an explanation model is proposed to clarify the underlying mechanism of how these two features affect learners.Two studies were conducted to investigate the model.In Study 1,the effect of the APA's personality type and feedback strategy on flow experience and performance was reexamined,revealing significant effects of the feedback strategy on flow and performance and a marginally significant effect of the personality type on performance.To explore the mechanism behind these effects,a theoretical model is proposed by distinguishing between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation effects.In Study 2,the model was evaluated,and the APA's personality type was found to significantly influence the factors in the path of the extrinsic motivation effect rather than those in the path of the intrinsic motivation effect.Results In contrast,the feedback strategy affected factors in the path of the intrinsic motivation effect.Conclusions These results validated the proposed model.Further distinguishing the two motivation effects is necessary to understand the respective effects of an APA's personality and feedback features on learning experiences and outcomes.
基金supported by the Department of Computer Graphics Technology at Purdue University and the Purdue Intelligent Visualization and Interaction Lab(PIVIL).
文摘Users are often interested in exploring ranks over time data to compare the performance or ranking of multiple observations with respect to each other.However,predominant visualization techniques suffer from a high cognitive load due to visual clutter.We propose Colorslope,a hybrid of Tufte’s slope graph and temporal heatmap,to depict ranks over time in one graph while maintaining an overview and details with scalability.Colorslope combines both canonical visualization methods’complementary benefits:depicting overall trends and enabling the estimation of detailed values.We evaluated the efficacy and effectiveness of Colorslope by comparing it with a standard bump chart and temporal heatmap on various data sizes.We conclude that Colorslope contributes by(1)allowing users to identify extremes of the data and rate of change effectively in a relatively large number of series;(2)allowing the visualization to have better scalability in a larger amount of data(e.g.,30∼50)than a bump chart;and(3)allowing users to gain a better estimate of data values than a heatmap.For a certain size of ranks over time data,Colorslope provides an alternative solution to visualize multiple time series simultaneously that provides both an overview and a certain level of detail.
