The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Machine Learning(ML)into groundwater exploration and water resources management has emerged as a transformative approach to addressing global water challenges.This rev...The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Machine Learning(ML)into groundwater exploration and water resources management has emerged as a transformative approach to addressing global water challenges.This review explores key AI and ML concepts,methodologies,and their applications in hydrology,focusing on groundwater potential mapping,water quality prediction,and groundwater level forecasting.It discusses various data acquisition techniques,including remote sensing,geospatial analysis,and geophysical surveys,alongside preprocessing methods that are essential for enhancing model accuracy.The study highlights AI-driven solutions in water distribution,allocation optimization,and realtime resource management.Despite their advantages,the application of AI and ML in water sciences faces several challenges,including data scarcity,model reliability,and the integration of these tools with traditional water management systems.Ethical and regulatory concerns also demand careful consideration.The paper also outlines future research directions,emphasizing the need for improved data collection,interpretable models,real-time monitoring capabilities,and interdisciplinary collaboration.By leveraging AI and ML advancements,the water sector can enhance decision-making,optimize resource distribution,and support the development of sustainable water management strategies.展开更多
Transition metals have garnered significant attention for their roles in addressing energy shortages and environmental water pollution.Their multivalent states and unique electron transfer properties facilitate charge...Transition metals have garnered significant attention for their roles in addressing energy shortages and environmental water pollution.Their multivalent states and unique electron transfer properties facilitate charge transfer in the conversion reaction,expedite energy conversion,and achieve low-energy water treatment.This review comprehensively explores the fundamental mechanisms and practical applications of transition metals in water treatment,including adsorption,photocatalysis,electrocatalysis,photoelectrocatalysis,and other technologies.The feasibility of water treatment using transition metal-based materials is demonstrated through theoretical studies on typical transition metals employed in these water treatment technologies while emphasizing the potential for optimizing material performance through strategies like structural design,defect engineering,crystal engineering,composite materials,surface modification,and atomic catalysts.In addition,the utilization of transition metal-based materials in practical wastewater treatment is comprehensively reviewed.Finally,the challenges and perspectives of transition metal-based materials in practical wastewater treatment are outlined,providing a theoretical foundation and guidance for future research and engineering advancements.展开更多
The actively heated fiber-optic(AHFO)technology has emerged as a frontier and hotspot in soil water content measurement,offering advantages such as easy installation,large-scale distributed measurement capability,and ...The actively heated fiber-optic(AHFO)technology has emerged as a frontier and hotspot in soil water content measurement,offering advantages such as easy installation,large-scale distributed measurement capability,and resistance to electromagnetic interference.However,current AHFO water content sensors fail to simultaneously achieve high precision,applicability for deep soil,and automated real-time monitoring,thereby limiting their development and application.Therefore,this study introduces a novel actively heated fiber Bragg grating(AH-FBG)cable.Laboratory tests were conducted to assess the heating uniformity of the AH-FBG cable and to establish the temperature characteristic value(T_(t))-soil water content(θ)calibration formula for water content measurement.Subsequently,AH-FBG cables were deployed for in situ soil water content monitoring in a test pit on the Loess Plateau.Through two-year monitoring data verified the accuracy of the AH-FBG cable and elucidated the spatiotemporal distribution of in situ loess water content.Laboratory results demonstrated superior heating uniformity of AHFBG cable,with a T_(t) standard deviation of approximately 0.3℃.In the field,the AH-FBG cable exhibited excellent performance in soil water content measurement,achieving a high accuracy of 0.023 cm^(3)/cm^(3).Further analysis revealed that the θ fluctuation predominantly occurred within a 10 m depth from the soil surface,with an overall upward trend over the two-year monitoring period;the response of shallow θ to precipitation was significant but exhibited increasing hysteresis with depth;frequent precipitation significantly enhanced water infiltration depth.This study provides technical guidance for highprecision,quasi-distributed,automated and real-time water content measurement of deep soil.展开更多
Sampling studies in North Dakota conducted from 1994 to 2003 showed that variable-rate N application could be practically directed with zone soil sampling. Results from variable-rate N studies using zone soil sampling...Sampling studies in North Dakota conducted from 1994 to 2003 showed that variable-rate N application could be practically directed with zone soil sampling. Results from variable-rate N studies using zone soil sampling were often less than rewarding due in part to the use of a whole-field predicted yield-based formula for developing the N recommendation in each zone. Nitrogen rate studies on spring wheat and durum were established in 2005 through 2009 with the objective to reexamine N recommendations and construct a new system if necessary. The results of the study and archived wheat N response data showed that the state should be divided into three separate N response regions. Within each region historic yields from low to high productivity were defined. The gross N rate was determined using the return-to-N concept developed in the US corn-belt states but with additional consideration for wheat protein value The gross N rate is then modified by credits for previous crop, soil test N from zone soil sampling, tillage systems, excessive straw from the previous year, relative susceptibility to nitrate leaching or denitrification. Finally, the user is encouraged to use common sense and consider whether particular fields have characteristics that require more or less N fertilizer than suggested by the recommendation formulas.展开更多
Deep phosphorus application can be a usefull measure to improve crops＇ performance in semi-arid regions, but more knowledge of both its general effects and effects on specific crops is required to optimize treatments...Deep phosphorus application can be a usefull measure to improve crops＇ performance in semi-arid regions, but more knowledge of both its general effects and effects on specific crops is required to optimize treatments. Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of phosphorus（P） application at different soil layers on root growth, grain yield, and water-use efficiency（WUE） of winter wheat grown on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China and to explore the relationship between root distribution and grain yield. The experiment consisted of four P treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and two cultivars： one drought-sensitive（Xiaoyan 22, XY22） and one drought-tolerant（Changhan 58, CH58）. The four P treatments were no P（control, CK）, surface P（SP）, deep P（DP）, and deep-band P application（DBP）. CH58 produced larger and deeper root systems, and had higher grain yields and WUE, under the deep P treatments（DP and DBP） than under SP, clearly showing that deep P placement had beneficial effects on the drought-tolerant cultivar. In contrast, the grain yield and root growth of XY22 did not differ between DP or DBP and SP treatments. Further, root dry weight（RW） and root length（RL） in deep soil layer（30-100 cm） were closely positively correlated with grain yield and WUE of CH58（but not XY22）, highlighting the connections between a well-developed subsoil root system and both high grain yield and WUE for the drought-tolerant cultivar. WUE correlated strongly with grain yield for both cultivars（r=0.94, P〈0.001）. In conclusion, deep application of P fertilizer is a practical and feasible means of increasing grain yield and WUE of rainfed winter wheat in semi-arid regions, by promoting deep root development of drought-tolerant cultivars.展开更多
The shortage of fresh water in the world has brought upon a serious crisis to human health and economic development.Solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion water evaporation including evaporating seawater,la...The shortage of fresh water in the world has brought upon a serious crisis to human health and economic development.Solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion water evaporation including evaporating seawater,lake water,or river water has been recognized as an environmentally friendly process for obtaining clean water in a low‐cost way.However,water transport is restricted by itself by solar energy absorption capacity's limits,especially for finite evaporation rates and insufficient working life.Therefore,it is important to seek photothermal conversion materials that can efficiently absorb solar energy and reasonably design solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion water evaporation devices.This paper reviews the research progress of carbon‐based photothermal conversion materials and the mechanism for solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion water evaporation,as well as the summary of the design and development of the devices.Based on the research progress and achievements of photothermal conversion materials and devices in the fields of seawater desalination and photothermal electric energy generation in recent years,the challenges and opportunities faced by carbon‐based photothermal conversion materials and devices are discussed.The prospect of the practical application of solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion evaporation technology is foreseen,and theoretical guidance is provided for the further development of this technology.展开更多
Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water application intensity（WAI） on soil salinity management and the growth of Festuca arundinacea（festuca） under three stages of water...Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water application intensity（WAI） on soil salinity management and the growth of Festuca arundinacea（festuca） under three stages of water and salt management strategies using microsprinkler irrigation in Hebei Province, North China. The soil water content（è） and salinity of homogeneous coastal saline soils were evaluated under different water application intensities in the laboratory experiment. The results indicated that the WAI of microsprinkler irrigation influenced the è, electrical conductivity（ECe） and p H of saline soils. As the WAI increased, the average values of è and ECe in the 0–40 cm profile also increased, while their average values in the 40–60 cm profile decreased. The p H value also slightly decreased as depth increased, but no significant differences were observed between the different treatments. The time periods of the water redistribution treatments had no obvious effects. Based on the results for è, ECe and p H, a smaller WAI was more desirable. The field experiment was conducted after being considered the results of the technical parameter experiment and evaporation, wind and leaching duration. The field experiment included three stages of water and salt regulation, based on three soil matric potentials（SMP）, in which the SMP at a 20-cm depth below the surface was used to trigger irrigation. The results showed that the microsprinkler irrigation created an appropriate environment for festuca growth through the three stages of water and salt regulation. The low-salinity conditions that occurred at 0–10 cm depth during the first stage（-5 k Pa） continued to expand through the next two stages. The average p H value was less than 8.5. The tiller number of festuca increased as SMP decreased from the first stage to the third stage. After the three stages of water and salt regulation, the highly saline soil gradually changed to a low-saline soil. Overall, based on the salt desalinization, the microsprinkler irrigation and three stages of water and salt regulation could be successfully used to cultivate plants for the reclamation of coastal saline land in North China.展开更多
In this study, the Global Navigation Satellite System （GNSS） network of China is discussed, which can be used to monitor atmospheric precipitable water vapor （PWV）. By the end of 2013, the network had 952 GNSS sit...In this study, the Global Navigation Satellite System （GNSS） network of China is discussed, which can be used to monitor atmospheric precipitable water vapor （PWV）. By the end of 2013, the network had 952 GNSS sites, including 260 belonging to the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC） and 692 belonging to the China Meteorological Administration GNSS network （CMAGN）. Additionally, GNSS observation collecting and data processing procedures are presented and PWV data quality control methods are investigated. PWV levels as determined by GNSS and radiosonde are compared. The results show that GNSS estimates are generally in good agreement with measurements of radio- sondes and water vapor radiometers （WVR）. The PWV retrieved by the national GNSS network is used in weather forecasting, assimilation of data into numerical weather prediction models, the validation of PWV estimates by radiosonde, and plum rain monitoring. The network is also used to monitor the total ionospheric electron content.展开更多
In recent years, the use of fertigation technology with center pivot irrigation systems has increased rapidly in the North China Plain (NCP). The combined effects of water and nitrogen application uniformity on the gr...In recent years, the use of fertigation technology with center pivot irrigation systems has increased rapidly in the North China Plain (NCP). The combined effects of water and nitrogen application uniformity on the grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) have become a research hotspot. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted during the winter wheat growing season in 2016–2018 to evaluate the water application uniformity of a center pivot with two low pressure sprinklers (the R3000 sprinklers were installed in the first span, the corresponding treatment was RS;the D3000 sprinklers were installed in the second span, the corresponding treatment was DS) and a P85A impact sprinkler as the end gun (the corresponding treatment was EG), and to analyze its effects on grain yield, WUE and NUE. The results showed that the water application uniformity coefficients of R3000, D3000 and P85A along the radial direction of the pivot (CUH) were 87.5, 79.5 and 65%, respectively. While the uniformity coefficients along the traveling direction of the pivot (CUC) were all higher than 85%. The effects of water application uniformity of the R3000 and D3000 sprinklers on grain yield were not significant (P>0.05);however, the average grain yield of EG was significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of RS and DS, by 9.4 and 11.1% during two growing seasons, respectively. The coefficients of variation (CV) of the grain yield had a negative correlation with the uniformity coefficient. The CV of WUE was more strongly affected by the water application uniformity, compared with the WUE value, among the three treatments. The NUE of RS was higher than those of DS and EG by about 6.1 and 4.8%, respectively, but there were no significant differences in NUE among the three treatments during the two growing seasons. Although the CUH of the D3000 sprinklers was lower than that of the R3000, it had only limited effects on the grain yield, WUE and NUE. However, the cost of D3000 sprinklers is lower than that of R3000 sprinklers. Therefore, the D3000 sprinklers are recommended for winter wheat irrigation and fertigation in the NCP.展开更多
With increasing water shortage resources and extravagant nitrogen application, there is an urgent need to optimize irrigation regimes and nitrogen management for winter wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） in the North China...With increasing water shortage resources and extravagant nitrogen application, there is an urgent need to optimize irrigation regimes and nitrogen management for winter wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） in the North China Plain（NCP）. A 4-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels（W1, irrigation once at jointing stage; W2, irrigation once at jointing and once at heading stage; W3, irrigation once at jointing, once at heading, and once at filling stage; 60 mm each irrigation） and four N fertilizer rates（N0, 0; N1, 100 kg N ha-（-1）; N2, 200 kg N ha-（-1）; N3, 300 kg N ha-（-1）） on wheat yield, water use efficiency, fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and economic benefits. The results showed that wheat yield under W2 condition was similar to that under W3, and greater than that under W1 at the same nitrogen level. Yield with the N1 treatment was higher than that with the N0 treatment, but not significantly different from that obtained with the N2 and N3 treatments. The W2 N1 treatment resulted in the highest water use and fertilizer agronomic efficiencies. Compared with local traditional practice（W3 N3）, the net income and output-input ratio of W2 N1 were greater by 12.3 and 19.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that two irrigation events of 60 mm each coupled with application of 100 kg N ha-（–1） is sufficient to provide a high wheat yield during drought growing seasons in the NCP.展开更多
A split-plot experiment in a rice-winter wheat rotation system was performed to study the effects of water regime and wheat straw application in rice-growing season on N2O emission from following wheat growing season....A split-plot experiment in a rice-winter wheat rotation system was performed to study the effects of water regime and wheat straw application in rice-growing season on N2O emission from following wheat growing season. Water regime in the rice-growing season was designed as the conventional irrigation (flooding/drainage cycle) and the permanent flooding. Wheat straw was incorporated with three rates of 0, 225 and 450 g m-2 into the paddy soil for each water regime just before rice was transplanted. N2O emission was measured by static chamber-gas chromatograph method. Results from the variance analysis indicated that the permanent flooding in rice-growing season markedly enhanced N2O emission in following wheat growing season (P=0. 003), and that the effect of straw application on N2O emission was distinguished between two water regimes. Under the conventional irrigation, incoporation of wheat straw reduced N2O emission in the following wheat growing season, while there were no significant differences in the emission for the straw application rates of 225 and 450 g m-2. No significant differences in N2O emissions were observed among the three rates of straw application for the permanent flooding regime. In addition, the seasonal variation of N2O emission was regulated by soil temperature and moisture. The daily N2O flux (Y, mg m-2 d-1) can be quantitatively described by soil temperature (T, ℃) and moisture (W, WFPS %) asY=A0+A1T+A2W+A3W2(n=23, R2 ≥0. 4159** )or y=C0+C1W+C2W2(n=23,R2≥0. 4074** ). Compared with the effect of soil temperature on N2O emission, soil moisture was an important factor regulating the seasonal pattern of N2O emission.展开更多
Sub-critical water extraction is a brand-new separation technology. This paper mainly discussed the principle, advantages of sub-critical water extraction, and its applications ranging from the medicinal plants tradit...Sub-critical water extraction is a brand-new separation technology. This paper mainly discussed the principle, advantages of sub-critical water extraction, and its applications ranging from the medicinal plants traditionally used in Europe and Asia to produce pharmaceutical extracts (such as volatile oil, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinone, lactone, etc.). Meanwhile, the prospect of sub-critical water extraction in plant extractives is also explored. It will be widely used in the field of medical plants, bringing huge economic benefits, environmental benefits and social benefits.展开更多
In the light of the national policy of fallow, this study was conducted to determine how the different water management and lime application would affect soil physical and chemical properties, rice yield and cadmium ...In the light of the national policy of fallow, this study was conducted to determine how the different water management and lime application would affect soil physical and chemical properties, rice yield and cadmium （Cd） content of rice in fallow season. The results showed that, compared with the arid fallow, the waterlogging fallow decreased the soil pH value whereas signifcantly increased the soil organic matter content and the cation exchange quantity, and reduced the soil effective cadmium content and the rice cadmium content whereas could increase the rice yield to a certain extent. In the fooded fallow or the dry fallow, the application of lime mainly depended on the alkali conditioning of lime and the antagonistic effect of Ca2＋, which could signifcantly reduce the cadmium content of rice, and its effect would increase linearly with the increase of lime dosage, whereas had no significant effect on soil organic matter content and cation exchange quantity. In order to establish a linear equation of lime dosage and related indexes under the condition of waterlogging fallow or dry fallow, calculations showed that each application of lime at 1 000 kg/hm2 or kg/hmss2 could improve soil pH value by 0.238 2 or 0.246 5units respectively, and reduce the effective Cd content to 0.007 5 mg/kg both in the arid fallow and the waterlogging fallow conditions. The lime theoretic application rate for the lowest Cd content of late rice in the arid fallow was 5 120 kg/hm2, and the minimum limit of the Cd content in rice was 0.124 2 mg/kg; and the lime theoretic application rate for the highest yield of late rice in the submerged water fallow was 4 636 kg/hm2, the minimum theoretic Cd content in rice is 0.100 7 mg/kg, and it could reduce the Cd content in rice under the condition of submerged fallow and decrease the dosage of lime.展开更多
Taking Hongyan strawberry as the material and PE drip irrigation tape and fertilizer applicator as the tool of integrated application of water and fertilizer,this experiment studied the effects of six fertilizers incl...Taking Hongyan strawberry as the material and PE drip irrigation tape and fertilizer applicator as the tool of integrated application of water and fertilizer,this experiment studied the effects of six fertilizers including Batian,Jiashili,Wangdefeng,Stanley,volfertile and calcium protein on yield and quality of strawberry. The experimental results showed that different water-soluble fertilizers had different effects on the main economic traits of strawberry. For the maximum single fruit mass,the highest was volfertile treatment( 28. 72 g),followed by calcium protein treatment,and the lowest was Stanley treatment( 23. 89 g). The fruit treated with Batian,volfertile and calcium protein was hard in the texture,the fruit treated with Wangdefeng was harder,that of Stanley was softer,and that of Jiashili was soft. The strawberry fruit treated with Wangdefeng and calcium protein was sweet,the fruit treated with volfertile and Batian was sweet,that treated with Jiashili was sour and sweet,and that treated with Stanley was slightly sour. The fruit treated with calcium protein,volfertile and Batian showed strong storage resistance.Strawberry plants treated with Batian,Wangdefeng,Stanley,and calcium protein showed stronger growth,and strawberry plants showed a semi-opening pattern. The yield of strawberry treated with volfertile was highest( 17 400 kg/ha),which was significantly increased compared with other treatments,followed by that treated by Stanley( 13 140 kg/ha).展开更多
To achieve the greatest leaching efficiency,water movement must occur under unsaturated flow conditions.Accordingly,the water application intensity of irrigation must be chosen carefully.The aim of this study was to e...To achieve the greatest leaching efficiency,water movement must occur under unsaturated flow conditions.Accordingly,the water application intensity of irrigation must be chosen carefully.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the water application intensity of micro-sprinkler irrigation on coastal saline soil with different salt contents.To achieve this objective,a laboratory experiment was conducted with three soil salinity treatments(2.26,10.13,and 22.29 dS/m)and three water application intensity treatments(3.05,5.19,and 7.23 mm/h).The results showed that the effect of soil salinity on soil water content,electrical conductivity,and pH was significant,and the effect of the water application intensity was insignificant.High soil water content was present in the 40e60 cm profile in all soil salinity treatments,and the content was higher in the medium and high water application intensity treatments than in the low-intensity treatment.Significant salt leaching occurred in all treatments,and the effect was stronger in the high soil salinity treatment and medium water application intensity treatment.In the medium and high soil salinity treatments,pH exhibited a decreasing trend,with no trend change in the low soil salinity treatment,and the pH value was higher in the medium water application intensity treatment than in the other two treatments.These results indicated that the three intensities evaluated had no statistically different effect on the electrical conductivity of saturated soil-paste extracts(EC)in the upper 20 cm of the soil profile,and it would be better to maintain a lower value of the water application intensity.展开更多
For solving water entry problems, a numerical method is presented, which is a CFD method based on free surface capturing method and Cartesian cut cell mesh.In this approach, incompressible Euler equations for a variab...For solving water entry problems, a numerical method is presented, which is a CFD method based on free surface capturing method and Cartesian cut cell mesh.In this approach, incompressible Euler equations for a variable density fluid are numerically calculated by the finite volume method.Then artificial compressibility method, dual time-stepping technique and Roe's approximate Riemann solver are adopted in the numerical scheme.Finally, some application cases are designed to show the ability of the current method to cope with water entry problems in ocean engineering.展开更多
The delayed nitrogen application technology is a crucial method for achieving high yield and efficiency in wheat cultivation.Specifically,more nitrogen is supplied to the middle and late growth stages of wheat by adju...The delayed nitrogen application technology is a crucial method for achieving high yield and efficiency in wheat cultivation.Specifically,more nitrogen is supplied to the middle and late growth stages of wheat by adjusting the application time and proportion of nitrogen fertilizer.This approach helps improve the tiller-bearing percentage and increase the number of grains per ear and the thousand-grain weight,while also reducing nitrogen loss and enhancing fertilizer use efficiency.This paper systematically elaborated on the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation technology system with delayed nitrogen application for wheat,covering variety selection,soil management,sowing technology,the principle and implementation methods of delayed nitrogen application,integrated water and fertilizer management,field management,and comprehensive pest and disease control.Considering the ecological characteristics of major wheat-growing regions in China,tailored technical solutions were proposed,and operational key points of critical technological steps were introduced in detail.Through scientific variety distribution,precise nitrogen management,and integrated pest control,wheat yield and quality can be enhanced while achieving cost saving,improved efficiency,and ecological environmental protection.This paper provides systematic theoretical guidance and practical references for promoting thedelayed nitrogen application technology in wheat,thereby supporting the sustainable development of China s wheat industry.展开更多
Nitrogen deposition and water tables are important factors to control soil microbial community structure.However,the specific effects and mechanisms of nitrogen deposition and water tables coupling on bacterial divers...Nitrogen deposition and water tables are important factors to control soil microbial community structure.However,the specific effects and mechanisms of nitrogen deposition and water tables coupling on bacterial diversity,abundance,and community structure in arid alpine wetlands remain unclear.The nitrogen deposition(0,10,and 20 kg N/(hm^(2)•a))experiments were conducted in the Bayinbulak alpine wetland with different water tables(perennial flooding,seasonal waterlogging,and perennial drying).The 16S rRNA(ribosomal ribonucleic acid)gene sequencing technology was employed to analyze the changes in bacterial community diversity,network structure,and function in the soil.Results indicated that bacterial diversity was the highest under seasonal waterlogging condition.However,nitrogen deposition only affected the bacterial Chao1 and beta diversity indices under seasonal waterlogging condition.The abundance of bacterial communities under different water tables showed significant differences at the phylum and genus levels.The dominant phylum,Proteobacteria,was sensitive to soil moisture and its abundance decreased with decreasing water tables.Although nitrogen deposition led to changes in bacterial abundance,such changes were small compared with the effects of water tables.Nitrogen deposition with 10 kg N/(hm^(2)•a)decreased bacterial edge number,average path length,and robustness.However,perennial flooding and drying conditions could simply resist environmental changes caused by 20 kg N/(hm^(2)•a)nitrogen deposition and their network structure remain unchanged.The sulfur cycle function was dominant under perennial flooding condition,and carbon and nitrogen cycle functions were dominant under seasonal waterlogging and perennial drying conditions.Nitrogen application increased the potential function of part of nitrogen cycle and decreased the potential function of sulfur cycle in bacterial community.In summary,composition of bacterial community in the arid alpine wetland was determined by water tables,and diversity of bacterial community was inhibited by a lower water table.Effect of nitrogen deposition on bacterial community structure and function depended on water tables.展开更多
The water extracted from the shale rock (shale water) through the pyrolysis process to obtain fuel oil and other products shows a composition based on organic compounds and a wide range of minerals and trace elements ...The water extracted from the shale rock (shale water) through the pyrolysis process to obtain fuel oil and other products shows a composition based on organic compounds and a wide range of minerals and trace elements with an important role in plant nutrition, suggesting its use as a fertilizer. Thus, the influence of foliar application of shale water (SW), with or without the micronutrients zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boro (B) and molybdenum (Mo), was evaluated regarding yield and quality of maize grains. The yield, the total antioxidant activity, and the content of starch, phenolic compounds and carotenoids were improved in maize grains following the application of three doses of 7 L/ha of SW, which indicates that SW may influence the primary and secondary metabolisms. The application of SW with micronutrients resulted in the increase of grain yield;however, did not result in the improvement of grain quality. The foliar fertilizer formulations also had an influence in the content of minerals and aminoacids of the grain. The results indicate that SW has potential to be used in agriculture to improve yield and quality of maize.展开更多
Dry season water application and conservation were studied for two years in Ado Ekiti to evaluate their effects on the performance of plantain Musa spp.. The treatments were： morning watering （MW）, evening watering...Dry season water application and conservation were studied for two years in Ado Ekiti to evaluate their effects on the performance of plantain Musa spp.. The treatments were： morning watering （MW）, evening watering （EW）, morning and evening watering （MEW）, morning watering ＋ mulch （MW ＋ ML）, evening watering ＋ mulch （EW ＋ ML）, morning and evening watering ＋ mulch （MEW ＋ ML）, mulch （ML） and Control. Height and girth increase, number of green leaves, yield and yield parameters were the highest in the MEW ＋ ML which were identical to those of Evening watering ＋ mulch and morning ＋ evening watering. The evening or morning watering with mulch was identical but showed better performance than those without mulch. The mulched plants and the control showed the least performance. It is therefore recommended that proper water conservation in plantain plantation will improve banana survival during dry season and subsequently increase yield in the study area.展开更多
文摘The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Machine Learning(ML)into groundwater exploration and water resources management has emerged as a transformative approach to addressing global water challenges.This review explores key AI and ML concepts,methodologies,and their applications in hydrology,focusing on groundwater potential mapping,water quality prediction,and groundwater level forecasting.It discusses various data acquisition techniques,including remote sensing,geospatial analysis,and geophysical surveys,alongside preprocessing methods that are essential for enhancing model accuracy.The study highlights AI-driven solutions in water distribution,allocation optimization,and realtime resource management.Despite their advantages,the application of AI and ML in water sciences faces several challenges,including data scarcity,model reliability,and the integration of these tools with traditional water management systems.Ethical and regulatory concerns also demand careful consideration.The paper also outlines future research directions,emphasizing the need for improved data collection,interpretable models,real-time monitoring capabilities,and interdisciplinary collaboration.By leveraging AI and ML advancements,the water sector can enhance decision-making,optimize resource distribution,and support the development of sustainable water management strategies.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22306026 and 52371346)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology(No.2023QNRC001)+3 种基金the Ecological Society of China(No.STQT2023C07)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2242024K40007 and 2242024RCB0058)the Start-up Research Fund of Southeast University(No.RF1028623141)Tang Scholar Program of Southeast University
文摘Transition metals have garnered significant attention for their roles in addressing energy shortages and environmental water pollution.Their multivalent states and unique electron transfer properties facilitate charge transfer in the conversion reaction,expedite energy conversion,and achieve low-energy water treatment.This review comprehensively explores the fundamental mechanisms and practical applications of transition metals in water treatment,including adsorption,photocatalysis,electrocatalysis,photoelectrocatalysis,and other technologies.The feasibility of water treatment using transition metal-based materials is demonstrated through theoretical studies on typical transition metals employed in these water treatment technologies while emphasizing the potential for optimizing material performance through strategies like structural design,defect engineering,crystal engineering,composite materials,surface modification,and atomic catalysts.In addition,the utilization of transition metal-based materials in practical wastewater treatment is comprehensively reviewed.Finally,the challenges and perspectives of transition metal-based materials in practical wastewater treatment are outlined,providing a theoretical foundation and guidance for future research and engineering advancements.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42307189 and 42030701)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M740974).
文摘The actively heated fiber-optic(AHFO)technology has emerged as a frontier and hotspot in soil water content measurement,offering advantages such as easy installation,large-scale distributed measurement capability,and resistance to electromagnetic interference.However,current AHFO water content sensors fail to simultaneously achieve high precision,applicability for deep soil,and automated real-time monitoring,thereby limiting their development and application.Therefore,this study introduces a novel actively heated fiber Bragg grating(AH-FBG)cable.Laboratory tests were conducted to assess the heating uniformity of the AH-FBG cable and to establish the temperature characteristic value(T_(t))-soil water content(θ)calibration formula for water content measurement.Subsequently,AH-FBG cables were deployed for in situ soil water content monitoring in a test pit on the Loess Plateau.Through two-year monitoring data verified the accuracy of the AH-FBG cable and elucidated the spatiotemporal distribution of in situ loess water content.Laboratory results demonstrated superior heating uniformity of AHFBG cable,with a T_(t) standard deviation of approximately 0.3℃.In the field,the AH-FBG cable exhibited excellent performance in soil water content measurement,achieving a high accuracy of 0.023 cm^(3)/cm^(3).Further analysis revealed that the θ fluctuation predominantly occurred within a 10 m depth from the soil surface,with an overall upward trend over the two-year monitoring period;the response of shallow θ to precipitation was significant but exhibited increasing hysteresis with depth;frequent precipitation significantly enhanced water infiltration depth.This study provides technical guidance for highprecision,quasi-distributed,automated and real-time water content measurement of deep soil.
文摘Sampling studies in North Dakota conducted from 1994 to 2003 showed that variable-rate N application could be practically directed with zone soil sampling. Results from variable-rate N studies using zone soil sampling were often less than rewarding due in part to the use of a whole-field predicted yield-based formula for developing the N recommendation in each zone. Nitrogen rate studies on spring wheat and durum were established in 2005 through 2009 with the objective to reexamine N recommendations and construct a new system if necessary. The results of the study and archived wheat N response data showed that the state should be divided into three separate N response regions. Within each region historic yields from low to high productivity were defined. The gross N rate was determined using the return-to-N concept developed in the US corn-belt states but with additional consideration for wheat protein value The gross N rate is then modified by credits for previous crop, soil test N from zone soil sampling, tillage systems, excessive straw from the previous year, relative susceptibility to nitrate leaching or denitrification. Finally, the user is encouraged to use common sense and consider whether particular fields have characteristics that require more or less N fertilizer than suggested by the recommendation formulas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270553)the National 973 Program of China(2009CB118604)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201103003)
文摘Deep phosphorus application can be a usefull measure to improve crops＇ performance in semi-arid regions, but more knowledge of both its general effects and effects on specific crops is required to optimize treatments. Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of phosphorus（P） application at different soil layers on root growth, grain yield, and water-use efficiency（WUE） of winter wheat grown on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China and to explore the relationship between root distribution and grain yield. The experiment consisted of four P treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and two cultivars： one drought-sensitive（Xiaoyan 22, XY22） and one drought-tolerant（Changhan 58, CH58）. The four P treatments were no P（control, CK）, surface P（SP）, deep P（DP）, and deep-band P application（DBP）. CH58 produced larger and deeper root systems, and had higher grain yields and WUE, under the deep P treatments（DP and DBP） than under SP, clearly showing that deep P placement had beneficial effects on the drought-tolerant cultivar. In contrast, the grain yield and root growth of XY22 did not differ between DP or DBP and SP treatments. Further, root dry weight（RW） and root length（RL） in deep soil layer（30-100 cm） were closely positively correlated with grain yield and WUE of CH58（but not XY22）, highlighting the connections between a well-developed subsoil root system and both high grain yield and WUE for the drought-tolerant cultivar. WUE correlated strongly with grain yield for both cultivars（r=0.94, P〈0.001）. In conclusion, deep application of P fertilizer is a practical and feasible means of increasing grain yield and WUE of rainfed winter wheat in semi-arid regions, by promoting deep root development of drought-tolerant cultivars.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:ZR2019MB019National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:22075122,52071295Research Foundation for Talented Scholars of Linyi University,Grant/Award Number:Z6122010。
文摘The shortage of fresh water in the world has brought upon a serious crisis to human health and economic development.Solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion water evaporation including evaporating seawater,lake water,or river water has been recognized as an environmentally friendly process for obtaining clean water in a low‐cost way.However,water transport is restricted by itself by solar energy absorption capacity's limits,especially for finite evaporation rates and insufficient working life.Therefore,it is important to seek photothermal conversion materials that can efficiently absorb solar energy and reasonably design solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion water evaporation devices.This paper reviews the research progress of carbon‐based photothermal conversion materials and the mechanism for solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion water evaporation,as well as the summary of the design and development of the devices.Based on the research progress and achievements of photothermal conversion materials and devices in the fields of seawater desalination and photothermal electric energy generation in recent years,the challenges and opportunities faced by carbon‐based photothermal conversion materials and devices are discussed.The prospect of the practical application of solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion evaporation technology is foreseen,and theoretical guidance is provided for the further development of this technology.
基金supported by the National High-Technology R&D Program of China (2013 BAC02B02 and 2013BAC02B01)the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China (51409126)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China (1033000001)the Action Plan for Development of Western China of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX 2-XB3-16)
文摘Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water application intensity（WAI） on soil salinity management and the growth of Festuca arundinacea（festuca） under three stages of water and salt management strategies using microsprinkler irrigation in Hebei Province, North China. The soil water content（è） and salinity of homogeneous coastal saline soils were evaluated under different water application intensities in the laboratory experiment. The results indicated that the WAI of microsprinkler irrigation influenced the è, electrical conductivity（ECe） and p H of saline soils. As the WAI increased, the average values of è and ECe in the 0–40 cm profile also increased, while their average values in the 40–60 cm profile decreased. The p H value also slightly decreased as depth increased, but no significant differences were observed between the different treatments. The time periods of the water redistribution treatments had no obvious effects. Based on the results for è, ECe and p H, a smaller WAI was more desirable. The field experiment was conducted after being considered the results of the technical parameter experiment and evaporation, wind and leaching duration. The field experiment included three stages of water and salt regulation, based on three soil matric potentials（SMP）, in which the SMP at a 20-cm depth below the surface was used to trigger irrigation. The results showed that the microsprinkler irrigation created an appropriate environment for festuca growth through the three stages of water and salt regulation. The low-salinity conditions that occurred at 0–10 cm depth during the first stage（-5 k Pa） continued to expand through the next two stages. The average p H value was less than 8.5. The tiller number of festuca increased as SMP decreased from the first stage to the third stage. After the three stages of water and salt regulation, the highly saline soil gradually changed to a low-saline soil. Overall, based on the salt desalinization, the microsprinkler irrigation and three stages of water and salt regulation could be successfully used to cultivate plants for the reclamation of coastal saline land in North China.
基金financially supported by the Special Fund for Meteorological Scientific Research in the Public Interest(GYHY201406012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41275114)a construction fund for CMONOC
文摘In this study, the Global Navigation Satellite System （GNSS） network of China is discussed, which can be used to monitor atmospheric precipitable water vapor （PWV）. By the end of 2013, the network had 952 GNSS sites, including 260 belonging to the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC） and 692 belonging to the China Meteorological Administration GNSS network （CMAGN）. Additionally, GNSS observation collecting and data processing procedures are presented and PWV data quality control methods are investigated. PWV levels as determined by GNSS and radiosonde are compared. The results show that GNSS estimates are generally in good agreement with measurements of radio- sondes and water vapor radiometers （WVR）. The PWV retrieved by the national GNSS network is used in weather forecasting, assimilation of data into numerical weather prediction models, the validation of PWV estimates by radiosonde, and plum rain monitoring. The network is also used to monitor the total ionospheric electron content.
基金The research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFDO201502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51621061 and 51939005)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Open Cooperation Project of Henan Province,China(172106000015)the Open Fund of NationalEngineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding,China(NELCOF20190104).
文摘In recent years, the use of fertigation technology with center pivot irrigation systems has increased rapidly in the North China Plain (NCP). The combined effects of water and nitrogen application uniformity on the grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) have become a research hotspot. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted during the winter wheat growing season in 2016–2018 to evaluate the water application uniformity of a center pivot with two low pressure sprinklers (the R3000 sprinklers were installed in the first span, the corresponding treatment was RS;the D3000 sprinklers were installed in the second span, the corresponding treatment was DS) and a P85A impact sprinkler as the end gun (the corresponding treatment was EG), and to analyze its effects on grain yield, WUE and NUE. The results showed that the water application uniformity coefficients of R3000, D3000 and P85A along the radial direction of the pivot (CUH) were 87.5, 79.5 and 65%, respectively. While the uniformity coefficients along the traveling direction of the pivot (CUC) were all higher than 85%. The effects of water application uniformity of the R3000 and D3000 sprinklers on grain yield were not significant (P>0.05);however, the average grain yield of EG was significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of RS and DS, by 9.4 and 11.1% during two growing seasons, respectively. The coefficients of variation (CV) of the grain yield had a negative correlation with the uniformity coefficient. The CV of WUE was more strongly affected by the water application uniformity, compared with the WUE value, among the three treatments. The NUE of RS was higher than those of DS and EG by about 6.1 and 4.8%, respectively, but there were no significant differences in NUE among the three treatments during the two growing seasons. Although the CUH of the D3000 sprinklers was lower than that of the R3000, it had only limited effects on the grain yield, WUE and NUE. However, the cost of D3000 sprinklers is lower than that of R3000 sprinklers. Therefore, the D3000 sprinklers are recommended for winter wheat irrigation and fertigation in the NCP.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300808)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2013BAD05B02)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571612 and 31100191)the Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-STSZDTP-001)the Hebei Key Research and Development Program, China (15226407D and 17227006D)
文摘With increasing water shortage resources and extravagant nitrogen application, there is an urgent need to optimize irrigation regimes and nitrogen management for winter wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） in the North China Plain（NCP）. A 4-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels（W1, irrigation once at jointing stage; W2, irrigation once at jointing and once at heading stage; W3, irrigation once at jointing, once at heading, and once at filling stage; 60 mm each irrigation） and four N fertilizer rates（N0, 0; N1, 100 kg N ha-（-1）; N2, 200 kg N ha-（-1）; N3, 300 kg N ha-（-1）） on wheat yield, water use efficiency, fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and economic benefits. The results showed that wheat yield under W2 condition was similar to that under W3, and greater than that under W1 at the same nitrogen level. Yield with the N1 treatment was higher than that with the N0 treatment, but not significantly different from that obtained with the N2 and N3 treatments. The W2 N1 treatment resulted in the highest water use and fertilizer agronomic efficiencies. Compared with local traditional practice（W3 N3）, the net income and output-input ratio of W2 N1 were greater by 12.3 and 19.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that two irrigation events of 60 mm each coupled with application of 100 kg N ha-（–1） is sufficient to provide a high wheat yield during drought growing seasons in the NCP.
基金This work was supported by the Hundred Talents Program launched by the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe National Key Basic Research Development Foundation of China(G1999011805).
文摘A split-plot experiment in a rice-winter wheat rotation system was performed to study the effects of water regime and wheat straw application in rice-growing season on N2O emission from following wheat growing season. Water regime in the rice-growing season was designed as the conventional irrigation (flooding/drainage cycle) and the permanent flooding. Wheat straw was incorporated with three rates of 0, 225 and 450 g m-2 into the paddy soil for each water regime just before rice was transplanted. N2O emission was measured by static chamber-gas chromatograph method. Results from the variance analysis indicated that the permanent flooding in rice-growing season markedly enhanced N2O emission in following wheat growing season (P=0. 003), and that the effect of straw application on N2O emission was distinguished between two water regimes. Under the conventional irrigation, incoporation of wheat straw reduced N2O emission in the following wheat growing season, while there were no significant differences in the emission for the straw application rates of 225 and 450 g m-2. No significant differences in N2O emissions were observed among the three rates of straw application for the permanent flooding regime. In addition, the seasonal variation of N2O emission was regulated by soil temperature and moisture. The daily N2O flux (Y, mg m-2 d-1) can be quantitatively described by soil temperature (T, ℃) and moisture (W, WFPS %) asY=A0+A1T+A2W+A3W2(n=23, R2 ≥0. 4159** )or y=C0+C1W+C2W2(n=23,R2≥0. 4074** ). Compared with the effect of soil temperature on N2O emission, soil moisture was an important factor regulating the seasonal pattern of N2O emission.
文摘Sub-critical water extraction is a brand-new separation technology. This paper mainly discussed the principle, advantages of sub-critical water extraction, and its applications ranging from the medicinal plants traditionally used in Europe and Asia to produce pharmaceutical extracts (such as volatile oil, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinone, lactone, etc.). Meanwhile, the prospect of sub-critical water extraction in plant extractives is also explored. It will be widely used in the field of medical plants, bringing huge economic benefits, environmental benefits and social benefits.
文摘In the light of the national policy of fallow, this study was conducted to determine how the different water management and lime application would affect soil physical and chemical properties, rice yield and cadmium （Cd） content of rice in fallow season. The results showed that, compared with the arid fallow, the waterlogging fallow decreased the soil pH value whereas signifcantly increased the soil organic matter content and the cation exchange quantity, and reduced the soil effective cadmium content and the rice cadmium content whereas could increase the rice yield to a certain extent. In the fooded fallow or the dry fallow, the application of lime mainly depended on the alkali conditioning of lime and the antagonistic effect of Ca2＋, which could signifcantly reduce the cadmium content of rice, and its effect would increase linearly with the increase of lime dosage, whereas had no significant effect on soil organic matter content and cation exchange quantity. In order to establish a linear equation of lime dosage and related indexes under the condition of waterlogging fallow or dry fallow, calculations showed that each application of lime at 1 000 kg/hm2 or kg/hmss2 could improve soil pH value by 0.238 2 or 0.246 5units respectively, and reduce the effective Cd content to 0.007 5 mg/kg both in the arid fallow and the waterlogging fallow conditions. The lime theoretic application rate for the lowest Cd content of late rice in the arid fallow was 5 120 kg/hm2, and the minimum limit of the Cd content in rice was 0.124 2 mg/kg; and the lime theoretic application rate for the highest yield of late rice in the submerged water fallow was 4 636 kg/hm2, the minimum theoretic Cd content in rice is 0.100 7 mg/kg, and it could reduce the Cd content in rice under the condition of submerged fallow and decrease the dosage of lime.
基金Supported by Project for Experimental Demonstration of New Agricultural Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(Integrated Application of Water and Fertilizer for Drip Irrigation under Ground Membrane)Project for Provincial-level Farmland Quality Improvement and Fertilizer Reduction and Efficiency Increase
文摘Taking Hongyan strawberry as the material and PE drip irrigation tape and fertilizer applicator as the tool of integrated application of water and fertilizer,this experiment studied the effects of six fertilizers including Batian,Jiashili,Wangdefeng,Stanley,volfertile and calcium protein on yield and quality of strawberry. The experimental results showed that different water-soluble fertilizers had different effects on the main economic traits of strawberry. For the maximum single fruit mass,the highest was volfertile treatment( 28. 72 g),followed by calcium protein treatment,and the lowest was Stanley treatment( 23. 89 g). The fruit treated with Batian,volfertile and calcium protein was hard in the texture,the fruit treated with Wangdefeng was harder,that of Stanley was softer,and that of Jiashili was soft. The strawberry fruit treated with Wangdefeng and calcium protein was sweet,the fruit treated with volfertile and Batian was sweet,that treated with Jiashili was sour and sweet,and that treated with Stanley was slightly sour. The fruit treated with calcium protein,volfertile and Batian showed strong storage resistance.Strawberry plants treated with Batian,Wangdefeng,Stanley,and calcium protein showed stronger growth,and strawberry plants showed a semi-opening pattern. The yield of strawberry treated with volfertile was highest( 17 400 kg/ha),which was significantly increased compared with other treatments,followed by that treated by Stanley( 13 140 kg/ha).
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2016B14614)the Program of China Scholarship Council(Grant No.201906715015)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC040320502)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘To achieve the greatest leaching efficiency,water movement must occur under unsaturated flow conditions.Accordingly,the water application intensity of irrigation must be chosen carefully.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the water application intensity of micro-sprinkler irrigation on coastal saline soil with different salt contents.To achieve this objective,a laboratory experiment was conducted with three soil salinity treatments(2.26,10.13,and 22.29 dS/m)and three water application intensity treatments(3.05,5.19,and 7.23 mm/h).The results showed that the effect of soil salinity on soil water content,electrical conductivity,and pH was significant,and the effect of the water application intensity was insignificant.High soil water content was present in the 40e60 cm profile in all soil salinity treatments,and the content was higher in the medium and high water application intensity treatments than in the low-intensity treatment.Significant salt leaching occurred in all treatments,and the effect was stronger in the high soil salinity treatment and medium water application intensity treatment.In the medium and high soil salinity treatments,pH exhibited a decreasing trend,with no trend change in the low soil salinity treatment,and the pH value was higher in the medium water application intensity treatment than in the other two treatments.These results indicated that the three intensities evaluated had no statistically different effect on the electrical conductivity of saturated soil-paste extracts(EC)in the upper 20 cm of the soil profile,and it would be better to maintain a lower value of the water application intensity.
基金Supported by the National 863 Plan Foundation under Grant No.2006AA09A104
文摘For solving water entry problems, a numerical method is presented, which is a CFD method based on free surface capturing method and Cartesian cut cell mesh.In this approach, incompressible Euler equations for a variable density fluid are numerically calculated by the finite volume method.Then artificial compressibility method, dual time-stepping technique and Roe's approximate Riemann solver are adopted in the numerical scheme.Finally, some application cases are designed to show the ability of the current method to cope with water entry problems in ocean engineering.
基金Supported by The Key Science and Technology Project of Shangqiu City(2024056).
文摘The delayed nitrogen application technology is a crucial method for achieving high yield and efficiency in wheat cultivation.Specifically,more nitrogen is supplied to the middle and late growth stages of wheat by adjusting the application time and proportion of nitrogen fertilizer.This approach helps improve the tiller-bearing percentage and increase the number of grains per ear and the thousand-grain weight,while also reducing nitrogen loss and enhancing fertilizer use efficiency.This paper systematically elaborated on the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation technology system with delayed nitrogen application for wheat,covering variety selection,soil management,sowing technology,the principle and implementation methods of delayed nitrogen application,integrated water and fertilizer management,field management,and comprehensive pest and disease control.Considering the ecological characteristics of major wheat-growing regions in China,tailored technical solutions were proposed,and operational key points of critical technological steps were introduced in detail.Through scientific variety distribution,precise nitrogen management,and integrated pest control,wheat yield and quality can be enhanced while achieving cost saving,improved efficiency,and ecological environmental protection.This paper provides systematic theoretical guidance and practical references for promoting thedelayed nitrogen application technology in wheat,thereby supporting the sustainable development of China s wheat industry.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31960258)the Graduate Research Innovation Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(XJ2023G119).
文摘Nitrogen deposition and water tables are important factors to control soil microbial community structure.However,the specific effects and mechanisms of nitrogen deposition and water tables coupling on bacterial diversity,abundance,and community structure in arid alpine wetlands remain unclear.The nitrogen deposition(0,10,and 20 kg N/(hm^(2)•a))experiments were conducted in the Bayinbulak alpine wetland with different water tables(perennial flooding,seasonal waterlogging,and perennial drying).The 16S rRNA(ribosomal ribonucleic acid)gene sequencing technology was employed to analyze the changes in bacterial community diversity,network structure,and function in the soil.Results indicated that bacterial diversity was the highest under seasonal waterlogging condition.However,nitrogen deposition only affected the bacterial Chao1 and beta diversity indices under seasonal waterlogging condition.The abundance of bacterial communities under different water tables showed significant differences at the phylum and genus levels.The dominant phylum,Proteobacteria,was sensitive to soil moisture and its abundance decreased with decreasing water tables.Although nitrogen deposition led to changes in bacterial abundance,such changes were small compared with the effects of water tables.Nitrogen deposition with 10 kg N/(hm^(2)•a)decreased bacterial edge number,average path length,and robustness.However,perennial flooding and drying conditions could simply resist environmental changes caused by 20 kg N/(hm^(2)•a)nitrogen deposition and their network structure remain unchanged.The sulfur cycle function was dominant under perennial flooding condition,and carbon and nitrogen cycle functions were dominant under seasonal waterlogging and perennial drying conditions.Nitrogen application increased the potential function of part of nitrogen cycle and decreased the potential function of sulfur cycle in bacterial community.In summary,composition of bacterial community in the arid alpine wetland was determined by water tables,and diversity of bacterial community was inhibited by a lower water table.Effect of nitrogen deposition on bacterial community structure and function depended on water tables.
文摘The water extracted from the shale rock (shale water) through the pyrolysis process to obtain fuel oil and other products shows a composition based on organic compounds and a wide range of minerals and trace elements with an important role in plant nutrition, suggesting its use as a fertilizer. Thus, the influence of foliar application of shale water (SW), with or without the micronutrients zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boro (B) and molybdenum (Mo), was evaluated regarding yield and quality of maize grains. The yield, the total antioxidant activity, and the content of starch, phenolic compounds and carotenoids were improved in maize grains following the application of three doses of 7 L/ha of SW, which indicates that SW may influence the primary and secondary metabolisms. The application of SW with micronutrients resulted in the increase of grain yield;however, did not result in the improvement of grain quality. The foliar fertilizer formulations also had an influence in the content of minerals and aminoacids of the grain. The results indicate that SW has potential to be used in agriculture to improve yield and quality of maize.
文摘Dry season water application and conservation were studied for two years in Ado Ekiti to evaluate their effects on the performance of plantain Musa spp.. The treatments were： morning watering （MW）, evening watering （EW）, morning and evening watering （MEW）, morning watering ＋ mulch （MW ＋ ML）, evening watering ＋ mulch （EW ＋ ML）, morning and evening watering ＋ mulch （MEW ＋ ML）, mulch （ML） and Control. Height and girth increase, number of green leaves, yield and yield parameters were the highest in the MEW ＋ ML which were identical to those of Evening watering ＋ mulch and morning ＋ evening watering. The evening or morning watering with mulch was identical but showed better performance than those without mulch. The mulched plants and the control showed the least performance. It is therefore recommended that proper water conservation in plantain plantation will improve banana survival during dry season and subsequently increase yield in the study area.
