A unit testing approach for AspectJ programs is proposed to separately test aspect units which have their own states. In the approach, aspects under test are converted to classes before execution of unit testing. In t...A unit testing approach for AspectJ programs is proposed to separately test aspect units which have their own states. In the approach, aspects under test are converted to classes before execution of unit testing. In the conversion process, the context information passed through pointcut is transformed into advices, then the advices are converted to class member methods, and conflicts in the conversion result, if any, are resolved finally. The unit testing process consists of generating test cases, executing test cases and checking results.展开更多
In this paper, the new organization for unit testing embedding pair-wise mode is proposed with the core thought focused on the cooperation of programmer and tester by “cross-testing”. The typical content of unit tes...In this paper, the new organization for unit testing embedding pair-wise mode is proposed with the core thought focused on the cooperation of programmer and tester by “cross-testing”. The typical content of unit testing for the new organizing mode should have three aspects, including self-checking, cross-testing and independent-testing. For cross-testing, executing “pair-wise” mode, mainly tackles data testing, function testing and state testing, which function testing must be done by details and state testing must be considered for completeness. With the specializing of independent-testing, it should be taken as more rigid testing without arbitrariness. Consequently, strategy and measure are addressed for data testing focusing on boundary testing and function/state testing. And organizing method of procedure and key points of tackling unit testing are investigated for the new organizing mode. In order to assess the validity of our study and approach, a series of actual examples are demonstrated for GUI software. The result indicates that the execution of unit testing for the new organizing mode is effective and applicable.展开更多
There exist many automated unit test-generator tools for Java with the primary task of generating test cases, comprised of inputs and a corresponding oracle, each of which is explicitly paired with a specific supporti...There exist many automated unit test-generator tools for Java with the primary task of generating test cases, comprised of inputs and a corresponding oracle, each of which is explicitly paired with a specific supporting test implementation. The authors posit that this explicit pairing, or conflating, of test implementation with test case is unnecessary and counter-productive. The authors address this problem by separating the conflated concerns into two distinct tasks: 1) instantiating test implementations and 2) instantiating test cases. This paper focuses on automating the first task in support of the second with the goal of freeing the test engineer to concentrate on test case instantiation. The authors present a new open-source test-preparation tool Obsidian that produces robust, comprehensive, and maintainable unit test implementations. Obsidian, built on the JUnit framework, uses a set of context patterns and associated algorithms combined with information from the Java Reflection API to generate these unit test implementations from Java byte code. These context patterns guide Obsidian to prepare test implementations that guarantee compilation, support exception handling, enable multiple test cases when required, and provide a suitable location for assertions about the test case outcome(s). Obsidian supports regression testing and test-driven development through its novel audits of the testing process.展开更多
In this paper, we investigate empirically the relationship between object-oriented design metrics and testability of classes. We address testability from the point of view of unit testing effort. We collected data fro...In this paper, we investigate empirically the relationship between object-oriented design metrics and testability of classes. We address testability from the point of view of unit testing effort. We collected data from three open source Java software systems for which JUnit test cases exist. To capture the testing effort of classes, we used metrics to quantify the corresponding JUnit test cases. Classes were classified, according to the required unit testing effort, in two categories: high and low. In order to evaluate the relationship between object-oriented design metrics and unit testing effort of classes, we used logistic regression methods. We used the univariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the individual effect of each metric on the unit testing effort of classes. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the combined effect of the metrics. The performance of the prediction models was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis. The results indicate that: 1) complexity, size, cohesion and (to some extent) coupling were found significant predictors of the unit testing effort of classes and 2) multivariate regression models based on object-oriented design metrics are able to accurately predict the unit testing effort of classes.展开更多
Both unit and integration testing are incredibly crucial for almost any software application because each of them operates a distinct process to examine the product.Due to resource constraints,when software is subject...Both unit and integration testing are incredibly crucial for almost any software application because each of them operates a distinct process to examine the product.Due to resource constraints,when software is subjected to modifications,the drastic increase in the count of test cases forces the testers to opt for a test optimization strategy.One such strategy is test case prioritization(TCP).Existing works have propounded various methodologies that re-order the system-level test cases intending to boost either the fault detection capabilities or the coverage efficacy at the earliest.Nonetheless,singularity in objective functions and the lack of dissimilitude among the re-ordered test sequences have degraded the cogency of their approaches.Considering such gaps and scenarios when the meteoric and continuous updations in the software make the intensive unit and integration testing process more fragile,this study has introduced a memetics-inspired methodology for TCP.The proposed structure is first embedded with diverse parameters,and then traditional steps of the shuffled-frog-leaping approach(SFLA)are followed to prioritize the test cases at unit and integration levels.On 5 standard test functions,a comparative analysis is conducted between the established algorithms and the proposed approach,where the latter enhances the coverage rate and fault detection of re-ordered test sets.Investigation results related to the mean average percentage of fault detection(APFD)confirmed that the proposed approach exceeds the memetic,basic multi-walk,PSO,and optimized multi-walk by 21.7%,13.99%,12.24%,and 11.51%,respectively.展开更多
A unit pump test bench is developed on an in-line pump test platform. The bench is composed of pump adapting assembly, fuel supply subsystem, lubricating subsystem and a control unit. A crank angle domain injection co...A unit pump test bench is developed on an in-line pump test platform. The bench is composed of pump adapting assembly, fuel supply subsystem, lubricating subsystem and a control unit. A crank angle domain injection control method is given out and the control accuracy can be 0.1° crank degree. The bench can test both mechanical unit pump and electronic unit pump. A test model-PLD12 electronic unit pump is tested. Full pump delivery map and some influence factors test is done. Experimental results show that the injection quantity is linear with the delivery angle. The quantity change rate is 15% when fuel temperature increases 30 ℃. The delivery quantity per cycle increases 30 mg at 28 V drive voltage. The average delivery difference for two same type pumps is 5 %. Test results show that the bench can be used for unit pump verification.展开更多
PL/SQL is the most common language for ORACLE database application. It allows the developer to create stored program units (Procedures, Functions, and Packages) to improve software reusability and hide the complexity ...PL/SQL is the most common language for ORACLE database application. It allows the developer to create stored program units (Procedures, Functions, and Packages) to improve software reusability and hide the complexity of the execution of a specific operation behind a name. Also, it acts as an interface between SQL database and DEVELOPER. Therefore, it is important to test these modules that consist of procedures and functions. In this paper, a new genetic algorithm (GA), as search technique, is used in order to find the required test data according to branch criteria to test stored PL/SQL program units. The experimental results show that this was not fully achieved, such that the test target in some branches is not reached and the coverage percentage is 98%. A problem rises when target branch is depending on data retrieved from tables;in this case, GA is not able to generate test cases for this branch.展开更多
This study tests the hysteresis hypothesis of unemployment in fifteen OECD countries by using panel unit root tests which allow for structural breaks. We apply annual unemployment rates covering 1985-2008 periods. We ...This study tests the hysteresis hypothesis of unemployment in fifteen OECD countries by using panel unit root tests which allow for structural breaks. We apply annual unemployment rates covering 1985-2008 periods. We test whether unemployment rates are stationary by using second generation tests which allow cross section dependency among series and panel unit root test based on structural break advanced by Carrion-i-Silvestre, Barrio-Castro and Lopez-Bazo （2005）. We find series as a stationary process with structural breaks according to Carrion-i Silvestre et al. （2005） test, while we find series as unit root process with second generation panel unit root test. According to the Carrion-i Silvestre et al. （2005） test, we find the evidence of absence of hysteresis in analyzed countries. As a result, temporary shocks have temporary effects on unemployment instead of permanent effect. Structural factors can affect the natural rate of unemployment and, therefore, unemployment would be stationary around a process that is subject to structural breaks. So, there still exists a unique natural rate of unemployment to which the economy eventually will converge.展开更多
In this article, the unit root test for AR（p） model with GARCH errors is considered. The Dickey-Fuller test statistics are rewritten in the form of self-normalized sums, and the asymptotic distribution of the test s...In this article, the unit root test for AR（p） model with GARCH errors is considered. The Dickey-Fuller test statistics are rewritten in the form of self-normalized sums, and the asymptotic distribution of the test statistics is derived under the weak conditions.展开更多
单元测试用于检验软件单一模块的功能是否正确,是软件开发过程中的重要步骤,可以及时发现代码中的缺陷,提升软件的质量和可信度.由于手动编写单元测试费时费力,经常遗漏覆盖重要的代码逻辑.为此,研究者提出单元测试用例自动生成技术.近...单元测试用于检验软件单一模块的功能是否正确,是软件开发过程中的重要步骤,可以及时发现代码中的缺陷,提升软件的质量和可信度.由于手动编写单元测试费时费力,经常遗漏覆盖重要的代码逻辑.为此,研究者提出单元测试用例自动生成技术.近来,预训练大语言模型(large language models,LLM)已经广泛应用于代码生成相关任务.然而,当前在重要的系统级编程语言C上,还没有相关工作.为了填补这一空白,本文面向C程序设计并实现了基于LLM的单元测试用例生成方法LLM4CUTCG.该方法结合LLM多智能体交互和程序分析技术,客服了LLM内在问题.为了验证方法效果,收集了125个C语言目标程序,并针对这些程序生成测试用例.实验结果表明,LLM4CUTCG生成的测试行覆盖率为91.71%,测试预言正确率为50.05%.其覆盖率优于传统方法符号执行.展开更多
文摘A unit testing approach for AspectJ programs is proposed to separately test aspect units which have their own states. In the approach, aspects under test are converted to classes before execution of unit testing. In the conversion process, the context information passed through pointcut is transformed into advices, then the advices are converted to class member methods, and conflicts in the conversion result, if any, are resolved finally. The unit testing process consists of generating test cases, executing test cases and checking results.
文摘In this paper, the new organization for unit testing embedding pair-wise mode is proposed with the core thought focused on the cooperation of programmer and tester by “cross-testing”. The typical content of unit testing for the new organizing mode should have three aspects, including self-checking, cross-testing and independent-testing. For cross-testing, executing “pair-wise” mode, mainly tackles data testing, function testing and state testing, which function testing must be done by details and state testing must be considered for completeness. With the specializing of independent-testing, it should be taken as more rigid testing without arbitrariness. Consequently, strategy and measure are addressed for data testing focusing on boundary testing and function/state testing. And organizing method of procedure and key points of tackling unit testing are investigated for the new organizing mode. In order to assess the validity of our study and approach, a series of actual examples are demonstrated for GUI software. The result indicates that the execution of unit testing for the new organizing mode is effective and applicable.
文摘There exist many automated unit test-generator tools for Java with the primary task of generating test cases, comprised of inputs and a corresponding oracle, each of which is explicitly paired with a specific supporting test implementation. The authors posit that this explicit pairing, or conflating, of test implementation with test case is unnecessary and counter-productive. The authors address this problem by separating the conflated concerns into two distinct tasks: 1) instantiating test implementations and 2) instantiating test cases. This paper focuses on automating the first task in support of the second with the goal of freeing the test engineer to concentrate on test case instantiation. The authors present a new open-source test-preparation tool Obsidian that produces robust, comprehensive, and maintainable unit test implementations. Obsidian, built on the JUnit framework, uses a set of context patterns and associated algorithms combined with information from the Java Reflection API to generate these unit test implementations from Java byte code. These context patterns guide Obsidian to prepare test implementations that guarantee compilation, support exception handling, enable multiple test cases when required, and provide a suitable location for assertions about the test case outcome(s). Obsidian supports regression testing and test-driven development through its novel audits of the testing process.
文摘In this paper, we investigate empirically the relationship between object-oriented design metrics and testability of classes. We address testability from the point of view of unit testing effort. We collected data from three open source Java software systems for which JUnit test cases exist. To capture the testing effort of classes, we used metrics to quantify the corresponding JUnit test cases. Classes were classified, according to the required unit testing effort, in two categories: high and low. In order to evaluate the relationship between object-oriented design metrics and unit testing effort of classes, we used logistic regression methods. We used the univariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the individual effect of each metric on the unit testing effort of classes. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the combined effect of the metrics. The performance of the prediction models was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis. The results indicate that: 1) complexity, size, cohesion and (to some extent) coupling were found significant predictors of the unit testing effort of classes and 2) multivariate regression models based on object-oriented design metrics are able to accurately predict the unit testing effort of classes.
文摘Both unit and integration testing are incredibly crucial for almost any software application because each of them operates a distinct process to examine the product.Due to resource constraints,when software is subjected to modifications,the drastic increase in the count of test cases forces the testers to opt for a test optimization strategy.One such strategy is test case prioritization(TCP).Existing works have propounded various methodologies that re-order the system-level test cases intending to boost either the fault detection capabilities or the coverage efficacy at the earliest.Nonetheless,singularity in objective functions and the lack of dissimilitude among the re-ordered test sequences have degraded the cogency of their approaches.Considering such gaps and scenarios when the meteoric and continuous updations in the software make the intensive unit and integration testing process more fragile,this study has introduced a memetics-inspired methodology for TCP.The proposed structure is first embedded with diverse parameters,and then traditional steps of the shuffled-frog-leaping approach(SFLA)are followed to prioritize the test cases at unit and integration levels.On 5 standard test functions,a comparative analysis is conducted between the established algorithms and the proposed approach,where the latter enhances the coverage rate and fault detection of re-ordered test sets.Investigation results related to the mean average percentage of fault detection(APFD)confirmed that the proposed approach exceeds the memetic,basic multi-walk,PSO,and optimized multi-walk by 21.7%,13.99%,12.24%,and 11.51%,respectively.
基金the Ministerial Level Advanced Research Foundation (404050301 .4)
文摘A unit pump test bench is developed on an in-line pump test platform. The bench is composed of pump adapting assembly, fuel supply subsystem, lubricating subsystem and a control unit. A crank angle domain injection control method is given out and the control accuracy can be 0.1° crank degree. The bench can test both mechanical unit pump and electronic unit pump. A test model-PLD12 electronic unit pump is tested. Full pump delivery map and some influence factors test is done. Experimental results show that the injection quantity is linear with the delivery angle. The quantity change rate is 15% when fuel temperature increases 30 ℃. The delivery quantity per cycle increases 30 mg at 28 V drive voltage. The average delivery difference for two same type pumps is 5 %. Test results show that the bench can be used for unit pump verification.
文摘PL/SQL is the most common language for ORACLE database application. It allows the developer to create stored program units (Procedures, Functions, and Packages) to improve software reusability and hide the complexity of the execution of a specific operation behind a name. Also, it acts as an interface between SQL database and DEVELOPER. Therefore, it is important to test these modules that consist of procedures and functions. In this paper, a new genetic algorithm (GA), as search technique, is used in order to find the required test data according to branch criteria to test stored PL/SQL program units. The experimental results show that this was not fully achieved, such that the test target in some branches is not reached and the coverage percentage is 98%. A problem rises when target branch is depending on data retrieved from tables;in this case, GA is not able to generate test cases for this branch.
文摘This study tests the hysteresis hypothesis of unemployment in fifteen OECD countries by using panel unit root tests which allow for structural breaks. We apply annual unemployment rates covering 1985-2008 periods. We test whether unemployment rates are stationary by using second generation tests which allow cross section dependency among series and panel unit root test based on structural break advanced by Carrion-i-Silvestre, Barrio-Castro and Lopez-Bazo （2005）. We find series as a stationary process with structural breaks according to Carrion-i Silvestre et al. （2005） test, while we find series as unit root process with second generation panel unit root test. According to the Carrion-i Silvestre et al. （2005） test, we find the evidence of absence of hysteresis in analyzed countries. As a result, temporary shocks have temporary effects on unemployment instead of permanent effect. Structural factors can affect the natural rate of unemployment and, therefore, unemployment would be stationary around a process that is subject to structural breaks. So, there still exists a unique natural rate of unemployment to which the economy eventually will converge.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(1047112610671176).
文摘In this article, the unit root test for AR（p） model with GARCH errors is considered. The Dickey-Fuller test statistics are rewritten in the form of self-normalized sums, and the asymptotic distribution of the test statistics is derived under the weak conditions.
文摘目的了解耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的分布情况及其耐药性,为预防、控制和治疗相关感染提供科学依据。方法使用微生物统计软件Whonet 5.6分析2015年1月—2022年12月某院微生物实验室分离出的耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌患者信息、科室分布、标本种类和药敏试验,使用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析。结果共检出耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌380株,检出率呈逐年波动上升;男性患者(75.26%,286/380)多于女性(24.74%,94/380),多数患者年龄大于45岁(86.58%,329/380)。科室分布,重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌检出最多(76.84%,292/380),不同年份该菌的检出率整体呈上升趋势(χ_(趋势)^(2)=44.151,P<0.001);标本分布,呼吸道标本检出耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌最多(56.58%,215/380);耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌对常见抗菌药物呈现出广泛耐药性,仅多黏菌素和替加环素耐药率较低。结论耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌在ICU患者中检出率高,细菌耐药率高,应制定合理防控措施,避免耐药菌株的产生和传播。
文摘单元测试用于检验软件单一模块的功能是否正确,是软件开发过程中的重要步骤,可以及时发现代码中的缺陷,提升软件的质量和可信度.由于手动编写单元测试费时费力,经常遗漏覆盖重要的代码逻辑.为此,研究者提出单元测试用例自动生成技术.近来,预训练大语言模型(large language models,LLM)已经广泛应用于代码生成相关任务.然而,当前在重要的系统级编程语言C上,还没有相关工作.为了填补这一空白,本文面向C程序设计并实现了基于LLM的单元测试用例生成方法LLM4CUTCG.该方法结合LLM多智能体交互和程序分析技术,客服了LLM内在问题.为了验证方法效果,收集了125个C语言目标程序,并针对这些程序生成测试用例.实验结果表明,LLM4CUTCG生成的测试行覆盖率为91.71%,测试预言正确率为50.05%.其覆盖率优于传统方法符号执行.
