Optical orbital angular momentum(OAM)mode multiplexing has emerged as a promising technique for boosting communication capacity.However,most existing studies have concentrated on channel(de)-multiplexing,overlooking t...Optical orbital angular momentum(OAM)mode multiplexing has emerged as a promising technique for boosting communication capacity.However,most existing studies have concentrated on channel(de)-multiplexing,overlooking the critical aspect of channel routing.This challenge involves the reallocation of multiplexed OAM modes across both spatial and temporal domains—a vital step for developing versatile communication networks.To address this gap,we introduce a novel approach based on the time evolution of OAM modes,utilizing the orthogonal conversion and diffractive modulation capabilities of unitary transformations.This approach facilitates high-dimensional orthogonal transformations of OAM mode vectors,altering both the propagation direction and the spatial location.Using Fresnel diffraction matrices as unitary operators,it manipulates the spatial locations of light beams during transmission,breaking the propagation invariance and enabling temporal evolution.As a demonstration,we have experimentally implemented the deep routing of four OAM modes within two distinct time sequences.Achieving an average diffraction efficiency above 78.31%,we have successfully deep-routed 4.69 Tbit-s^(-1)quadrature phase-shift keying(QPSK)signals carried by four multiplexed OAM channels,with a bit error rate below 10^(-6).These results underscore the efficacy of our routing strategy and its promising prospects for practical applications.展开更多
In this paper,the covert age of information(CAoI),which characterizes the timeliness and covertness performance of communication,is first investigated in the short-packet covert communication with time modulated retro...In this paper,the covert age of information(CAoI),which characterizes the timeliness and covertness performance of communication,is first investigated in the short-packet covert communication with time modulated retrodirective array(TMRDA).Specifically,the TMRDA is designed to maximize the antenna gain in the target direction while the side lobe is sufficiently suppressed.On this basis,the covertness constraint and CAoI are derived in closed form.To facilitate the covert transmission design,the transmit power and block-length are jointly optimized to minimize the CAoI,which demonstrates the trade-off between covertness and timelessness.Our results illustrate that there exists an optimal block-length that yields the minimum CAoI,and the presented optimization results can achieve enhanced performance compared with the fixed block-length case.Additionally,we observe that smaller beam pointing error at Bob leads to improvements in CAoI.展开更多
The temporal characteristics of GaAs NEA and alkali metal photocathodes are studied using Monte Carlo simulation method. The electron transit time and its distribution functions in the photocathodes are calculated. Ba...The temporal characteristics of GaAs NEA and alkali metal photocathodes are studied using Monte Carlo simulation method. The electron transit time and its distribution functions in the photocathodes are calculated. Based on the results, the time modulation transfer functions and temporal resolutions of the photocathodes are obtained. The results show that the response time and temporal resolution of alkali metal photocathode is in femitosecond order and those of GaAs NEA photocathode are in picosecond order.展开更多
Nonlinear features of electron-acoustic shock waves are studied. The Burgers equation is derived and converted to the time fractional Burgers equation by Agrawal＇s method. Using the Adomian decomposition method, the ...Nonlinear features of electron-acoustic shock waves are studied. The Burgers equation is derived and converted to the time fractional Burgers equation by Agrawal＇s method. Using the Adomian decomposition method, the shock wave solutions of the time fractional Burgers equation are constructed. The effect of time fractional parameter on the shock wave properties in auroral plasma ＆ investigated.展开更多
The four dimensional （4D） antenna arrays introduce a fourth dimension, time, into conventional antenna arrays to offer greater flexibility in the design of high performance antenna arrays. This paper presents the tu...The four dimensional （4D） antenna arrays introduce a fourth dimension, time, into conventional antenna arrays to offer greater flexibility in the design of high performance antenna arrays. This paper presents the tutorial on the study of 4D antenna arrays and the review of the recent research findings on 4D antenna arrays. Issues considered include the theory of 4D antenna arrays, different time modulation schemes, numerical simulation results, and some experimental results on their applications to low sidelobe designs. Throughout the discussion, some challenging issues on the study of 4D antenna arrays arc highlighted.展开更多
Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)modulation has exhibited significant potential to further promote the performance of future wireless communication networks especially in high-mobility scenarios.In practical OTFS ...Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)modulation has exhibited significant potential to further promote the performance of future wireless communication networks especially in high-mobility scenarios.In practical OTFS systems,the subcarrier-dependent Doppler shift which is referred to as the Doppler Squint Effect(DSE)plays an important role due to the assistance of time-frequency modulation.Unfortunately,most existing works on OTFS channel estimation ignore DSE,which leads to severe performance degradation.In this letter,OTFS systems taking DSE into consideration are investigated.Inspired by the input-output analysis with DSE and the embedded pilot pattern,the sparse Bayesian learning based parameter estimation scheme is adopted to recover the delay-Doppler channel.Simulation results verify the excellent performance of the proposed off-grid estimation approach considering DSE.展开更多
Time-modulated array(TMA)antennas,introduce the dimension of time into antenna design to control the radiation patterns and frequency spectral characteristics,thus improve the reconfigurability of array antennas and p...Time-modulated array(TMA)antennas,introduce the dimension of time into antenna design to control the radiation patterns and frequency spectral characteristics,thus improve the reconfigurability of array antennas and provide multiple functional-ities.They have great application potential in military and civilian fields,such as precision guidance and mobile communication,and are currently a hot spot of academic research.This article provides a review on the fundamentals and applications of TMAs.First,the basic theory and mathematical formulations of TMAs are introduced.Second,the most important applications of TMAs,namely time-modulated phased arrays(TMPA),are discussed from the perspectives of harmonic suppression and harmonic utiliza-tion,which are used for single-beam and multibeam radiation.Then,we survey the combination of TMA with various types of novel antenna arrays,such as single-channel digital beamforming(DBF)arrays,frequency diverse arrays(FDAs),and retrodirective arrays,to create new hardware implementation methods and enhance their performance.Next,recent advances in dedicated integrated chips for TMA,which have played a significant role in driving the progress of TMAs from academic research to practical applications,are presented.Finally,the challenges and prospects for TMAs are discussed,including new research directions and emerging applica-tion scenarios.展开更多
Abstract A novel approach for the synthesis of shaped beam patterns in time-modulated antenna arrays(TMAAs)with static uniform amplitude and phase excitations is proposed in this paper.Based on the sideband radiation ...Abstract A novel approach for the synthesis of shaped beam patterns in time-modulated antenna arrays(TMAAs)with static uniform amplitude and phase excitations is proposed in this paper.Based on the sideband radiation in TMAAs,shaped beam patterns can be realized by only controlling the switch-on time sequences of the TMAAs.Differential evolution(DE)algorithm is adopted to optimize the time modulation parameters to obtain the desired flat-top and cosecant-squared beams and to suppress the sidelobe levels(SLLs).Simulation results of a time-modulated linear array(TMLA)and a timemodulated semicircular array(TMSA)demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the synthesis of shaped beam patterns from TMAAs.展开更多
Digital enzyme-linked immunoassays(dELISA)have been successfully applied to the ultrasensitive quantification of analytes,including nucleic acids,proteins,cells,and extracellular vesicles,achieving robust detection li...Digital enzyme-linked immunoassays(dELISA)have been successfully applied to the ultrasensitive quantification of analytes,including nucleic acids,proteins,cells,and extracellular vesicles,achieving robust detection limits in complex clinical specimens such as blood,and demonstrating utility across a broad range of clinical applications.The ultrasensitivity of dELISA comes from partitioning single analytes,captured onto a microbead,into millions of compartments so that they can be counted individually.There is particular interest in using dELISA for multiplexed measurements,but generating and detecting the billions of compartments necessary to perform multiplexed ultrasensitive dELISA remains a challenge.To address this,we have developed a high-throughput,optofluidic platform that performs quantitative fluorescence measurements on five populations of microbeads,each encoded with distinct ratios of two fluorescent dyes,for digital assays.The key innovation of our work is the parallelization of droplet generation and detection,combined with time-domain encoding of the excitation sources into distinct patterns that barcode the emission signal of both dyes within each bead,achieving high throughput(6×10^(6) droplets/min)and accurate readout.Additionally,we modulate the exposure settings of the digital camera,capturing images of multiplexed beads and the droplet fluorescent substrate in consecutive frames,a method inspired by high dynamic range(HDR)photography.Our platform accurately classifies five populations of dual-encoded beads(accuracy>99%)and detects bead-bound streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase molecules in a third fluorescence channel.This work establishes the technological foundation to combine high multiplexing and high throughput for droplet digital assays.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62271322)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515011003 and 2023A1515030152)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20210324095610027 and JCYJ20210324095611030).
文摘Optical orbital angular momentum(OAM)mode multiplexing has emerged as a promising technique for boosting communication capacity.However,most existing studies have concentrated on channel(de)-multiplexing,overlooking the critical aspect of channel routing.This challenge involves the reallocation of multiplexed OAM modes across both spatial and temporal domains—a vital step for developing versatile communication networks.To address this gap,we introduce a novel approach based on the time evolution of OAM modes,utilizing the orthogonal conversion and diffractive modulation capabilities of unitary transformations.This approach facilitates high-dimensional orthogonal transformations of OAM mode vectors,altering both the propagation direction and the spatial location.Using Fresnel diffraction matrices as unitary operators,it manipulates the spatial locations of light beams during transmission,breaking the propagation invariance and enabling temporal evolution.As a demonstration,we have experimentally implemented the deep routing of four OAM modes within two distinct time sequences.Achieving an average diffraction efficiency above 78.31%,we have successfully deep-routed 4.69 Tbit-s^(-1)quadrature phase-shift keying(QPSK)signals carried by four multiplexed OAM channels,with a bit error rate below 10^(-6).These results underscore the efficacy of our routing strategy and its promising prospects for practical applications.
文摘In this paper,the covert age of information(CAoI),which characterizes the timeliness and covertness performance of communication,is first investigated in the short-packet covert communication with time modulated retrodirective array(TMRDA).Specifically,the TMRDA is designed to maximize the antenna gain in the target direction while the side lobe is sufficiently suppressed.On this basis,the covertness constraint and CAoI are derived in closed form.To facilitate the covert transmission design,the transmit power and block-length are jointly optimized to minimize the CAoI,which demonstrates the trade-off between covertness and timelessness.Our results illustrate that there exists an optimal block-length that yields the minimum CAoI,and the presented optimization results can achieve enhanced performance compared with the fixed block-length case.Additionally,we observe that smaller beam pointing error at Bob leads to improvements in CAoI.
文摘The temporal characteristics of GaAs NEA and alkali metal photocathodes are studied using Monte Carlo simulation method. The electron transit time and its distribution functions in the photocathodes are calculated. Based on the results, the time modulation transfer functions and temporal resolutions of the photocathodes are obtained. The results show that the response time and temporal resolution of alkali metal photocathode is in femitosecond order and those of GaAs NEA photocathode are in picosecond order.
基金Supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University under Grant No 2016/01/6239
文摘Nonlinear features of electron-acoustic shock waves are studied. The Burgers equation is derived and converted to the time fractional Burgers equation by Agrawal＇s method. Using the Adomian decomposition method, the shock wave solutions of the time fractional Burgers equation are constructed. The effect of time fractional parameter on the shock wave properties in auroral plasma ＆ investigated.
基金Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60571023)
文摘The four dimensional （4D） antenna arrays introduce a fourth dimension, time, into conventional antenna arrays to offer greater flexibility in the design of high performance antenna arrays. This paper presents the tutorial on the study of 4D antenna arrays and the review of the recent research findings on 4D antenna arrays. Issues considered include the theory of 4D antenna arrays, different time modulation schemes, numerical simulation results, and some experimental results on their applications to low sidelobe designs. Throughout the discussion, some challenging issues on the study of 4D antenna arrays arc highlighted.
文摘Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)modulation has exhibited significant potential to further promote the performance of future wireless communication networks especially in high-mobility scenarios.In practical OTFS systems,the subcarrier-dependent Doppler shift which is referred to as the Doppler Squint Effect(DSE)plays an important role due to the assistance of time-frequency modulation.Unfortunately,most existing works on OTFS channel estimation ignore DSE,which leads to severe performance degradation.In this letter,OTFS systems taking DSE into consideration are investigated.Inspired by the input-output analysis with DSE and the embedded pilot pattern,the sparse Bayesian learning based parameter estimation scheme is adopted to recover the delay-Doppler channel.Simulation results verify the excellent performance of the proposed off-grid estimation approach considering DSE.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62101258,62071235 and 62271260)the Jiangsu Province Science&Technology Department(Grant No.BE2021017).
文摘Time-modulated array(TMA)antennas,introduce the dimension of time into antenna design to control the radiation patterns and frequency spectral characteristics,thus improve the reconfigurability of array antennas and provide multiple functional-ities.They have great application potential in military and civilian fields,such as precision guidance and mobile communication,and are currently a hot spot of academic research.This article provides a review on the fundamentals and applications of TMAs.First,the basic theory and mathematical formulations of TMAs are introduced.Second,the most important applications of TMAs,namely time-modulated phased arrays(TMPA),are discussed from the perspectives of harmonic suppression and harmonic utiliza-tion,which are used for single-beam and multibeam radiation.Then,we survey the combination of TMA with various types of novel antenna arrays,such as single-channel digital beamforming(DBF)arrays,frequency diverse arrays(FDAs),and retrodirective arrays,to create new hardware implementation methods and enhance their performance.Next,recent advances in dedicated integrated chips for TMA,which have played a significant role in driving the progress of TMAs from academic research to practical applications,are presented.Finally,the challenges and prospects for TMAs are discussed,including new research directions and emerging applica-tion scenarios.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.60971030)the Program for New Century Excellent Talent in University(No.NCET-06-0809)the 111 project of China(No.B07046).
文摘Abstract A novel approach for the synthesis of shaped beam patterns in time-modulated antenna arrays(TMAAs)with static uniform amplitude and phase excitations is proposed in this paper.Based on the sideband radiation in TMAAs,shaped beam patterns can be realized by only controlling the switch-on time sequences of the TMAAs.Differential evolution(DE)algorithm is adopted to optimize the time modulation parameters to obtain the desired flat-top and cosecant-squared beams and to suppress the sidelobe levels(SLLs).Simulation results of a time-modulated linear array(TMLA)and a timemodulated semicircular array(TMSA)demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the synthesis of shaped beam patterns from TMAAs.
基金funding from the following sources:National Human Genome Research Institute(RM1-HG-010023)National Cancer Institute(R21CA236653,R33CA278551)+2 种基金National Institute of Mental Health(R33-NIMH-118170)National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases(R33-AI-147406)National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship.
文摘Digital enzyme-linked immunoassays(dELISA)have been successfully applied to the ultrasensitive quantification of analytes,including nucleic acids,proteins,cells,and extracellular vesicles,achieving robust detection limits in complex clinical specimens such as blood,and demonstrating utility across a broad range of clinical applications.The ultrasensitivity of dELISA comes from partitioning single analytes,captured onto a microbead,into millions of compartments so that they can be counted individually.There is particular interest in using dELISA for multiplexed measurements,but generating and detecting the billions of compartments necessary to perform multiplexed ultrasensitive dELISA remains a challenge.To address this,we have developed a high-throughput,optofluidic platform that performs quantitative fluorescence measurements on five populations of microbeads,each encoded with distinct ratios of two fluorescent dyes,for digital assays.The key innovation of our work is the parallelization of droplet generation and detection,combined with time-domain encoding of the excitation sources into distinct patterns that barcode the emission signal of both dyes within each bead,achieving high throughput(6×10^(6) droplets/min)and accurate readout.Additionally,we modulate the exposure settings of the digital camera,capturing images of multiplexed beads and the droplet fluorescent substrate in consecutive frames,a method inspired by high dynamic range(HDR)photography.Our platform accurately classifies five populations of dual-encoded beads(accuracy>99%)and detects bead-bound streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase molecules in a third fluorescence channel.This work establishes the technological foundation to combine high multiplexing and high throughput for droplet digital assays.
