The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Large Language Models(LLMs)has led to their increasing integration into various domains,from text generation and translation to question-answering.However,a crit...The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Large Language Models(LLMs)has led to their increasing integration into various domains,from text generation and translation to question-answering.However,a critical question remains:do these sophisticated models,much like humans,exhibit susceptibility to cognitive biases?Understanding the presence and nature of such biases in AI is paramount for assessing their reliability,enhancing their performance,and predicting their societal impact.This research specifically investigates the susceptibility of Google’s Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek,two prominent LLMs,to framing effects and confirmation bias.The study meticulously designed a series of experimental trials,systematically manipulating information proportions and presentation orders to evaluate these biases.In the framing effect experiment,a genetic testing decision-making scenario was constructed.The proportion of positive and negative information(e.g.,20%,50%,or 80%positive)and their presentation order were varied.The models’inclination towards undergoing genetic testing was recorded.For the confirmation bias experiment,two reports-one positive and one negative-about“RoboTaxi”autonomous vehicles were provided.The proportion of erroneous information within these reports(10%,30%,and 50%)and their presentation order were systematically altered,and the models’support for each report was assessed.The findings demonstrate that both Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek are susceptible to framing effects.In the genetic testing scenario,their decision-making was primarily influenced by the proportion of positive and negative information presented.When the proportion of positive information was higher,both models showed a greater inclination to recommend or proceed with genetic testing.Conversely,a higher proportion of negative information led to greater caution or a tendency not to recommend the testing.Importantly,the order in which this information was presented did not significantly influence their decisions in the framing effect scenarios.Regarding confirmation bias,the two models exhibited distinct behaviors.Gemini 1.5 Pro did not show an overall preference for either positive or negative reports.However,its judgments were significantly influenced by the order of information presentation,demonstrating a“recency effect,”meaning it tended to support the report presented later.The proportion of erroneous information within the reports had no significant impact on Gemini 1.5 Pro’s decisions.In contrast,DeepSeek exhibited an overall confirmation bias,showing a clear preference for positive reports.Similar to Gemini 1.5 Pro,DeepSeek’s decisions were also significantly affected by the order of information presentation,while the proportion of misinformation had no significant effect.These results reveal human-like cognitive vulnerabilities in advanced LLMs,highlighting critical challenges to their reliability and objectivity in decision-making processes.Gemini 1.5 Pro’s sensitivity to presentation order and DeepSeek’s general preference for positive information,coupled with its sensitivity to order,underscore the need for careful evaluation of potential cognitive biases during the development and application of AI.The study suggests that effective measures are necessary to mitigate these biases and prevent potential negative societal impacts.Future research should include a broader range of models for comparative analysis and explore more complex interactive scenarios to further understand and address these phenomena.The findings contribute significantly to understanding the limitations and capabilities of current AI systems,guiding their responsible development,and anticipating their potential societal implications.展开更多
DNA microarray technology is an extremely effective technique for studying gene expression patterns in cells, and the main challenge currently faced by this technology is how to analyze the large amount of gene expres...DNA microarray technology is an extremely effective technique for studying gene expression patterns in cells, and the main challenge currently faced by this technology is how to analyze the large amount of gene expression data generated. To address this, this paper employs a mixed-effects model to analyze gene expression data. In terms of data selection, 1176 genes from the white mouse gene expression dataset under two experimental conditions were chosen, setting up two conditions: pneumococcal infection and no infection, and constructing a mixed-effects model. After preprocessing the gene chip information, the data were imported into the model, preliminary results were calculated, and permutation tests were performed to biologically validate the preliminary results using GSEA. The final dataset consists of 20 groups of gene expression data from pneumococcal infection, which categorizes functionally related genes based on the similarity of their expression profiles, facilitating the study of genes with unknown functions.展开更多
Natural biomaterials with staggered structures exhibit remarkable mechanical properties owing to their unique microstructure.The microstructural arrangement can induce size-dependent and viscoelastic responses within ...Natural biomaterials with staggered structures exhibit remarkable mechanical properties owing to their unique microstructure.The microstructural arrangement can induce size-dependent and viscoelastic responses within the material.This study proposes a strain gradient viscoelastic shear-lag model to elucidate the intricate interplay between the strain gradient and viscoelastic effect in staggered shells.Our model clarifies the role of both effects,as experimentally observed,in governing the mechanical properties of these biomaterials.A detailed characterization of the size-dependent responses is conducted through the utilization of a microstructural characterization parameter alongside viscoelastic constitutive models.Then,the effective modulus of the staggered shell is defined and its formula is derived through the Laplace transform.Compared to classical models and even the strain gradient elastic model,the strain gradient viscoelastic model offers calculated moduli that are more consistent with experimental data.Moreover,the strengthening-softening effect of staggered structures is predicted using the strain gradient viscoelastic model and critical energy principle.This study contributes significantly to our understanding of the mechanical behavior of structural materials.Additionally,it provides insights for the design of advanced bionic materials with tailored properties.展开更多
Autocatalysis from the by-product metal sulfides plays a critical role in the residual oil hydrotreating(RHT)process.However,it has not been considered to build the catalyst deactivation models,which probably is one i...Autocatalysis from the by-product metal sulfides plays a critical role in the residual oil hydrotreating(RHT)process.However,it has not been considered to build the catalyst deactivation models,which probably is one important reason that the widely used S-type deactivation models are inaccurate in predicting some RHT processes'deactivation profiles.A three-stage catalyst deactivation model was first developed to fill this gap based on the mechanism inferred from the experimental and literature data.This model accounts for active site formation from by-product metal sulfides,deactivation due to active site coverage by coke formation and metal deposition,active site poisoning by highly-adsorbed species,active phase sintering,and diffusion resistance from the pore blockage at the same time,resulting in a function of dimensionless metals-on-catalyst.Then,the effectiveness of the proposed model was evaluated using the industrial data of an RHT unit and the experimental data from the literature,either in combination with reaction kinetics or independently.Results showed that RHT processes with clear autocatalytic effects may display different types of deactivation profiles from the traditional"S"shape.However,the proposed model was able to accurately track the entire deactivation curve of the RHT process and well predict the product properties.This approach yields valuable insights into the intricate autocatalytic effect that remarkably contributes to the performance modification of RHT catalysts.It is highly recommended that further research should be conducted on this topic,as it shows great potential to significantly advance catalyst and process development.展开更多
We perform a comprehensive study of the electron-doped t-t′-J model on cylinders with density matrix renormalization group(DMRG).We conduct a systematic study on the finite-size and boundary condition effects on t-t...We perform a comprehensive study of the electron-doped t-t′-J model on cylinders with density matrix renormalization group(DMRG).We conduct a systematic study on the finite-size and boundary condition effects on t-t′-J model on cylinders.Periodic and anti-periodic boundary conditions are implemented along the circumference direction,with the system’s width extending up to as large as 8 lattice units.We study doping levels of 1/6,1/8,and 1/12,which represent the most interesting region in the phase diagram of electron-doped cuprates.We find that for width-4 and width-6 systems,the ground state for fixed doping switches between anti-ferromagnetic Neel state and stripe state under different boundary conditions and system widths,indicating the presence of large finite size effect in the t-t′-J model.We also have a careful analysis of the d-wave pairing correlations which also change quantitatively with boundary conditions and widths of the system.However,the pairing correlations are enhanced when the system becomes wider for all dopings,suggesting the existence of possible long-range superconducting order in the thermodynamic limit.The width-8 results are found to be dependent on the starting state in the DMRG calculation for the kept states we can reach.For the width-8 system,only Neel(stripe)state can be stabilized in DMRG calculation for 1/12(1/6)doping,while both stripe and Neel states are stable in the DMRG sweep for 1/8 doping,regardless of the boundary conditions.These results indicate that 1/8 doping is likely to lie on the boundary of a phase transition between the Neel phase with lower doping and the stripe phase with higher doping,consistent with the previous study.The sensitivity of the ground state on boundary conditions and size observed for narrow systems is similar to that found in the t′-Hubbard model,where the t′term introduces frustration and makes the stripe state fragile.The study of different boundary conditions provides a useful tool to check the finite size effect in the future DMRG calculations.展开更多
The study of the mechanical property and damage state of coal materials under compression is a fundamental area of research in underground mining engineering.Drawing upon the compaction effect and linear energy dissip...The study of the mechanical property and damage state of coal materials under compression is a fundamental area of research in underground mining engineering.Drawing upon the compaction effect and linear energy dissipation(LED)law,a novel compressive damage constitutive model for brittle coal is proposed.Utilizing the energy-defined damage method for mate-rials,the LED law is innovatively introduced to accurately characterize the energy dissipation during the loading process,and a novel formula for characterizing the damage variable of brittle coal is proposed.On this basis,considering that the constitutive model based on the hypothesis of strain equivalence is incapable of accurately describing the compaction effect exhibited by coal material during the compression process,a correction coefficient is proposed and apply it in the novel damage constitutive model.The established conventional monotone loading and single-cyclic loading-unloading uniaxial compression damage constitutive models have been validated using experimental data from cylindrical and cuboid coal specimens.In addition,compared with the constitutive model obtained via the traditional energy calculation method based on the hypothesis that the unloading curve is a straight line,the constitutive model employing LED law can describe the stress-strain state of brittle coal more precisely.This approach introduces a new perspective and enhances the convenience for constructing the constitutive model based on energy theory.展开更多
The backwater effect caused by tributary inflow can significantly elevate the water level profile upstream of a confluence point.However,the influence of mainstream and confluence discharges on the backwater effect in...The backwater effect caused by tributary inflow can significantly elevate the water level profile upstream of a confluence point.However,the influence of mainstream and confluence discharges on the backwater effect in a river reach remains unclear.In this study,various hydrological data collected from the Jingjiang Reach of the Yangtze River in China were statistically analyzed to determine the backwater degree and range with three representative mainstream discharges.The results indicated that the backwater degree increased with mainstream discharge,and a positive relationship was observed between the runoff ratio and backwater degree at specific representative mainstream discharges.Following the operation of the Three Gorges Project,the backwater effect in the Jingjiang Reach diminished.For instance,mean backwater degrees for low,moderate,and high mainstream discharges were recorded as 0.83 m,1.61 m,and 2.41 m during the period from 1990 to 2002,whereas these values decreased to 0.30 m,0.95 m,and 2.08 m from 2009 to 2020.The backwater range extended upstream as mainstream discharge increased from 7000 m3/s to 30000 m3/s.Moreover,a random forest-based machine learning model was used to quantify the backwater effect with varying mainstream and confluence discharges,accounting for the impacts of mainstream discharge,confluence discharge,and channel degradation in the Jingjiang Reach.At the Jianli Hydrological Station,a decrease in mainstream discharge during flood seasons resulted in a 7%–15%increase in monthly mean backwater degree,while an increase in mainstream discharge during dry seasons led to a 1%–15%decrease in monthly mean backwater degree.Furthermore,increasing confluence discharge from Dongting Lake during June to July and September to November resulted in an 11%–42%increase in monthly mean backwater degree.Continuous channel degradation in the Jingjiang Reach contributed to a 6%–19%decrease in monthly mean backwater degree.Under the influence of these factors,the monthly mean backwater degree in 2017 varied from a decrease of 53%to an increase of 37%compared to corresponding values in 1991.展开更多
Research on scale effects on flows over weirs has been conducted on a limited basis, primarily focusing on flows upstream of a single-type weir, such as ogee, broad-crested, and sharp-crested (linear and non-linear) w...Research on scale effects on flows over weirs has been conducted on a limited basis, primarily focusing on flows upstream of a single-type weir, such as ogee, broad-crested, and sharp-crested (linear and non-linear) weirs. However, the scale effects downstream of these single-type weirs have not been thoroughly investigated. This study examined the scale effects on flows over a combined weir system consisting of an ogee weir and a sharp-crested weir, both upstream and downstream, utilizing physical modeling at a 1:33.33 scale based on Froude similarity and three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The sharp-crested weir in this study was represented by two sluice gates that remain closed and submerged during flood events. The experimental data confirmed that the equivalent discharge coefficients of the combined weir system behaved similarly to those of a sharp-crested weir across various H/P (where H is the total head, and P is the weir height) values. However, scale effects on the discharge rating curve due to surface tension and viscosity could only be minimized when H/P > 0.4, Re > 26 959, and We > 240 (where Re and We are the Reynolds and Weber numbers, respectively), provided that the water depth exceeded 0.042 m above the crest. Additionally, Re greater than 4 × 104 was necessary to minimize scale effects caused by viscosity in flows in the spillway channel and stilling basin (with baffle blocks). The limiting criteria aligned closely with existing literature. This study offers valuable insights for practical applications in hydraulic engineering in the future.展开更多
Multistage fracturing technology has been used to enhance tight hydrocarbon resource recovery.Determining the proper well spacing and fracturing strategy is crucial for generating a complex fracture network that facil...Multistage fracturing technology has been used to enhance tight hydrocarbon resource recovery.Determining the proper well spacing and fracturing strategy is crucial for generating a complex fracture network that facilitates oil and gas flow in reservoirs.The stress-shadow effect that occurs between multiple wells significantly affects the development of fracture networks in reservoirs.However,the quantification of the stress-shadow effect and its influence on fracture networks has not been satisfactorily resolved because of the difficulties in detecting and identifying fracture propagation and reorientation in reservoirs.In this study,based on the geological information from the Shengli oilfield,we applied a hybrid finite element-discrete element method to analyze engineering-scale three-dimensional fracture propagation and reorientation by altering well spacings and fracturing strategies.The results indicate that the fracturing area generated by the synchronous fracturing scheme is much smaller than those generated by the sequential and alternative schemes.An alternative hydrofracturing scheme is optimal with respect to fracturing area.The stress-blind area was defined to quantify the mechanical disturbance between adjacent wells.Our study improves the understanding of the effect of fracturing schemes on fracture networks and the impact of independent factors contributing to stress-shadow effects.展开更多
Haihua Islands is a large artificial island in Danzhou, Hainan. The construction of Haihua Islands changes the hYdrodynamic environment of Yangpu waters, and further affects its morphological change. Delft3D is used t...Haihua Islands is a large artificial island in Danzhou, Hainan. The construction of Haihua Islands changes the hYdrodynamic environment of Yangpu waters, and further affects its morphological change. Delft3D is used to set up a two dimensional nested hydrodynamic and sediment model for Yangpu waters in this paper, and this paper focuses on simulating the velocity and morphological change due to the construction of Haihua Islands after the verification of the model. The seabed deposition is small because of low suspended sediment concentration and less sand source near Yangpu waters. The bed level erodes in the south area of Xiaochan Reef and the Yangpu channel due to the velocity increase in the area.展开更多
A genetic model was proposed for simultaneously analyzing genetic effects of nuclear, cytoplasm, and nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction （NCI） as well as their genotype by environment （GE） interaction for quantitative...A genetic model was proposed for simultaneously analyzing genetic effects of nuclear, cytoplasm, and nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction （NCI） as well as their genotype by environment （GE） interaction for quantitative traits of diploid plants. In the model, the NCI effects were further partitioned into additive and dominance nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction components. Mixed linear model approaches were used for statistical analysis. On the basis of diallel cross designs, Monte Carlo simulations showed that the genetic model was robust for estimating variance components under several situations without specific effects. Random genetic effects were predicted by an adjusted unbiased prediction （AUP） method. Data on four quantitative traits （boll number, lint percentage, fiber length, and micronaire） in Upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） were analyzed as a worked example to show the effectiveness of the model.展开更多
Impacts of greenhouse effects (2 × CO2) upon climate change over China as simulated by a regional climate model over China (RegCM / China) have been investigated. The model was based on RegCM2 and was nested to a...Impacts of greenhouse effects (2 × CO2) upon climate change over China as simulated by a regional climate model over China (RegCM / China) have been investigated. The model was based on RegCM2 and was nested to a global coupled ocean-atmosphere model (CSIRO R21L9 AOGCM model). Results of the control run (1 × CO2) indicated that simulations of surface air temperature and precipitation in China by RegCM are much better than that by the global coupled model because of a higher resolution. Results of sensitive experiment by RegCM with 2 × CO2 showed that the surface air temperature over China might increase remarkably due to greenhouse effect, especially in winter season and in North China. Precipitation might also increase in most parts of China due to the CO2 doubling. Key words Regional climate model - Greenhouse effect This research was supported by National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences (G1998040900 — Part I), Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Program KZCX2-203 and KZ981-B1-108.展开更多
A variety of turbulence models were used to perform numerical simulations of heat transfer for hydrocarbon fuel flowing upward and downward through uniformly heated vertical pipes at supercritical pressure. Inlet temp...A variety of turbulence models were used to perform numerical simulations of heat transfer for hydrocarbon fuel flowing upward and downward through uniformly heated vertical pipes at supercritical pressure. Inlet temperatures varied from 373 K to 663 K, with heat flux rang- ing from 300 kW/m2 to 550 kW/m2. Comparative analyses between predicted and experimental results were used to evaluate the ability of turbulence models to respond to variable thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon fuel at supercritical pressure. It was found that the prediction performance of turbulence models is mainly determined by the damping function, which enables them to respond differently to local flow conditions. Although prediction accuracy for experimental results varied from condition to condition, the shear stress transport （SST） and launder and sharma models performed better than all other models used in the study. For very small buoyancy-influenced runs, the thermal-induced acceleration due to variations in density lead to the impairment of heat transfer occurring in the vicinity of pseudo-critical points, and heat transfer was enhanced at higher temperatures through the combined action of four thermophysical properties： density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat. For very large buoyancy- influenced runs, the thermal-induced acceleration effect was over predicted by the LS and AB models.展开更多
Scale effect of ISWs loads on Floating Production Storage and Offloading(FPSO) is studied in this paper. The application conditions of KdV, eKdV and MCC ISWs theories are used in the numerical method. The depthaverage...Scale effect of ISWs loads on Floating Production Storage and Offloading(FPSO) is studied in this paper. The application conditions of KdV, eKdV and MCC ISWs theories are used in the numerical method. The depthaveraged velocities induced by ISWs are used for the velocity-inlet boundary. Three scale ratio numerical models λ=1, 20 and 300 were selected, which the scale ratio is the size ratio of numerical models to the experimental model.The comparisons between the numerical and former experimental results are performed to verify the feasibility of numerical method. The comparisons between the numerical and simplified theoretical results are performed to discuss the applicability of the simplified theoretical model summarized from the load experiments. Firstly, the numerical results of λ=1 numerical model showed a good agreement with former experimental and simplified theoretical results. It is feasible to simulate the ISWs loads on FPSO by the numerical method. Secondly, the comparisons between the results of three scale ratio numerical models and experimental results indicated that the scale ratios have more significant influence on the experimental horizontal forces than the vertical forces. The scale effect of horizontal forces mainly results from the different viscosity effects associated with the model’s dimension.Finally, through the comparisons between the numerical and simplified theoretical results for three scale ratio models, the simplified theoretical model of the pressure difference and friction forces exerted by ISWs on FPSO is applied for large-scale or full-scale FPSO.展开更多
A regional climate model(RegCM4.3.4) coupled with an aerosol-snow/ice feedback module was used to simulate the deposition of anthropogenic light-absorbing impurities in snow/ice and the potential radiative feedback of...A regional climate model(RegCM4.3.4) coupled with an aerosol-snow/ice feedback module was used to simulate the deposition of anthropogenic light-absorbing impurities in snow/ice and the potential radiative feedback of black carbon(BC) on temperature and snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in 1990-2009. Two experiments driven by ERA-interim reanalysis were performed, i.e., with and without aerosol-snow/ice feedback. Results indicated that the total deposition BC and organic matter(OM) in snow/ice in the monsoon season(MayeS eptember) were much more than non-monsoon season(the remainder of the year). The great BC and OM deposition were simulated along the margin of the TP in the non-monsoon season, and the higher deposition values also occurred in the western TP than the other regions during the monsoon period. BC-in-snow/ice decreased surface albedo and caused positive surface radiative forcing(SRF)(3.0-4.5 W m^(-2)) over the western TP in the monsoon season. The maximum SRF(5-6 W m^(-2)) simulated in the Himalayas and southeastern TP in the non-monsoon season. The surface temperature increased by 0.1-1.5℃ and snow water equivalent decreased by 5-25 mm over the TP, which showed similar spatial distributions with the variations of SRF in each season. This study provided a useful tool to investigate the mechanisms involved in the effect of aerosols on climate change and the water cycle in the cryospheric environment of the TP.展开更多
To investigate the application and effectiveness of vascular corrosion technique in preparing fetal cardiovascular cast models, 10 normal fetal heart specimens with other congenital disease（control group） and 18 spe...To investigate the application and effectiveness of vascular corrosion technique in preparing fetal cardiovascular cast models, 10 normal fetal heart specimens with other congenital disease（control group） and 18 specimens with severe congenital heart disease（case group） from induced abortions were enrolled in this study from March 2013 to June 2015 in our hospital. Cast models were prepared by injecting casting material into vascular lumen to demonstrate real geometries of fetal cardiovascular system. Casting effectiveness was analyzed in terms of local anatomic structures and different anatomical levels（including overall level, atrioventricular and great vascular system, left-sided and right-sided heart）, as well as different trimesters of pregnancy. In our study, all specimens were successfully casted. Casting effectiveness analysis of local anatomic structures showed a mean score from 1.90±1.45 to 3.60±0.52, without significant differences between case and control groups in most local anatomic structures except left ventricle, which had a higher score in control group（P=0.027）. Inter-group comparison of casting effectiveness in different anatomical levels showed no significant differences between the two groups. Intra-group comparison also revealed undifferentiated casting effectiveness between atrioventricular and great vascular system, or left-sided and right-sided heart in corresponding group. Third-trimester group had a significantly higher perfusion score in great vascular system than second-trimester group（P=0.046）, while the other anatomical levels displayed no such difference. Vascular corrosion technique can be successfully used in fabrication of fetal cardiovascular cast model. It is also a reliable method to demonstrate three-dimensional anatomy of severe congenital heart disease and normal heart in fetus.展开更多
The Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect means serrated yielding or jerky flow phenomenon in some alloys. In this paper a macroscopic model is developed to investigate the PLC effect with the emphasis on mechanical resp...The Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect means serrated yielding or jerky flow phenomenon in some alloys. In this paper a macroscopic model is developed to investigate the PLC effect with the emphasis on mechanical response of the structure evolution on microscopic scale. In addition to the normal work hardening effect, the model takes account of the thermal activation of dislocation moving with the aid of stress and the collective interactions between mobile dislocations and solute atoms due to dynamic strain ageing (DSA). It can satisfy the negative strain rate sensitivity of flow stress, which is believed to be one of the most special features associated with the PLC effect. The heterogeneous nature of the deformed material is also considered by introducing a nonuniform spatial distribution of some model parameters. The serrated yielding and localized deformation behavior can be successfully reproduced via numerical simulation based on this model.展开更多
Height–diameter relationships are essential elements of forest assessment and modeling efforts.In this work,two linear and eighteen nonlinear height–diameter equations were evaluated to find a local model for Orient...Height–diameter relationships are essential elements of forest assessment and modeling efforts.In this work,two linear and eighteen nonlinear height–diameter equations were evaluated to find a local model for Oriental beech（Fagus orientalis Lipsky） in the Hyrcanian Forest in Iran.The predictive performance of these models was first assessed by different evaluation criteria： adjusted R^2（R^2_（adj））,root mean square error（RMSE）,relative RMSE（%RMSE）,bias,and relative bias（%bias） criteria.The best model was selected for use as the base mixed-effects model.Random parameters for test plots were estimated with different tree selection options.Results show that the Chapman–Richards model had better predictive ability in terms of adj R^2（0.81）,RMSE（3.7 m）,%RMSE（12.9）,bias（0.8）,%Bias（2.79） than the other models.Furthermore,the calibration response,based on a selection of four trees from the sample plots,resulted in a reduction percentage for bias and RMSE of about 1.6–2.7%.Our results indicate that the calibrated model produced the most accurate results.展开更多
The concepts of substrate eddy influence factor and distribution-effects-occurring frequency are presented. The effects of substrate resistivity and inductor spiral length on the substrate eddy and distribution effect...The concepts of substrate eddy influence factor and distribution-effects-occurring frequency are presented. The effects of substrate resistivity and inductor spiral length on the substrate eddy and distribution effects are captured. The substrate eddy influence factors of an inductor （6 turn, 3 060 μm in length） fabricated on low （ 1 Ω. cm） and high resistivity（ 1 000 Ω.cm） silicon substrates are 0. 3 and 0. 04, and the distribution-effects- occurring frequencies are 1.8 GHz and 14. 5 GHz, respectively. The measurement results show that the equivalent circuit model of the inductor on low resistivity silicon must take into consideration substrate eddy effects and distribution effects. However, the circuit model of the inductor on high resistivity silicon cannot take into account the substrate eddy effects and the distribution effects at the frequencies of interest. Its simple model shows agreement with the measurements, and the contrast is within 7%.展开更多
文摘The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Large Language Models(LLMs)has led to their increasing integration into various domains,from text generation and translation to question-answering.However,a critical question remains:do these sophisticated models,much like humans,exhibit susceptibility to cognitive biases?Understanding the presence and nature of such biases in AI is paramount for assessing their reliability,enhancing their performance,and predicting their societal impact.This research specifically investigates the susceptibility of Google’s Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek,two prominent LLMs,to framing effects and confirmation bias.The study meticulously designed a series of experimental trials,systematically manipulating information proportions and presentation orders to evaluate these biases.In the framing effect experiment,a genetic testing decision-making scenario was constructed.The proportion of positive and negative information(e.g.,20%,50%,or 80%positive)and their presentation order were varied.The models’inclination towards undergoing genetic testing was recorded.For the confirmation bias experiment,two reports-one positive and one negative-about“RoboTaxi”autonomous vehicles were provided.The proportion of erroneous information within these reports(10%,30%,and 50%)and their presentation order were systematically altered,and the models’support for each report was assessed.The findings demonstrate that both Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek are susceptible to framing effects.In the genetic testing scenario,their decision-making was primarily influenced by the proportion of positive and negative information presented.When the proportion of positive information was higher,both models showed a greater inclination to recommend or proceed with genetic testing.Conversely,a higher proportion of negative information led to greater caution or a tendency not to recommend the testing.Importantly,the order in which this information was presented did not significantly influence their decisions in the framing effect scenarios.Regarding confirmation bias,the two models exhibited distinct behaviors.Gemini 1.5 Pro did not show an overall preference for either positive or negative reports.However,its judgments were significantly influenced by the order of information presentation,demonstrating a“recency effect,”meaning it tended to support the report presented later.The proportion of erroneous information within the reports had no significant impact on Gemini 1.5 Pro’s decisions.In contrast,DeepSeek exhibited an overall confirmation bias,showing a clear preference for positive reports.Similar to Gemini 1.5 Pro,DeepSeek’s decisions were also significantly affected by the order of information presentation,while the proportion of misinformation had no significant effect.These results reveal human-like cognitive vulnerabilities in advanced LLMs,highlighting critical challenges to their reliability and objectivity in decision-making processes.Gemini 1.5 Pro’s sensitivity to presentation order and DeepSeek’s general preference for positive information,coupled with its sensitivity to order,underscore the need for careful evaluation of potential cognitive biases during the development and application of AI.The study suggests that effective measures are necessary to mitigate these biases and prevent potential negative societal impacts.Future research should include a broader range of models for comparative analysis and explore more complex interactive scenarios to further understand and address these phenomena.The findings contribute significantly to understanding the limitations and capabilities of current AI systems,guiding their responsible development,and anticipating their potential societal implications.
文摘DNA microarray technology is an extremely effective technique for studying gene expression patterns in cells, and the main challenge currently faced by this technology is how to analyze the large amount of gene expression data generated. To address this, this paper employs a mixed-effects model to analyze gene expression data. In terms of data selection, 1176 genes from the white mouse gene expression dataset under two experimental conditions were chosen, setting up two conditions: pneumococcal infection and no infection, and constructing a mixed-effects model. After preprocessing the gene chip information, the data were imported into the model, preliminary results were calculated, and permutation tests were performed to biologically validate the preliminary results using GSEA. The final dataset consists of 20 groups of gene expression data from pneumococcal infection, which categorizes functionally related genes based on the similarity of their expression profiles, facilitating the study of genes with unknown functions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(with Grant Nos.12432003 and 12032001)the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.J2022-V-0003-0029).
文摘Natural biomaterials with staggered structures exhibit remarkable mechanical properties owing to their unique microstructure.The microstructural arrangement can induce size-dependent and viscoelastic responses within the material.This study proposes a strain gradient viscoelastic shear-lag model to elucidate the intricate interplay between the strain gradient and viscoelastic effect in staggered shells.Our model clarifies the role of both effects,as experimentally observed,in governing the mechanical properties of these biomaterials.A detailed characterization of the size-dependent responses is conducted through the utilization of a microstructural characterization parameter alongside viscoelastic constitutive models.Then,the effective modulus of the staggered shell is defined and its formula is derived through the Laplace transform.Compared to classical models and even the strain gradient elastic model,the strain gradient viscoelastic model offers calculated moduli that are more consistent with experimental data.Moreover,the strengthening-softening effect of staggered structures is predicted using the strain gradient viscoelastic model and critical energy principle.This study contributes significantly to our understanding of the mechanical behavior of structural materials.Additionally,it provides insights for the design of advanced bionic materials with tailored properties.
基金supports by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1501204)the project of SINOPEC RIPP Co.Ltd(PR20230230).
文摘Autocatalysis from the by-product metal sulfides plays a critical role in the residual oil hydrotreating(RHT)process.However,it has not been considered to build the catalyst deactivation models,which probably is one important reason that the widely used S-type deactivation models are inaccurate in predicting some RHT processes'deactivation profiles.A three-stage catalyst deactivation model was first developed to fill this gap based on the mechanism inferred from the experimental and literature data.This model accounts for active site formation from by-product metal sulfides,deactivation due to active site coverage by coke formation and metal deposition,active site poisoning by highly-adsorbed species,active phase sintering,and diffusion resistance from the pore blockage at the same time,resulting in a function of dimensionless metals-on-catalyst.Then,the effectiveness of the proposed model was evaluated using the industrial data of an RHT unit and the experimental data from the literature,either in combination with reaction kinetics or independently.Results showed that RHT processes with clear autocatalytic effects may display different types of deactivation profiles from the traditional"S"shape.However,the proposed model was able to accurately track the entire deactivation curve of the RHT process and well predict the product properties.This approach yields valuable insights into the intricate autocatalytic effect that remarkably contributes to the performance modification of RHT catalysts.It is highly recommended that further research should be conducted on this topic,as it shows great potential to significantly advance catalyst and process development.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFA1405400)the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant No.2021ZD0301902),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12274290)the sponsor-ship from Yangyang Development Fund.
文摘We perform a comprehensive study of the electron-doped t-t′-J model on cylinders with density matrix renormalization group(DMRG).We conduct a systematic study on the finite-size and boundary condition effects on t-t′-J model on cylinders.Periodic and anti-periodic boundary conditions are implemented along the circumference direction,with the system’s width extending up to as large as 8 lattice units.We study doping levels of 1/6,1/8,and 1/12,which represent the most interesting region in the phase diagram of electron-doped cuprates.We find that for width-4 and width-6 systems,the ground state for fixed doping switches between anti-ferromagnetic Neel state and stripe state under different boundary conditions and system widths,indicating the presence of large finite size effect in the t-t′-J model.We also have a careful analysis of the d-wave pairing correlations which also change quantitatively with boundary conditions and widths of the system.However,the pairing correlations are enhanced when the system becomes wider for all dopings,suggesting the existence of possible long-range superconducting order in the thermodynamic limit.The width-8 results are found to be dependent on the starting state in the DMRG calculation for the kept states we can reach.For the width-8 system,only Neel(stripe)state can be stabilized in DMRG calculation for 1/12(1/6)doping,while both stripe and Neel states are stable in the DMRG sweep for 1/8 doping,regardless of the boundary conditions.These results indicate that 1/8 doping is likely to lie on the boundary of a phase transition between the Neel phase with lower doping and the stripe phase with higher doping,consistent with the previous study.The sensitivity of the ground state on boundary conditions and size observed for narrow systems is similar to that found in the t′-Hubbard model,where the t′term introduces frustration and makes the stripe state fragile.The study of different boundary conditions provides a useful tool to check the finite size effect in the future DMRG calculations.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(52225403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077244).
文摘The study of the mechanical property and damage state of coal materials under compression is a fundamental area of research in underground mining engineering.Drawing upon the compaction effect and linear energy dissipation(LED)law,a novel compressive damage constitutive model for brittle coal is proposed.Utilizing the energy-defined damage method for mate-rials,the LED law is innovatively introduced to accurately characterize the energy dissipation during the loading process,and a novel formula for characterizing the damage variable of brittle coal is proposed.On this basis,considering that the constitutive model based on the hypothesis of strain equivalence is incapable of accurately describing the compaction effect exhibited by coal material during the compression process,a correction coefficient is proposed and apply it in the novel damage constitutive model.The established conventional monotone loading and single-cyclic loading-unloading uniaxial compression damage constitutive models have been validated using experimental data from cylindrical and cuboid coal specimens.In addition,compared with the constitutive model obtained via the traditional energy calculation method based on the hypothesis that the unloading curve is a straight line,the constitutive model employing LED law can describe the stress-strain state of brittle coal more precisely.This approach introduces a new perspective and enhances the convenience for constructing the constitutive model based on energy theory.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3209504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.U2040215 and 52479075)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2021CFA029).
文摘The backwater effect caused by tributary inflow can significantly elevate the water level profile upstream of a confluence point.However,the influence of mainstream and confluence discharges on the backwater effect in a river reach remains unclear.In this study,various hydrological data collected from the Jingjiang Reach of the Yangtze River in China were statistically analyzed to determine the backwater degree and range with three representative mainstream discharges.The results indicated that the backwater degree increased with mainstream discharge,and a positive relationship was observed between the runoff ratio and backwater degree at specific representative mainstream discharges.Following the operation of the Three Gorges Project,the backwater effect in the Jingjiang Reach diminished.For instance,mean backwater degrees for low,moderate,and high mainstream discharges were recorded as 0.83 m,1.61 m,and 2.41 m during the period from 1990 to 2002,whereas these values decreased to 0.30 m,0.95 m,and 2.08 m from 2009 to 2020.The backwater range extended upstream as mainstream discharge increased from 7000 m3/s to 30000 m3/s.Moreover,a random forest-based machine learning model was used to quantify the backwater effect with varying mainstream and confluence discharges,accounting for the impacts of mainstream discharge,confluence discharge,and channel degradation in the Jingjiang Reach.At the Jianli Hydrological Station,a decrease in mainstream discharge during flood seasons resulted in a 7%–15%increase in monthly mean backwater degree,while an increase in mainstream discharge during dry seasons led to a 1%–15%decrease in monthly mean backwater degree.Furthermore,increasing confluence discharge from Dongting Lake during June to July and September to November resulted in an 11%–42%increase in monthly mean backwater degree.Continuous channel degradation in the Jingjiang Reach contributed to a 6%–19%decrease in monthly mean backwater degree.Under the influence of these factors,the monthly mean backwater degree in 2017 varied from a decrease of 53%to an increase of 37%compared to corresponding values in 1991.
基金supported by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing of Indonesia and Parahyangan Catholic University(Grant No.II/PD/2023-07/02-SJ).
文摘Research on scale effects on flows over weirs has been conducted on a limited basis, primarily focusing on flows upstream of a single-type weir, such as ogee, broad-crested, and sharp-crested (linear and non-linear) weirs. However, the scale effects downstream of these single-type weirs have not been thoroughly investigated. This study examined the scale effects on flows over a combined weir system consisting of an ogee weir and a sharp-crested weir, both upstream and downstream, utilizing physical modeling at a 1:33.33 scale based on Froude similarity and three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The sharp-crested weir in this study was represented by two sluice gates that remain closed and submerged during flood events. The experimental data confirmed that the equivalent discharge coefficients of the combined weir system behaved similarly to those of a sharp-crested weir across various H/P (where H is the total head, and P is the weir height) values. However, scale effects on the discharge rating curve due to surface tension and viscosity could only be minimized when H/P > 0.4, Re > 26 959, and We > 240 (where Re and We are the Reynolds and Weber numbers, respectively), provided that the water depth exceeded 0.042 m above the crest. Additionally, Re greater than 4 × 104 was necessary to minimize scale effects caused by viscosity in flows in the spillway channel and stilling basin (with baffle blocks). The limiting criteria aligned closely with existing literature. This study offers valuable insights for practical applications in hydraulic engineering in the future.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(No.2022YFC3004602)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52121003 and 52342403).
文摘Multistage fracturing technology has been used to enhance tight hydrocarbon resource recovery.Determining the proper well spacing and fracturing strategy is crucial for generating a complex fracture network that facilitates oil and gas flow in reservoirs.The stress-shadow effect that occurs between multiple wells significantly affects the development of fracture networks in reservoirs.However,the quantification of the stress-shadow effect and its influence on fracture networks has not been satisfactorily resolved because of the difficulties in detecting and identifying fracture propagation and reorientation in reservoirs.In this study,based on the geological information from the Shengli oilfield,we applied a hybrid finite element-discrete element method to analyze engineering-scale three-dimensional fracture propagation and reorientation by altering well spacings and fracturing strategies.The results indicate that the fracturing area generated by the synchronous fracturing scheme is much smaller than those generated by the sequential and alternative schemes.An alternative hydrofracturing scheme is optimal with respect to fracturing area.The stress-blind area was defined to quantify the mechanical disturbance between adjacent wells.Our study improves the understanding of the effect of fracturing schemes on fracture networks and the impact of independent factors contributing to stress-shadow effects.
文摘Haihua Islands is a large artificial island in Danzhou, Hainan. The construction of Haihua Islands changes the hYdrodynamic environment of Yangpu waters, and further affects its morphological change. Delft3D is used to set up a two dimensional nested hydrodynamic and sediment model for Yangpu waters in this paper, and this paper focuses on simulating the velocity and morphological change due to the construction of Haihua Islands after the verification of the model. The seabed deposition is small because of low suspended sediment concentration and less sand source near Yangpu waters. The bed level erodes in the south area of Xiaochan Reef and the Yangpu channel due to the velocity increase in the area.
基金This work was supported by Chinese National Programs for High Technology Research and Development(973 Program)(No.2004CB117306).
文摘A genetic model was proposed for simultaneously analyzing genetic effects of nuclear, cytoplasm, and nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction （NCI） as well as their genotype by environment （GE） interaction for quantitative traits of diploid plants. In the model, the NCI effects were further partitioned into additive and dominance nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction components. Mixed linear model approaches were used for statistical analysis. On the basis of diallel cross designs, Monte Carlo simulations showed that the genetic model was robust for estimating variance components under several situations without specific effects. Random genetic effects were predicted by an adjusted unbiased prediction （AUP） method. Data on four quantitative traits （boll number, lint percentage, fiber length, and micronaire） in Upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） were analyzed as a worked example to show the effectiveness of the model.
基金This research was supported by National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences(G1998040900 - Part I) Chinese Academy of
文摘Impacts of greenhouse effects (2 × CO2) upon climate change over China as simulated by a regional climate model over China (RegCM / China) have been investigated. The model was based on RegCM2 and was nested to a global coupled ocean-atmosphere model (CSIRO R21L9 AOGCM model). Results of the control run (1 × CO2) indicated that simulations of surface air temperature and precipitation in China by RegCM are much better than that by the global coupled model because of a higher resolution. Results of sensitive experiment by RegCM with 2 × CO2 showed that the surface air temperature over China might increase remarkably due to greenhouse effect, especially in winter season and in North China. Precipitation might also increase in most parts of China due to the CO2 doubling. Key words Regional climate model - Greenhouse effect This research was supported by National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences (G1998040900 — Part I), Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Program KZCX2-203 and KZ981-B1-108.
基金funding support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51406005)Defense Industrial Technology Development Program of China (No.B2120132006)
文摘A variety of turbulence models were used to perform numerical simulations of heat transfer for hydrocarbon fuel flowing upward and downward through uniformly heated vertical pipes at supercritical pressure. Inlet temperatures varied from 373 K to 663 K, with heat flux rang- ing from 300 kW/m2 to 550 kW/m2. Comparative analyses between predicted and experimental results were used to evaluate the ability of turbulence models to respond to variable thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon fuel at supercritical pressure. It was found that the prediction performance of turbulence models is mainly determined by the damping function, which enables them to respond differently to local flow conditions. Although prediction accuracy for experimental results varied from condition to condition, the shear stress transport （SST） and launder and sharma models performed better than all other models used in the study. For very small buoyancy-influenced runs, the thermal-induced acceleration due to variations in density lead to the impairment of heat transfer occurring in the vicinity of pseudo-critical points, and heat transfer was enhanced at higher temperatures through the combined action of four thermophysical properties： density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat. For very large buoyancy- influenced runs, the thermal-induced acceleration effect was over predicted by the LS and AB models.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11372184)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,Grant Nos.2015CB251203-3 and 2013CB036103)
文摘Scale effect of ISWs loads on Floating Production Storage and Offloading(FPSO) is studied in this paper. The application conditions of KdV, eKdV and MCC ISWs theories are used in the numerical method. The depthaveraged velocities induced by ISWs are used for the velocity-inlet boundary. Three scale ratio numerical models λ=1, 20 and 300 were selected, which the scale ratio is the size ratio of numerical models to the experimental model.The comparisons between the numerical and former experimental results are performed to verify the feasibility of numerical method. The comparisons between the numerical and simplified theoretical results are performed to discuss the applicability of the simplified theoretical model summarized from the load experiments. Firstly, the numerical results of λ=1 numerical model showed a good agreement with former experimental and simplified theoretical results. It is feasible to simulate the ISWs loads on FPSO by the numerical method. Secondly, the comparisons between the results of three scale ratio numerical models and experimental results indicated that the scale ratios have more significant influence on the experimental horizontal forces than the vertical forces. The scale effect of horizontal forces mainly results from the different viscosity effects associated with the model’s dimension.Finally, through the comparisons between the numerical and simplified theoretical results for three scale ratio models, the simplified theoretical model of the pressure difference and friction forces exerted by ISWs on FPSO is applied for large-scale or full-scale FPSO.
基金supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (41301061)Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJZD-EW-G03-04)China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund (GYHY201306019)
文摘A regional climate model(RegCM4.3.4) coupled with an aerosol-snow/ice feedback module was used to simulate the deposition of anthropogenic light-absorbing impurities in snow/ice and the potential radiative feedback of black carbon(BC) on temperature and snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in 1990-2009. Two experiments driven by ERA-interim reanalysis were performed, i.e., with and without aerosol-snow/ice feedback. Results indicated that the total deposition BC and organic matter(OM) in snow/ice in the monsoon season(MayeS eptember) were much more than non-monsoon season(the remainder of the year). The great BC and OM deposition were simulated along the margin of the TP in the non-monsoon season, and the higher deposition values also occurred in the western TP than the other regions during the monsoon period. BC-in-snow/ice decreased surface albedo and caused positive surface radiative forcing(SRF)(3.0-4.5 W m^(-2)) over the western TP in the monsoon season. The maximum SRF(5-6 W m^(-2)) simulated in the Himalayas and southeastern TP in the non-monsoon season. The surface temperature increased by 0.1-1.5℃ and snow water equivalent decreased by 5-25 mm over the TP, which showed similar spatial distributions with the variations of SRF in each season. This study provided a useful tool to investigate the mechanisms involved in the effect of aerosols on climate change and the water cycle in the cryospheric environment of the TP.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81530056 and No.81501494)Hubei Province Health and Family Planning Scientific Research Project(No.WJ2015MB016)Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Foundation,China(No.02.03.2014-29)
文摘To investigate the application and effectiveness of vascular corrosion technique in preparing fetal cardiovascular cast models, 10 normal fetal heart specimens with other congenital disease（control group） and 18 specimens with severe congenital heart disease（case group） from induced abortions were enrolled in this study from March 2013 to June 2015 in our hospital. Cast models were prepared by injecting casting material into vascular lumen to demonstrate real geometries of fetal cardiovascular system. Casting effectiveness was analyzed in terms of local anatomic structures and different anatomical levels（including overall level, atrioventricular and great vascular system, left-sided and right-sided heart）, as well as different trimesters of pregnancy. In our study, all specimens were successfully casted. Casting effectiveness analysis of local anatomic structures showed a mean score from 1.90±1.45 to 3.60±0.52, without significant differences between case and control groups in most local anatomic structures except left ventricle, which had a higher score in control group（P=0.027）. Inter-group comparison of casting effectiveness in different anatomical levels showed no significant differences between the two groups. Intra-group comparison also revealed undifferentiated casting effectiveness between atrioventricular and great vascular system, or left-sided and right-sided heart in corresponding group. Third-trimester group had a significantly higher perfusion score in great vascular system than second-trimester group（P=0.046）, while the other anatomical levels displayed no such difference. Vascular corrosion technique can be successfully used in fabrication of fetal cardiovascular cast model. It is also a reliable method to demonstrate three-dimensional anatomy of severe congenital heart disease and normal heart in fetus.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Seience Foundation of China under gran No.10372098 and 10232030.We would also like to thank the Lab of Mechanical&Materials Science of USTC for their help in the experiments on MTS
文摘The Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect means serrated yielding or jerky flow phenomenon in some alloys. In this paper a macroscopic model is developed to investigate the PLC effect with the emphasis on mechanical response of the structure evolution on microscopic scale. In addition to the normal work hardening effect, the model takes account of the thermal activation of dislocation moving with the aid of stress and the collective interactions between mobile dislocations and solute atoms due to dynamic strain ageing (DSA). It can satisfy the negative strain rate sensitivity of flow stress, which is believed to be one of the most special features associated with the PLC effect. The heterogeneous nature of the deformed material is also considered by introducing a nonuniform spatial distribution of some model parameters. The serrated yielding and localized deformation behavior can be successfully reproduced via numerical simulation based on this model.
基金This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public,commercial,or not-for-profit sectors
文摘Height–diameter relationships are essential elements of forest assessment and modeling efforts.In this work,two linear and eighteen nonlinear height–diameter equations were evaluated to find a local model for Oriental beech（Fagus orientalis Lipsky） in the Hyrcanian Forest in Iran.The predictive performance of these models was first assessed by different evaluation criteria： adjusted R^2（R^2_（adj））,root mean square error（RMSE）,relative RMSE（%RMSE）,bias,and relative bias（%bias） criteria.The best model was selected for use as the base mixed-effects model.Random parameters for test plots were estimated with different tree selection options.Results show that the Chapman–Richards model had better predictive ability in terms of adj R^2（0.81）,RMSE（3.7 m）,%RMSE（12.9）,bias（0.8）,%Bias（2.79） than the other models.Furthermore,the calibration response,based on a selection of four trees from the sample plots,resulted in a reduction percentage for bias and RMSE of about 1.6–2.7%.Our results indicate that the calibrated model produced the most accurate results.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60676043)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863Program)(No.2007AA04Z328)
文摘The concepts of substrate eddy influence factor and distribution-effects-occurring frequency are presented. The effects of substrate resistivity and inductor spiral length on the substrate eddy and distribution effects are captured. The substrate eddy influence factors of an inductor （6 turn, 3 060 μm in length） fabricated on low （ 1 Ω. cm） and high resistivity（ 1 000 Ω.cm） silicon substrates are 0. 3 and 0. 04, and the distribution-effects- occurring frequencies are 1.8 GHz and 14. 5 GHz, respectively. The measurement results show that the equivalent circuit model of the inductor on low resistivity silicon must take into consideration substrate eddy effects and distribution effects. However, the circuit model of the inductor on high resistivity silicon cannot take into account the substrate eddy effects and the distribution effects at the frequencies of interest. Its simple model shows agreement with the measurements, and the contrast is within 7%.
