This paper shows that exact calculation for transition probability can make some systems deviate fromFermi golden rule seriously. This paper also shows that the corresponding exact calculation of hopping rate inducedb...This paper shows that exact calculation for transition probability can make some systems deviate fromFermi golden rule seriously. This paper also shows that the corresponding exact calculation of hopping rate inducedby phonons for deuteron in Pd-D system with the many-body electron screening, proposed by Ichimaru, can explainthe experimental fact observed in Pd-D system, and predicts that perfection and low-dimension of Pd lattice are veryimportant for the phonon-induced hopping rate enhancement in Pd-D system.展开更多
This paper suggests a principle to find a unitary operator U which transforms non-physical quantity, zero-potential Hamiltonian H<SUB>0</SUB>, into true physical quantity UH<SUB>0</SUB>U<SUP...This paper suggests a principle to find a unitary operator U which transforms non-physical quantity, zero-potential Hamiltonian H<SUB>0</SUB>, into true physical quantity UH<SUB>0</SUB>U<SUP>?</SUP> for a charged particle in classical electromagnetic field, and puts forward a unified form of constructing gauge-independent transition probabilities in this case. Different methods correspond to different unitary operators which satisfy the above-mentioned principle.展开更多
This paper focuses on the reachable set estimation for Markovian jump neural networks with time delay.By allowing uncertainty in the transition probabilities,a framework unifies and enhances the generality and realism...This paper focuses on the reachable set estimation for Markovian jump neural networks with time delay.By allowing uncertainty in the transition probabilities,a framework unifies and enhances the generality and realism of these systems.To fully exploit the unified uncertain transition probabilities,an equivalent transformation technique is introduced as an alternative to traditional estimation methods,effectively utilizing the information of transition probabilities.Furthermore,a vector Wirtinger-based summation inequality is proposed,which captures more system information compared to existing ones.Building upon these components,a novel condition that guarantees a reachable set estimation is presented for Markovian jump neural networks with unified uncertain transition probabilities.A numerical example is illustrated to demonstrate the superiority of the approaches.展开更多
The Weakest Bound Electron Potential Model theory is used to calculate transition probability-values and oscillator strength-values for individual lines of Sc（Ⅲ） and Y（Ⅲ）. In this method, by solving the SchrSdin...The Weakest Bound Electron Potential Model theory is used to calculate transition probability-values and oscillator strength-values for individual lines of Sc（Ⅲ） and Y（Ⅲ）. In this method, by solving the SchrSdinger equation of the weakest bound electron, the expressions of energy eigenvalue and the radial function can be obtained. And a coupled equation is used to determine the parameters which are needed in the calculations. The ob- tained results of Sc（III） from this work agree very well with the accepted values taken from the National Institute of Standards and Technoligy （NIST） data base, most deviations are within the accepted level. For Y（Ⅲ） there are no accepted values reported by the NIST data base. So we compared our results of Y（Ⅲ） with other theoretical results, good agreement is also obtained.展开更多
Based on NII spectra, some transition probabilities for 2p4f-2p3d and 2s2p23d-2s2p23p are obtained by a semi- classical method. The results are in good agreement with other measurements and the data reported by the Na...Based on NII spectra, some transition probabilities for 2p4f-2p3d and 2s2p23d-2s2p23p are obtained by a semi- classical method. The results are in good agreement with other measurements and the data reported by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The transition probability for a line of 424.18nm is reported for the first time. Meanwhile, a feasible method of calculating transition parameters related to special excited configurations or highly excited states is provided.展开更多
Optimal policies in Markov decision problems may be quite sensitive with regard to transition probabilities.In practice,some transition probabilities may be uncertain.The goals of the present study are to find the rob...Optimal policies in Markov decision problems may be quite sensitive with regard to transition probabilities.In practice,some transition probabilities may be uncertain.The goals of the present study are to find the robust range for a certain optimal policy and to obtain value intervals of exact transition probabilities.Our research yields powerful contributions for Markov decision processes(MDPs)with uncertain transition probabilities.We first propose a method for estimating unknown transition probabilities based on maximum likelihood.Since the estimation may be far from accurate,and the highest expected total reward of the MDP may be sensitive to these transition probabilities,we analyze the robustness of an optimal policy and propose an approach for robust analysis.After giving the definition of a robust optimal policy with uncertain transition probabilities represented as sets of numbers,we formulate a model to obtain the optimal policy.Finally,we define the value intervals of the exact transition probabilities and construct models to determine the lower and upper bounds.Numerical examples are given to show the practicability of our methods.展开更多
In this paper, two cellular automata traffic models are proposed to simulate the operation of an expressway. The results show that the flow rate and the average velocity are generally equal in the same density which i...In this paper, two cellular automata traffic models are proposed to simulate the operation of an expressway. The results show that the flow rate and the average velocity are generally equal in the same density which is different among the lanes. The analysis of lane changing times and the velocity total deviation show some characteristics which are difficult to explain phase transitions under fundamental diagram theory. Therefore,the concept of lane changing probability is introduced, and it is concluded that the speed-limit rule can reduce the motivation of lane changing effectively.展开更多
Rare earths-doped oxyfluoride glasses based on germanium oxide and lead fluoride were prepared from commercial raw materials. The glasses with general composition of 50GeO2-(50-x-y)PbO-yPbF2-xLnF3 (Ln=Pr3+-Yb3+), cont...Rare earths-doped oxyfluoride glasses based on germanium oxide and lead fluoride were prepared from commercial raw materials. The glasses with general composition of 50GeO2-(50-x-y)PbO-yPbF2-xLnF3 (Ln=Pr3+-Yb3+), contained different concentrations of optically active dopants (x=0.2 mol.% and 2 mol.%) and PbF2 (y≤15 mol.%). The differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to determine both thermal characteristic and thermal stability properties of the glasses in the function of the kind of dopant, its concentration, and a glass composition. Characteristic glass temperatures such as glass transition temperature (Tg), glass crystallization temperature (Tc) and temperature corresponding to the maximum of the crystallization rate (Tpc) were evaluated. On the basis of obtained results, the thermal stabilities of glasses under study were evaluated using various thermal stability criteria (Dietzel factor ?T, Saad-Poulain factors H’ and S). It was found that the increase in rare earth fluoride contents influenced thermal characteristics when the characteristic temperatures of the individual glass was shifted towards higher values. The effect of the PbF2 content and the kind of rare earth impurity on the glass stability was observed. Absorption spectra of lanthanide-doped glasses were measured at room temperature and used to determine the phenomenological intensity parameters Ωt and next, to estimate radiative properties of lanthanide ions in this matrix. Radiative transition probabilities of luminescent states of Ln3+, branching ratios and radiative lifetimes were determined. The variation of the Ωt along the lanthanide series was presented and discussed.展开更多
Suspended sediment concentrations in the Middle Yangtze River(MYR)reduced greatly after the Three Gorges Project operation,causing the composition of bed material to coarsen continuously.However,little is known about ...Suspended sediment concentrations in the Middle Yangtze River(MYR)reduced greatly after the Three Gorges Project operation,causing the composition of bed material to coarsen continuously.However,little is known about the non-equilibrium transport of graded suspended sediment owing to different bed material compositions(BMCs)along the MYR,and it is necessary to determine the magnitude of recovery factor.Using the Markov stochastic process in conjunction with the hiding-exposure effect of non-uniform bed-material,a new formula is proposed for calculating the recovery factor including the effect of different BMCs,and it is incorporated into the non-equilibrium transport equation to simulate the recovery processes of suspended load in both sand-gravel bed and sand bed reaches of the MYR.The results show that:(i)the recovery rate of graded sediment concentrations at Zhicheng was slower than that at Shashi during the period 2003-2007;(ii)the mean recovery factors of the coarse,medium,and fine sediment fractions in the ZhichengShashi reach were 0.152,0.0012,and 0.0005,respectively,and the coarse sediment recovered up to the maximum sediment concentration of 0.138 kg/m3over a distance of 15 km;and(iii)the results of the new formula that can consider the effect of bed material composition are in general agreement with the field observations,and the spatial and temporal delay effects are inversely related to particle size and BMC.Consequently,the BMC effect on the nonequilibrium sediment transport in different reaches of the MYR needs to be considered for higher simulation accuracy.展开更多
AIM: To study the natural progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.METHODS: This was an observational study of 153 cases with type 2 diabetes from 2010 to 2013. The state of patient was not...AIM: To study the natural progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.METHODS: This was an observational study of 153 cases with type 2 diabetes from 2010 to 2013. The state of patient was noted at end of each year and transition matrices were developed to model movement between years. Patients who progressed to severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR) were treated.Markov Chains and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.RESULTS: We modelled the transition of 153 patients from NPDR to blindness on an annual basis. At the end of year 3, we compared results from the Markov model versus actual data. The results from Chi-square test confirmed that there was statistically no significant difference(P =0.70) which provided assurance that the model was robust to estimate mean sojourn times. The key finding was that a patient entering the system in mild NPDR state is expected to stay in that state for 5y followed by 1.07 y in moderate NPDR, be in the severe NPDR state for 1.33 y before moving into PDR for roughly8 y. It is therefore expected that such a patient entering the model in a state of mild NPDR will enter blindness after 15.29 y.CONCLUSION: Patients stay for long time periods in mild NPDR before transitioning into moderate NPDR.However, they move rapidly from moderate NPDR to proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) and stay in that state for long periods before transitioning into blindness.展开更多
The level lifetimes in partner bands of 130Cs have been measured using the Doppler Shift Attenuation method （DSAM）. The high-spin states of 130Cs were populated via fusion evap- oration reaction 124Sn（11B; 5n）130C...The level lifetimes in partner bands of 130Cs have been measured using the Doppler Shift Attenuation method （DSAM）. The high-spin states of 130Cs were populated via fusion evap- oration reaction 124Sn（11B; 5n）130Cs at a beam energy of 65 MeV. The absolute M1 and E2 transition probabilities have been deduced. The results indicate that the partner bands of 130Cs indeed manifest chiral properties.展开更多
In this note, the state and mode feedback control problems for a class of discrete-time Markovian jump linear systems(MJLSs) with controllable mode transition probability matrix(MTPM) are investigated. In most achieve...In this note, the state and mode feedback control problems for a class of discrete-time Markovian jump linear systems(MJLSs) with controllable mode transition probability matrix(MTPM) are investigated. In most achievements, controller design of MJLSs pays more attention to state/output feedback control for stability, while the system cost in practice is out of consideration. In this paper, we propose a control mechanism consisting of two parts: finite-path-dependent state feedback controller design with which uniform stability of MJLSs can be ensured, and mode feedback control which aims to decrease system cost. Differing from the traditional state/output feedback controller design, the main novelty is that the proposed control mechanism not only guarantees system stability, but also decreases system cost effectively by adjusting the occurrence probability of system modes. The effectiveness of the proposed mechanism is illustrated via numerical examples.展开更多
In order to solve the problem of path planning of tower cranes,an improved ant colony algorithm was proposed.Firstly,the tower crane was simplified into a three-degree-of-freedom mechanical arm,and the D-H motion mode...In order to solve the problem of path planning of tower cranes,an improved ant colony algorithm was proposed.Firstly,the tower crane was simplified into a three-degree-of-freedom mechanical arm,and the D-H motion model was established to solve the forward and inverse kinematic equations.Secondly,the traditional ant colony algorithm was improved.The heuristic function was improved by introducing the distance between the optional nodes and the target point into the function.Then the transition probability was improved by introducing the security factor of surrounding points into the transition probability.In addition,the local path chunking strategy was used to optimize the local multi-inflection path and reduce the local redundant inflection points.Finally,according to the position of the hook,the kinematic inversion of the tower crane was carried out,and the variables of each joint were obtained.More specifically,compared with the traditional ant colony algorithm,the simulation results showed that improved ant colony algorithm converged faster,shortened the optimal path length,and optimized the path quality in the simple and complex environment.展开更多
Quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law for the transmission of energy allowed us to calculate the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the hydrogen atom in a fully non-probabilistic way. The ca...Quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law for the transmission of energy allowed us to calculate the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the hydrogen atom in a fully non-probabilistic way. The calculation has been extended to all transitions between p and s states having main quantum numbers not exceeding 6. An evident similarity between the intensity pattern obtained from the Joule-Lenz law and the corresponding quantum-mechanical transition pro-babilities has been shown.展开更多
The energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom has been applied in calculating the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the atom. The formal basis of the approach has been provided by the quantum pr...The energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom has been applied in calculating the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the atom. The formal basis of the approach has been provided by the quantum properties of energy and time deduced from the Joule-Lenz law. The rates of the energy transitions obtained in this way were compared with the quantum-mechanical probabilities of transitions calculated earlier by Bethe and Condon and Shortley for the same pairs of the quantum states.展开更多
This article deals with some properties of Galton-Watson branching processes in varying environments. A necessary and suffcient condition for relative recurrent state is presented, and a series of ratio limit properti...This article deals with some properties of Galton-Watson branching processes in varying environments. A necessary and suffcient condition for relative recurrent state is presented, and a series of ratio limit properties of the transition probabilities are showed.展开更多
Aiming at some weapon systems with shooting domain,the stochastic passage characteristics of the barrel were studied.On the basis of the exact definition of the stochastic passage characteristics,its opportunity-await...Aiming at some weapon systems with shooting domain,the stochastic passage characteristics of the barrel were studied.On the basis of the exact definition of the stochastic passage characteristics,its opportunity-awaiting time,residence time and stochastic passage period were given by using the transition probability matrix,and they all obeyed the geometry distributions.Their means and variances were also derived,and the relations between the time indexes and the structure and parameters of weapon control system were established.Finally,the creditability of the conclusions was verified by the test data of weapon system in proving ground.展开更多
Based on relativistic wave functions from multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock and configuration interaction cal- culations, E2 and M1 transition probabilities of 2p3 4S3/2-2p3 2D3/2,5/2 are investigated in the nitro...Based on relativistic wave functions from multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock and configuration interaction cal- culations, E2 and M1 transition probabilities of 2p3 4S3/2-2p3 2D3/2,5/2 are investigated in the nitrogen-like sequence with 7 〈 Z 〈 16. The contributions of the electron correlations, Breit interaction, and the quantum electrodynamic （QED） effects on the transition properties are analyzed. The present results can be used for diagnosing plasma. In addition, several N-like ions can also be recommended as a promising candidate for a highly charged ion （HCI） clock with a quality factor （Q） of trnnsition as hitch as 1020.展开更多
The Stark structures in a cesium atom around n=18 are numerically calculated. The results show that the components of 20D states with a small azimuthal quantum number ｜m｜ shift upward a lot, and those with a large ...The Stark structures in a cesium atom around n=18 are numerically calculated. The results show that the components of 20D states with a small azimuthal quantum number ｜m｜ shift upward a lot, and those with a large ｜m｜ shift downward a little within 1100 V/cm. All components of P states shift downward. Experimental work has been performed in ultracold atomic cesium. Atoms initially in 6P3/2 state are excited to high-n Rydberg states by a polarization light perpendicular to the field, and Stark spectra with ｜m｜=1/2,3/2,5/2 are simultaneously observed with a large linewidth for the first time. The observed spectra are analyzed in detail. The relative transition probability is calculated. The experimental results are in good agreement with our numerical computation.展开更多
The energy levels,transition energies,transition probabilities,weighted oscillator strengths,and line strengths of Li-like ions(Z=7-11)in dense plasmas are investigated in this work.The relativistic effects and electr...The energy levels,transition energies,transition probabilities,weighted oscillator strengths,and line strengths of Li-like ions(Z=7-11)in dense plasmas are investigated in this work.The relativistic effects and electron correlation effects are described by the MCDHF method.The ion sphere model is applied to include the dense plasma screening effect.The ground configuration 1s^(2)2s and the excited 1s^(2)2p,1s^(2)3l(l=0-2)are considered.The configuration sets are enlarged until n=7 where the calculated energy levels have converged.The critical free electron densities of 1s^(2)3d states are estimated.Except for 1s^(2)3s-1s^(2)3p transitions,the transition energies for△n=0 increase,and for△n≠0 decrease with increasing free electron densities.For 1s^(2)3s-1s^(2)3p transitions,the spectra show blue-shift at lower free electron densities and red-shift at higher free electron densities,and the energy level crossing phenomens are observed at higher free electron densities.展开更多
文摘This paper shows that exact calculation for transition probability can make some systems deviate fromFermi golden rule seriously. This paper also shows that the corresponding exact calculation of hopping rate inducedby phonons for deuteron in Pd-D system with the many-body electron screening, proposed by Ichimaru, can explainthe experimental fact observed in Pd-D system, and predicts that perfection and low-dimension of Pd lattice are veryimportant for the phonon-induced hopping rate enhancement in Pd-D system.
文摘This paper suggests a principle to find a unitary operator U which transforms non-physical quantity, zero-potential Hamiltonian H<SUB>0</SUB>, into true physical quantity UH<SUB>0</SUB>U<SUP>?</SUP> for a charged particle in classical electromagnetic field, and puts forward a unified form of constructing gauge-independent transition probabilities in this case. Different methods correspond to different unitary operators which satisfy the above-mentioned principle.
基金funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2022YFE0107300the Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Special Key Project under Grant CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0162+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant U22A20101the Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Special Key Project under Grant CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0015the Chongqing postdoctoral innovativetalents support program under Grant CQBX202205the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant 2023M730411.
文摘This paper focuses on the reachable set estimation for Markovian jump neural networks with time delay.By allowing uncertainty in the transition probabilities,a framework unifies and enhances the generality and realism of these systems.To fully exploit the unified uncertain transition probabilities,an equivalent transformation technique is introduced as an alternative to traditional estimation methods,effectively utilizing the information of transition probabilities.Furthermore,a vector Wirtinger-based summation inequality is proposed,which captures more system information compared to existing ones.Building upon these components,a novel condition that guarantees a reachable set estimation is presented for Markovian jump neural networks with unified uncertain transition probabilities.A numerical example is illustrated to demonstrate the superiority of the approaches.
文摘The Weakest Bound Electron Potential Model theory is used to calculate transition probability-values and oscillator strength-values for individual lines of Sc（Ⅲ） and Y（Ⅲ）. In this method, by solving the SchrSdinger equation of the weakest bound electron, the expressions of energy eigenvalue and the radial function can be obtained. And a coupled equation is used to determine the parameters which are needed in the calculations. The ob- tained results of Sc（III） from this work agree very well with the accepted values taken from the National Institute of Standards and Technoligy （NIST） data base, most deviations are within the accepted level. For Y（Ⅲ） there are no accepted values reported by the NIST data base. So we compared our results of Y（Ⅲ） with other theoretical results, good agreement is also obtained.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 40475007）.
文摘Based on NII spectra, some transition probabilities for 2p4f-2p3d and 2s2p23d-2s2p23p are obtained by a semi- classical method. The results are in good agreement with other measurements and the data reported by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The transition probability for a line of 424.18nm is reported for the first time. Meanwhile, a feasible method of calculating transition parameters related to special excited configurations or highly excited states is provided.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71571019).
文摘Optimal policies in Markov decision problems may be quite sensitive with regard to transition probabilities.In practice,some transition probabilities may be uncertain.The goals of the present study are to find the robust range for a certain optimal policy and to obtain value intervals of exact transition probabilities.Our research yields powerful contributions for Markov decision processes(MDPs)with uncertain transition probabilities.We first propose a method for estimating unknown transition probabilities based on maximum likelihood.Since the estimation may be far from accurate,and the highest expected total reward of the MDP may be sensitive to these transition probabilities,we analyze the robustness of an optimal policy and propose an approach for robust analysis.After giving the definition of a robust optimal policy with uncertain transition probabilities represented as sets of numbers,we formulate a model to obtain the optimal policy.Finally,we define the value intervals of the exact transition probabilities and construct models to determine the lower and upper bounds.Numerical examples are given to show the practicability of our methods.
文摘In this paper, two cellular automata traffic models are proposed to simulate the operation of an expressway. The results show that the flow rate and the average velocity are generally equal in the same density which is different among the lanes. The analysis of lane changing times and the velocity total deviation show some characteristics which are difficult to explain phase transitions under fundamental diagram theory. Therefore,the concept of lane changing probability is introduced, and it is concluded that the speed-limit rule can reduce the motivation of lane changing effectively.
文摘Rare earths-doped oxyfluoride glasses based on germanium oxide and lead fluoride were prepared from commercial raw materials. The glasses with general composition of 50GeO2-(50-x-y)PbO-yPbF2-xLnF3 (Ln=Pr3+-Yb3+), contained different concentrations of optically active dopants (x=0.2 mol.% and 2 mol.%) and PbF2 (y≤15 mol.%). The differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to determine both thermal characteristic and thermal stability properties of the glasses in the function of the kind of dopant, its concentration, and a glass composition. Characteristic glass temperatures such as glass transition temperature (Tg), glass crystallization temperature (Tc) and temperature corresponding to the maximum of the crystallization rate (Tpc) were evaluated. On the basis of obtained results, the thermal stabilities of glasses under study were evaluated using various thermal stability criteria (Dietzel factor ?T, Saad-Poulain factors H’ and S). It was found that the increase in rare earth fluoride contents influenced thermal characteristics when the characteristic temperatures of the individual glass was shifted towards higher values. The effect of the PbF2 content and the kind of rare earth impurity on the glass stability was observed. Absorption spectra of lanthanide-doped glasses were measured at room temperature and used to determine the phenomenological intensity parameters Ωt and next, to estimate radiative properties of lanthanide ions in this matrix. Radiative transition probabilities of luminescent states of Ln3+, branching ratios and radiative lifetimes were determined. The variation of the Ωt along the lanthanide series was presented and discussed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51725902,52009095,U2040215,U2240206,and 52109098)supported partly by the Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(Grant No.BX2021228)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2021CFA029)。
文摘Suspended sediment concentrations in the Middle Yangtze River(MYR)reduced greatly after the Three Gorges Project operation,causing the composition of bed material to coarsen continuously.However,little is known about the non-equilibrium transport of graded suspended sediment owing to different bed material compositions(BMCs)along the MYR,and it is necessary to determine the magnitude of recovery factor.Using the Markov stochastic process in conjunction with the hiding-exposure effect of non-uniform bed-material,a new formula is proposed for calculating the recovery factor including the effect of different BMCs,and it is incorporated into the non-equilibrium transport equation to simulate the recovery processes of suspended load in both sand-gravel bed and sand bed reaches of the MYR.The results show that:(i)the recovery rate of graded sediment concentrations at Zhicheng was slower than that at Shashi during the period 2003-2007;(ii)the mean recovery factors of the coarse,medium,and fine sediment fractions in the ZhichengShashi reach were 0.152,0.0012,and 0.0005,respectively,and the coarse sediment recovered up to the maximum sediment concentration of 0.138 kg/m3over a distance of 15 km;and(iii)the results of the new formula that can consider the effect of bed material composition are in general agreement with the field observations,and the spatial and temporal delay effects are inversely related to particle size and BMC.Consequently,the BMC effect on the nonequilibrium sediment transport in different reaches of the MYR needs to be considered for higher simulation accuracy.
文摘AIM: To study the natural progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.METHODS: This was an observational study of 153 cases with type 2 diabetes from 2010 to 2013. The state of patient was noted at end of each year and transition matrices were developed to model movement between years. Patients who progressed to severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR) were treated.Markov Chains and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.RESULTS: We modelled the transition of 153 patients from NPDR to blindness on an annual basis. At the end of year 3, we compared results from the Markov model versus actual data. The results from Chi-square test confirmed that there was statistically no significant difference(P =0.70) which provided assurance that the model was robust to estimate mean sojourn times. The key finding was that a patient entering the system in mild NPDR state is expected to stay in that state for 5y followed by 1.07 y in moderate NPDR, be in the severe NPDR state for 1.33 y before moving into PDR for roughly8 y. It is therefore expected that such a patient entering the model in a state of mild NPDR will enter blindness after 15.29 y.CONCLUSION: Patients stay for long time periods in mild NPDR before transitioning into moderate NPDR.However, they move rapidly from moderate NPDR to proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) and stay in that state for long periods before transitioning into blindness.
基金supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program (2007CB815000)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 10775184, 10675171, 10575133, 10575092, 10375092)
文摘The level lifetimes in partner bands of 130Cs have been measured using the Doppler Shift Attenuation method （DSAM）. The high-spin states of 130Cs were populated via fusion evap- oration reaction 124Sn（11B; 5n）130Cs at a beam energy of 65 MeV. The absolute M1 and E2 transition probabilities have been deduced. The results indicate that the partner bands of 130Cs indeed manifest chiral properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61374073,61503356)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(1608085QF153)
文摘In this note, the state and mode feedback control problems for a class of discrete-time Markovian jump linear systems(MJLSs) with controllable mode transition probability matrix(MTPM) are investigated. In most achievements, controller design of MJLSs pays more attention to state/output feedback control for stability, while the system cost in practice is out of consideration. In this paper, we propose a control mechanism consisting of two parts: finite-path-dependent state feedback controller design with which uniform stability of MJLSs can be ensured, and mode feedback control which aims to decrease system cost. Differing from the traditional state/output feedback controller design, the main novelty is that the proposed control mechanism not only guarantees system stability, but also decreases system cost effectively by adjusting the occurrence probability of system modes. The effectiveness of the proposed mechanism is illustrated via numerical examples.
基金supported by Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2024GX-YBXM-305,2024GX-YBXM-178)Shaanxi Province Qinchuangyuan“Scientists+Engineers”Team Construction(No.2022KXJ032)。
文摘In order to solve the problem of path planning of tower cranes,an improved ant colony algorithm was proposed.Firstly,the tower crane was simplified into a three-degree-of-freedom mechanical arm,and the D-H motion model was established to solve the forward and inverse kinematic equations.Secondly,the traditional ant colony algorithm was improved.The heuristic function was improved by introducing the distance between the optional nodes and the target point into the function.Then the transition probability was improved by introducing the security factor of surrounding points into the transition probability.In addition,the local path chunking strategy was used to optimize the local multi-inflection path and reduce the local redundant inflection points.Finally,according to the position of the hook,the kinematic inversion of the tower crane was carried out,and the variables of each joint were obtained.More specifically,compared with the traditional ant colony algorithm,the simulation results showed that improved ant colony algorithm converged faster,shortened the optimal path length,and optimized the path quality in the simple and complex environment.
文摘Quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law for the transmission of energy allowed us to calculate the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the hydrogen atom in a fully non-probabilistic way. The calculation has been extended to all transitions between p and s states having main quantum numbers not exceeding 6. An evident similarity between the intensity pattern obtained from the Joule-Lenz law and the corresponding quantum-mechanical transition pro-babilities has been shown.
文摘The energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom has been applied in calculating the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the atom. The formal basis of the approach has been provided by the quantum properties of energy and time deduced from the Joule-Lenz law. The rates of the energy transitions obtained in this way were compared with the quantum-mechanical probabilities of transitions calculated earlier by Bethe and Condon and Shortley for the same pairs of the quantum states.
基金supported by NNSF of China(6053408070571079)Open Fundation of SKLSE of Wuhan University (2008-07-03)
文摘This article deals with some properties of Galton-Watson branching processes in varying environments. A necessary and suffcient condition for relative recurrent state is presented, and a series of ratio limit properties of the transition probabilities are showed.
基金Sponsored by National Defense Fundation of China(9140C300602080C30)NUST Research Fundation of China(2010ZYTS050)
文摘Aiming at some weapon systems with shooting domain,the stochastic passage characteristics of the barrel were studied.On the basis of the exact definition of the stochastic passage characteristics,its opportunity-awaiting time,residence time and stochastic passage period were given by using the transition probability matrix,and they all obeyed the geometry distributions.Their means and variances were also derived,and the relations between the time indexes and the structure and parameters of weapon control system were established.Finally,the creditability of the conclusions was verified by the test data of weapon system in proving ground.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11604385 and 91436103)
文摘Based on relativistic wave functions from multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock and configuration interaction cal- culations, E2 and M1 transition probabilities of 2p3 4S3/2-2p3 2D3/2,5/2 are investigated in the nitrogen-like sequence with 7 〈 Z 〈 16. The contributions of the electron correlations, Breit interaction, and the quantum electrodynamic （QED） effects on the transition properties are analyzed. The present results can be used for diagnosing plasma. In addition, several N-like ions can also be recommended as a promising candidate for a highly charged ion （HCI） clock with a quality factor （Q） of trnnsition as hitch as 1020.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB921603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61078001,61178009,11274209,and 60778008)+2 种基金the Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Science of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.J1103210)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(Grant No.2012011003-2)the Shanxi International Collaboration Program(Grant No.2010081046)
文摘The Stark structures in a cesium atom around n=18 are numerically calculated. The results show that the components of 20D states with a small azimuthal quantum number ｜m｜ shift upward a lot, and those with a large ｜m｜ shift downward a little within 1100 V/cm. All components of P states shift downward. Experimental work has been performed in ultracold atomic cesium. Atoms initially in 6P3/2 state are excited to high-n Rydberg states by a polarization light perpendicular to the field, and Stark spectra with ｜m｜=1/2,3/2,5/2 are simultaneously observed with a large linewidth for the first time. The observed spectra are analyzed in detail. The relative transition probability is calculated. The experimental results are in good agreement with our numerical computation.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11847163)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(Grant No.20JR10RA131)+2 种基金the Doctoral Science Foundation of Longdong University(Grant No.XYBY202005)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2021JQ-698)the Special Project of Department of Education of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.18JK0710).
文摘The energy levels,transition energies,transition probabilities,weighted oscillator strengths,and line strengths of Li-like ions(Z=7-11)in dense plasmas are investigated in this work.The relativistic effects and electron correlation effects are described by the MCDHF method.The ion sphere model is applied to include the dense plasma screening effect.The ground configuration 1s^(2)2s and the excited 1s^(2)2p,1s^(2)3l(l=0-2)are considered.The configuration sets are enlarged until n=7 where the calculated energy levels have converged.The critical free electron densities of 1s^(2)3d states are estimated.Except for 1s^(2)3s-1s^(2)3p transitions,the transition energies for△n=0 increase,and for△n≠0 decrease with increasing free electron densities.For 1s^(2)3s-1s^(2)3p transitions,the spectra show blue-shift at lower free electron densities and red-shift at higher free electron densities,and the energy level crossing phenomens are observed at higher free electron densities.
