The transmission and dispersive characteristics of slotline are calculated in this paper. The tail of Gaussion pulse is improved because a modified dispersive boundary condition (DBC) is adopted. It leads to a reduct...The transmission and dispersive characteristics of slotline are calculated in this paper. The tail of Gaussion pulse is improved because a modified dispersive boundary condition (DBC) is adopted. It leads to a reduction in computer memory requirements and computational time. The computational domain is greatly reduced to enable performance in personal computer. At the same time because edges of a boundary and summits are treated well, the computational results is more accurate and more collector.展开更多
Based on conformal construction of physical model in a three-dimensional Cartesian grid,an integral-based conformal convolutional perfectly matched layer（CPML） is given for solving the truncation problem of the open...Based on conformal construction of physical model in a three-dimensional Cartesian grid,an integral-based conformal convolutional perfectly matched layer（CPML） is given for solving the truncation problem of the open port when the enlarged cell technique conformal finite-difference time-domain（ECT-CFDTD） method is used to simulate the wave propagation inside a perfect electric conductor（PEC） waveguide.The algorithm has the same numerical stability as the ECT-CFDTD method.For the long-time propagation problems of an evanescent wave in a waveguide,several numerical simulations are performed to analyze the reflection error by sweeping the constitutive parameters of the integral-based conformal CPML.Our numerical results show that the integral-based conformal CPML can be used to efficiently truncate the open port of the waveguide.展开更多
This paper investigates the phenomenon of three-pulse photon echo in thick rare-earth ions doped crystal whose thickness is far larger than 0.002 cm which is adopted in previous works.The influence of thickness on the...This paper investigates the phenomenon of three-pulse photon echo in thick rare-earth ions doped crystal whose thickness is far larger than 0.002 cm which is adopted in previous works.The influence of thickness on the three-pulse photon echo＇s amplitude and efficiency is analyzed with the Maxwell-Bloch equations solved by finite-difference timedomain method.We demonstrate that the amplitude of three-pulse echo will increase with the increasing of thickness and the optimum thickness to generate three-pulse photon echo is 0.3 cm for Tm^（3＋）：YAG when the attenuation of the input pulse is taken into account.Meanwhile,we find the expression 0.09 exp（α＇L）,which is previously employed to describe the relationship between echo＇s efficiency and thickness,should be modified as 1.3 · 0.09 exp（2.4 ·α＇L） with the propagation of echo considered.展开更多
A phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer （φ-OTDR） based on a 120°-phase-difference Michelson in- terferometer is proposed. The Michelson interferometer with arm difference of 4m is used to test the ...A phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer （φ-OTDR） based on a 120°-phase-difference Michelson in- terferometer is proposed. The Michelson interferometer with arm difference of 4m is used to test the phase difference between the Rayleigh scattering from two sections of the fiber. A new demodulation method called the inverse transmission matrix demodulation scheme is utilized to demodulate the distributed phase from the backward scattering along the long fiber, The experimental results show that the 120°-phase-difference inter- ferometer φ-OTDR can detect the phase along the 3km fiber, and the acoustic signal within the whole human hearing range of 20 Hz-20 kHz is reproduced accurately and quickly.展开更多
In this work, we treat scattering objects, water, surface and bottom in a truly unified manner in a parallel finitedifference time-domain （FDTD） scheme, which is suitable for distributed parallel computing in a mess...In this work, we treat scattering objects, water, surface and bottom in a truly unified manner in a parallel finitedifference time-domain （FDTD） scheme, which is suitable for distributed parallel computing in a message passing interface （MPI） programming environment. The algorithm is implemented on a cluster-based high performance computer system. Parallel computation is performed with different division methods in 2D and 3D situations. Based on analysis of main factors affecting the speedup rate and parallel efficiency, data communication is reduced by selecting a suitable scheme of task division. A desirable scheme is recommended, giving a higher speedup rate and better efficiency. The results indicate that the unified parallel FDTD algorithm provides a solution to the numerical computation of acoustic scattering.展开更多
The transmission coefficients of electromagnetic （EM） waves due to a superconductor-dielectric superlattice are numerically calculated. Shift operator finite difference time domain （SO-FDTD） method is used in the ...The transmission coefficients of electromagnetic （EM） waves due to a superconductor-dielectric superlattice are numerically calculated. Shift operator finite difference time domain （SO-FDTD） method is used in the analysis. By using the SO-FDTD method, the transmission spectrum is obtained and its characteristics are investigated for different thicknesses of superconductor layers and dielectric layers, from which a stop band starting from zero frequency can be apparently observed. The relation between this low-frequency stop band and relative temperature, and also the London penetration depth at a superconductor temperature of zero degree are discussed, separately. The low-frequency stop band properties of superconductor-dielectric superlattice thus are well disclosed.展开更多
The finite-difference time-domain method is used to simulate the optical characteristics of an in-plane switching blue phase liquid crystal display.Compared with the matrix optic methods and the refractive method,the ...The finite-difference time-domain method is used to simulate the optical characteristics of an in-plane switching blue phase liquid crystal display.Compared with the matrix optic methods and the refractive method,the finite-difference timedomain method,which is used to directly solve Maxwell＇s equations,can consider the lateral variation of the refractive index and obtain an accurate convergence effect.The simulation results show that e-rays and o-rays bend in different directions when the in-plane switching blue phase liquid crystal display is driven by the operating voltage.The finitedifference time-domain method should be used when the distribution of the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal display has a large lateral change.展开更多
Background: For nursing students, gathering social information is essential for understanding healthcare and social issues and developing critical thinking and decision-making skills. However, the choice of informatio...Background: For nursing students, gathering social information is essential for understanding healthcare and social issues and developing critical thinking and decision-making skills. However, the choice of information sources varies by age and individual habits. With the widespread use of the internet, there are notable differences between younger and older generations in their reliance on the internet versus traditional media sources like newspapers and television. Given the wide age range and diverse backgrounds of nursing students, understanding generational differences in information-gathering methods is important for implementing effective education. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify how nursing students in different age groups obtain social information and to examine media usage trends by age group. Additionally, we aim to use the findings to provide insights into effective information dissemination methods in nursing education. Results: The results showed that nursing students in their teens to forties, regardless of gender, primarily relied on the internet as their main information source, with television playing a secondary role. In contrast, students in their fifties tended to obtain information more often from newspapers and television than from the internet. This highlights an age-related difference in preferred information sources, with older students showing a greater reliance on traditional media. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that nursing students use different information-gathering methods based on their age, suggesting a need to custo-mize information dissemination strategies in nursing education. Digital media may be more effective for younger students, while traditional media or printed materials might better serve older students. Educational institutions should consider these generational differences in media usage and adopt strategies that meet the diverse needs of their student populations.展开更多
The minimal clinically important difference(MCID)represents a pivotal metric in bridging the gap between statistical significance and clinical relevance,addressing the direct impact of medical interventions from the p...The minimal clinically important difference(MCID)represents a pivotal metric in bridging the gap between statistical significance and clinical relevance,addressing the direct impact of medical interventions from the patient's perspective.This comprehensive review analyzes the evolution,applications,and challenges of MCID across medical specialties,emphasizing its necessity in ensuring that clinical outcomes not only demonstrate statistical significance but also offer genuine clinical utility that aligns with patient expectations and needs.We discuss the evolution of MCID since its inception in the 1980s,its current applications across various medical specialties,and the methodologies used in its calculation,highlighting both anchor-based and distribution-based approaches.Furthermore,the paper delves into the challenges associated with the application of MCID,such as methodological variability and the interpretation difficulties that arise in clinical settings.Recommendations for the future include standardizing MCID calculation methods,enhancing patient involvement in setting MCID thresholds,and extending research to incorporate diverse global perspectives.These steps are critical to refining the role of MCID in patient-centered healthcare,addressing existing gaps in methodology and interpretation,and ensuring that medical interventions lead to significant,patient-perceived improvements.展开更多
To investigate the applicability of four commonly used color difference formulas(CIELAB,CIE94,CMC(1:1),and CIEDE2000)in the printing field on 3D objects,as well as the impact of four standard light sources(D65,D50,A,a...To investigate the applicability of four commonly used color difference formulas(CIELAB,CIE94,CMC(1:1),and CIEDE2000)in the printing field on 3D objects,as well as the impact of four standard light sources(D65,D50,A,and TL84)on 3D color difference evaluations,50 glossy spheres with a diameter of 2cm based on the Sailner J4003D color printing device were created.These spheres were centered around the five recommended colors(gray,red,yellow,green,and blue)by CIE.Color difference was calculated according to the four formulas,and 111 pairs of experimental samples meeting the CIELAB gray scale color difference requirements(1.0-14.0)were selected.Ten observers,aged between 22 and 27 with normal color vision,were participated in this study,using the gray scale method from psychophysical experiments to conduct color difference evaluations under the four light sources,with repeated experiments for each observer.The results indicated that the overall effect of the D65 light source on 3D objects color difference was minimal.In contrast,D50 and A light sources had a significant impact within the small color difference range,while the TL84 light source influenced both large and small color difference considerably.Among the four color difference formulas,CIEDE2000 demonstrated the best predictive performance for color difference in 3D objects,followed by CMC(1:1),CIE94,and CIELAB.展开更多
Objective:Near vision loss(NVL)is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide,exerting a profound impact on individual quality of life and socio-economic development.This study aims to analyze the burden ...Objective:Near vision loss(NVL)is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide,exerting a profound impact on individual quality of life and socio-economic development.This study aims to analyze the burden of NVL in China by sex and age groups from 1990 to 2021 and to project trends over the next 15 years.Methods:Using data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,we conducted descriptive analyses of NVL prevalence in China,calculated age-standardized prevalence rates(ASPR)and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates(ASDR)to compare burden differences between sexes and age groups,and applied an autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)model to predict NVL trends for the next 15 years.The model selection was based on best-fit criteria to ensure reliable projections.Results:From 1990 to 2021,China’s ASPR of NVL rose from 10096.24/100000 to 15624.54/100000,and ASDR increased from 101.75/100000 to 158.75/100000.In 2021,ASPR(16551.70/100000)and ASDR(167.69/100000)were higher among females than males(14686.21/100000 and 149.76/100000,respectively).China ranked highest globally in both NVL cases and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),with female burden significantly exceeding male burden.Projections indicated this trend and sex gap will persist until 2036.Compared with 1990,the prevalence cases and DALYs increased by 239.20%and 238.82%,respectively in 2021,with the highest burden among females and the 55−59 age group.The ARIMA model predicted continued increases in prevalence and DALYs by 2036,with females maintaining a higher burden than males.Conclusion:This study reveals a marked increase in the NVL burden in China and predicts continued growth in the coming years.Public health policies should prioritize NVL prevention and control,with special attention to women and middle-aged populations to mitigate long-term societal and health impacts.展开更多
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety are prevalent psychological challenges among patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS),affecting individuals across both sex and age groups.AIM To explore the network structu...BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety are prevalent psychological challenges among patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS),affecting individuals across both sex and age groups.AIM To explore the network structure of depression and anxiety symptoms,with a focus on identifying differences at the symptom level between sex and age subgroups.METHODS A total of 1955 participants diagnosed with AIS aged 10-18 years were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale(PHO-9)and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale(GAD-7),and 765 patients exhibiting PHQ-9 or GAD-7 scores ≥ 5 were enrolled in our study. Network analysis and network comparison tests were utilized toconstruct and compare the depression-anxiety symptoms networks among sex and age subgroups.RESULTSThe results revealed GAD3 “Excessive worry” and PHQ2 “Sad mood” were the most significant central symptomsin all subgroups, while “Sad mood” had higher strength than “Excessive worry” in the lower age group. In thenetwork comparisons, the female network exhibited tighter connectivity, especially on GAD6 “Irritability” andGAD2 “Uncontrollable worry”, while only PHQ3 “Sleep” and PHQ9 “Suicidal ideation” had differences at thelocal level in the lower age group.CONCLUSIONSeveral interventions targeting excessive worry and sad mood could reduce the risk of depression and anxietysymptoms in the AIS population. Furthermore, specific anxiety symptoms in females, along with sleep disturbancesand suicidal ideation in the lower age group, should be addressed at an early stage to prevent significantdisruptions in mental health trajectories.展开更多
Experimental mice play a critical role in biomedical research.The phenotype and application of different substrains vary due to genetic differentiation and variation.To ensure validity and reliability of results,it is...Experimental mice play a critical role in biomedical research.The phenotype and application of different substrains vary due to genetic differentiation and variation.To ensure validity and reliability of results,it is imperative to adhere to standardized experiments and controls.This paper objectively reviews the origin,differentiation,and phenotypic and genetic differences between the C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse substrains.Furthermore,an optimal selection strategy is proposed based on the genetic quality control technology to facilitate the precise application of these two mouse substrains.展开更多
A higher-order finite-difference time-domain（HO-FDTD） in the spherical coordinate is presented in this paper. The stability and dispersion properties of the proposed scheme are investigated and an air-filled spheric...A higher-order finite-difference time-domain（HO-FDTD） in the spherical coordinate is presented in this paper. The stability and dispersion properties of the proposed scheme are investigated and an air-filled spherical resonator is modeled in order to demonstrate the advantage of this scheme over the finite-difference time-domain（FDTD） and the multiresolution time-domain（MRTD） schemes with respect to memory requirements and CPU time. Moreover, the Berenger＇s perfectly matched layer（PML） is derived for the spherical HO-FDTD grids, and the numerical results validate the efficiency of the PML.展开更多
Empathy is crucial for communication and survival for individuals.Whether empathy in pain contagion shows sex differences and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we report that pain contagion can occur in st...Empathy is crucial for communication and survival for individuals.Whether empathy in pain contagion shows sex differences and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we report that pain contagion can occur in stranger female rats,but not in stranger males.Blocking oxytocin receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)suppressed pain contagion in female strangers,while oxytocin administration induced pain contagion in male strangers.In vitro,corticosterone reduces neuronal activation by oxytocin.During male stranger interactions,higher corticosterone decreased oxytocin receptor-positive neuronal activity in the ACC,suppressing pain contagion.These findings highlight the role of oxytocin in pain contagion and suggest that sex differences in empathy may be determined by the balance of oxytocin and corticosterone in the ACC.This study suggests an approach for the treatment of certain mental disorders associated with abnormal empathy,such as autism and depression.展开更多
The pulsed single-longitudinal-mode(SLM)operation caused by the modal-gain difference in a repetitively passively Q-switched(PQS)laser is studied in detail.Firstly,the analytical expressions for the pulse buildup-time...The pulsed single-longitudinal-mode(SLM)operation caused by the modal-gain difference in a repetitively passively Q-switched(PQS)laser is studied in detail.Firstly,the analytical expressions for the pulse buildup-time difference of repetitively PQS four-level and quasi-three-level lasers have been developed respectively.Then,according to the temporal criterion,the required conditions for repetitively PQS four-level and quasi-three-level lasers to achieve SLM operation are analyzed.The analysis results show that in addition to the short cavity is conducive to obtaining the pulsed SLM laser,the use of a lower pump power(compared to the threshold power)will help to obtain a longer pulse buildup-time difference and thus enabling the SLM operation.Moreover,it is worth noting that for the quasi-three-level lasers,the pulse buildup-time difference also depends on the initial population inversion density.The results also reveal that setting resonator parameters that can obtain large initial population inversion density will be helpful to the SLM operation in both four-level and quasithree-level regimes.In addition,the use of saturable absorber with a low absorption cross-section ratio between the excited state and ground state also contributes to the realization of the SLM.Finally,the optimization model of passively Q-switched single-longitudinal-mode laser is established.In addition to predicting the output performance of the laser,this model can also be used to obtain the optimal resonator parameters and the upper limit of pump power for SLM operation.展开更多
To enhance the computational efficiency of spatio-temporally discretized phase-field models,we present a high-speed solver specifically designed for the Poisson equations,a component frequently used in the numerical c...To enhance the computational efficiency of spatio-temporally discretized phase-field models,we present a high-speed solver specifically designed for the Poisson equations,a component frequently used in the numerical computation of such models.This efficient solver employs algorithms based on discrete cosine transformations(DCT)or discrete sine transformations(DST)and is not restricted by any spatio-temporal schemes.Our proposed methodology is appropriate for a variety of phase-field models and is especially efficient when combined with flow field systems.Meanwhile,this study has conducted an extensive numerical comparison and found that employing DCT and DST techniques not only yields results comparable to those obtained via the Multigrid(MG)method,a conventional approach used in the resolution of the Poisson equations,but also enhances computational efficiency by over 90%.展开更多
The method of splitting a plane-wave finite-difference time-domain （SP-FDTD） algorithm is presented for the initiation of plane-wave source in the total-field / scattered-field （TF/SF） formulation of high-order sy...The method of splitting a plane-wave finite-difference time-domain （SP-FDTD） algorithm is presented for the initiation of plane-wave source in the total-field / scattered-field （TF/SF） formulation of high-order symplectic finite- difference time-domain （SFDTD） scheme for the first time. By splitting the fields on one-dimensional grid and using the nature of numerical plane-wave in finite-difference time-domain （FDTD）, the identical dispersion relation can be obtained and proved between the one-dimensional and three-dimensional grids. An efficient plane-wave source is simulated on one-dimensional grid and a perfect match can be achieved for a plane-wave propagating at any angle forming an integer grid cell ratio. Numerical simulations show that the method is valid for SFDTD and the residual field in SF region is shrinked down to -300 dB.展开更多
文摘The transmission and dispersive characteristics of slotline are calculated in this paper. The tail of Gaussion pulse is improved because a modified dispersive boundary condition (DBC) is adopted. It leads to a reduction in computer memory requirements and computational time. The computational domain is greatly reduced to enable performance in personal computer. At the same time because edges of a boundary and summits are treated well, the computational results is more accurate and more collector.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61231003)
文摘Based on conformal construction of physical model in a three-dimensional Cartesian grid,an integral-based conformal convolutional perfectly matched layer（CPML） is given for solving the truncation problem of the open port when the enlarged cell technique conformal finite-difference time-domain（ECT-CFDTD） method is used to simulate the wave propagation inside a perfect electric conductor（PEC） waveguide.The algorithm has the same numerical stability as the ECT-CFDTD method.For the long-time propagation problems of an evanescent wave in a waveguide,several numerical simulations are performed to analyze the reflection error by sweeping the constitutive parameters of the integral-based conformal CPML.Our numerical results show that the integral-based conformal CPML can be used to efficiently truncate the open port of the waveguide.
基金Project supported by Tianjin Research Program Application Foundation and Advanced Technology,China(Grant No.15JCQNJC01100)
文摘This paper investigates the phenomenon of three-pulse photon echo in thick rare-earth ions doped crystal whose thickness is far larger than 0.002 cm which is adopted in previous works.The influence of thickness on the three-pulse photon echo＇s amplitude and efficiency is analyzed with the Maxwell-Bloch equations solved by finite-difference timedomain method.We demonstrate that the amplitude of three-pulse echo will increase with the increasing of thickness and the optimum thickness to generate three-pulse photon echo is 0.3 cm for Tm^（3＋）：YAG when the attenuation of the input pulse is taken into account.Meanwhile,we find the expression 0.09 exp（α＇L）,which is previously employed to describe the relationship between echo＇s efficiency and thickness,should be modified as 1.3 · 0.09 exp（2.4 ·α＇L） with the propagation of echo considered.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos U0934001 and 11076028the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality under Grant Nos 11DZ1140202 and 13XD1425400the Pudong New Area Science and Technology Development Fund of China under Grant No PKJ2012-D04
文摘A phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer （φ-OTDR） based on a 120°-phase-difference Michelson in- terferometer is proposed. The Michelson interferometer with arm difference of 4m is used to test the phase difference between the Rayleigh scattering from two sections of the fiber. A new demodulation method called the inverse transmission matrix demodulation scheme is utilized to demodulate the distributed phase from the backward scattering along the long fiber, The experimental results show that the 120°-phase-difference inter- ferometer φ-OTDR can detect the phase along the 3km fiber, and the acoustic signal within the whole human hearing range of 20 Hz-20 kHz is reproduced accurately and quickly.
基金Project supported by the National Defense Laboratory Foundation (Grant No.51444020103QT0601)the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (Grant No.T0102)
文摘In this work, we treat scattering objects, water, surface and bottom in a truly unified manner in a parallel finitedifference time-domain （FDTD） scheme, which is suitable for distributed parallel computing in a message passing interface （MPI） programming environment. The algorithm is implemented on a cluster-based high performance computer system. Parallel computation is performed with different division methods in 2D and 3D situations. Based on analysis of main factors affecting the speedup rate and parallel efficiency, data communication is reduced by selecting a suitable scheme of task division. A desirable scheme is recommended, giving a higher speedup rate and better efficiency. The results indicate that the unified parallel FDTD algorithm provides a solution to the numerical computation of acoustic scattering.
基金Project supported partly by the Open Research Program in State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves of China(Grant No.K200802)partly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.60971122)
文摘The transmission coefficients of electromagnetic （EM） waves due to a superconductor-dielectric superlattice are numerically calculated. Shift operator finite difference time domain （SO-FDTD） method is used in the analysis. By using the SO-FDTD method, the transmission spectrum is obtained and its characteristics are investigated for different thicknesses of superconductor layers and dielectric layers, from which a stop band starting from zero frequency can be apparently observed. The relation between this low-frequency stop band and relative temperature, and also the London penetration depth at a superconductor temperature of zero degree are discussed, separately. The low-frequency stop band properties of superconductor-dielectric superlattice thus are well disclosed.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11304074,61475042,and 11274088)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(Grant Nos.A2015202320 and GCC2014048)the Key Subject Construction Project of Hebei Province University,China
文摘The finite-difference time-domain method is used to simulate the optical characteristics of an in-plane switching blue phase liquid crystal display.Compared with the matrix optic methods and the refractive method,the finite-difference timedomain method,which is used to directly solve Maxwell＇s equations,can consider the lateral variation of the refractive index and obtain an accurate convergence effect.The simulation results show that e-rays and o-rays bend in different directions when the in-plane switching blue phase liquid crystal display is driven by the operating voltage.The finitedifference time-domain method should be used when the distribution of the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal display has a large lateral change.
文摘Background: For nursing students, gathering social information is essential for understanding healthcare and social issues and developing critical thinking and decision-making skills. However, the choice of information sources varies by age and individual habits. With the widespread use of the internet, there are notable differences between younger and older generations in their reliance on the internet versus traditional media sources like newspapers and television. Given the wide age range and diverse backgrounds of nursing students, understanding generational differences in information-gathering methods is important for implementing effective education. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify how nursing students in different age groups obtain social information and to examine media usage trends by age group. Additionally, we aim to use the findings to provide insights into effective information dissemination methods in nursing education. Results: The results showed that nursing students in their teens to forties, regardless of gender, primarily relied on the internet as their main information source, with television playing a secondary role. In contrast, students in their fifties tended to obtain information more often from newspapers and television than from the internet. This highlights an age-related difference in preferred information sources, with older students showing a greater reliance on traditional media. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that nursing students use different information-gathering methods based on their age, suggesting a need to custo-mize information dissemination strategies in nursing education. Digital media may be more effective for younger students, while traditional media or printed materials might better serve older students. Educational institutions should consider these generational differences in media usage and adopt strategies that meet the diverse needs of their student populations.
文摘The minimal clinically important difference(MCID)represents a pivotal metric in bridging the gap between statistical significance and clinical relevance,addressing the direct impact of medical interventions from the patient's perspective.This comprehensive review analyzes the evolution,applications,and challenges of MCID across medical specialties,emphasizing its necessity in ensuring that clinical outcomes not only demonstrate statistical significance but also offer genuine clinical utility that aligns with patient expectations and needs.We discuss the evolution of MCID since its inception in the 1980s,its current applications across various medical specialties,and the methodologies used in its calculation,highlighting both anchor-based and distribution-based approaches.Furthermore,the paper delves into the challenges associated with the application of MCID,such as methodological variability and the interpretation difficulties that arise in clinical settings.Recommendations for the future include standardizing MCID calculation methods,enhancing patient involvement in setting MCID thresholds,and extending research to incorporate diverse global perspectives.These steps are critical to refining the role of MCID in patient-centered healthcare,addressing existing gaps in methodology and interpretation,and ensuring that medical interventions lead to significant,patient-perceived improvements.
文摘To investigate the applicability of four commonly used color difference formulas(CIELAB,CIE94,CMC(1:1),and CIEDE2000)in the printing field on 3D objects,as well as the impact of four standard light sources(D65,D50,A,and TL84)on 3D color difference evaluations,50 glossy spheres with a diameter of 2cm based on the Sailner J4003D color printing device were created.These spheres were centered around the five recommended colors(gray,red,yellow,green,and blue)by CIE.Color difference was calculated according to the four formulas,and 111 pairs of experimental samples meeting the CIELAB gray scale color difference requirements(1.0-14.0)were selected.Ten observers,aged between 22 and 27 with normal color vision,were participated in this study,using the gray scale method from psychophysical experiments to conduct color difference evaluations under the four light sources,with repeated experiments for each observer.The results indicated that the overall effect of the D65 light source on 3D objects color difference was minimal.In contrast,D50 and A light sources had a significant impact within the small color difference range,while the TL84 light source influenced both large and small color difference considerably.Among the four color difference formulas,CIEDE2000 demonstrated the best predictive performance for color difference in 3D objects,followed by CMC(1:1),CIE94,and CIELAB.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2023JJ30817)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation-Hengyang City Joint Fund Project(2025JJ70129)+1 种基金Changsha Natural Science Foundation(kq2403057)China。
文摘Objective:Near vision loss(NVL)is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide,exerting a profound impact on individual quality of life and socio-economic development.This study aims to analyze the burden of NVL in China by sex and age groups from 1990 to 2021 and to project trends over the next 15 years.Methods:Using data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,we conducted descriptive analyses of NVL prevalence in China,calculated age-standardized prevalence rates(ASPR)and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates(ASDR)to compare burden differences between sexes and age groups,and applied an autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)model to predict NVL trends for the next 15 years.The model selection was based on best-fit criteria to ensure reliable projections.Results:From 1990 to 2021,China’s ASPR of NVL rose from 10096.24/100000 to 15624.54/100000,and ASDR increased from 101.75/100000 to 158.75/100000.In 2021,ASPR(16551.70/100000)and ASDR(167.69/100000)were higher among females than males(14686.21/100000 and 149.76/100000,respectively).China ranked highest globally in both NVL cases and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),with female burden significantly exceeding male burden.Projections indicated this trend and sex gap will persist until 2036.Compared with 1990,the prevalence cases and DALYs increased by 239.20%and 238.82%,respectively in 2021,with the highest burden among females and the 55−59 age group.The ARIMA model predicted continued increases in prevalence and DALYs by 2036,with females maintaining a higher burden than males.Conclusion:This study reveals a marked increase in the NVL burden in China and predicts continued growth in the coming years.Public health policies should prioritize NVL prevention and control,with special attention to women and middle-aged populations to mitigate long-term societal and health impacts.
基金Supported by The Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen,No.SZSM202211003Shenzhen-Hong Kong Jointly Funded Project,Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,No.SGDX20230116093645007+1 种基金Shenzhen Second People's Hospital Clinical Project,No.20243357003Shenzhen Medical Research Fund,No.B2303005.
文摘BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety are prevalent psychological challenges among patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS),affecting individuals across both sex and age groups.AIM To explore the network structure of depression and anxiety symptoms,with a focus on identifying differences at the symptom level between sex and age subgroups.METHODS A total of 1955 participants diagnosed with AIS aged 10-18 years were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale(PHO-9)and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale(GAD-7),and 765 patients exhibiting PHQ-9 or GAD-7 scores ≥ 5 were enrolled in our study. Network analysis and network comparison tests were utilized toconstruct and compare the depression-anxiety symptoms networks among sex and age subgroups.RESULTSThe results revealed GAD3 “Excessive worry” and PHQ2 “Sad mood” were the most significant central symptomsin all subgroups, while “Sad mood” had higher strength than “Excessive worry” in the lower age group. In thenetwork comparisons, the female network exhibited tighter connectivity, especially on GAD6 “Irritability” andGAD2 “Uncontrollable worry”, while only PHQ3 “Sleep” and PHQ9 “Suicidal ideation” had differences at thelocal level in the lower age group.CONCLUSIONSeveral interventions targeting excessive worry and sad mood could reduce the risk of depression and anxietysymptoms in the AIS population. Furthermore, specific anxiety symptoms in females, along with sleep disturbancesand suicidal ideation in the lower age group, should be addressed at an early stage to prevent significantdisruptions in mental health trajectories.
基金National Key R&D Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2021YFF0703200Key Technology Fund of the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control,Grant/Award Number:GJJS-2022-1-5。
文摘Experimental mice play a critical role in biomedical research.The phenotype and application of different substrains vary due to genetic differentiation and variation.To ensure validity and reliability of results,it is imperative to adhere to standardized experiments and controls.This paper objectively reviews the origin,differentiation,and phenotypic and genetic differences between the C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse substrains.Furthermore,an optimal selection strategy is proposed based on the genetic quality control technology to facilitate the precise application of these two mouse substrains.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61301063 and 41305017)
文摘A higher-order finite-difference time-domain（HO-FDTD） in the spherical coordinate is presented in this paper. The stability and dispersion properties of the proposed scheme are investigated and an air-filled spherical resonator is modeled in order to demonstrate the advantage of this scheme over the finite-difference time-domain（FDTD） and the multiresolution time-domain（MRTD） schemes with respect to memory requirements and CPU time. Moreover, the Berenger＇s perfectly matched layer（PML） is derived for the spherical HO-FDTD grids, and the numerical results validate the efficiency of the PML.
基金supported by the Shenzhen.Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20220818100615033,JCYJ20200109141433384,and KQTD20200820113040070)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC82471250 and 82350710225).
文摘Empathy is crucial for communication and survival for individuals.Whether empathy in pain contagion shows sex differences and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we report that pain contagion can occur in stranger female rats,but not in stranger males.Blocking oxytocin receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)suppressed pain contagion in female strangers,while oxytocin administration induced pain contagion in male strangers.In vitro,corticosterone reduces neuronal activation by oxytocin.During male stranger interactions,higher corticosterone decreased oxytocin receptor-positive neuronal activity in the ACC,suppressing pain contagion.These findings highlight the role of oxytocin in pain contagion and suggest that sex differences in empathy may be determined by the balance of oxytocin and corticosterone in the ACC.This study suggests an approach for the treatment of certain mental disorders associated with abnormal empathy,such as autism and depression.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62205102)。
文摘The pulsed single-longitudinal-mode(SLM)operation caused by the modal-gain difference in a repetitively passively Q-switched(PQS)laser is studied in detail.Firstly,the analytical expressions for the pulse buildup-time difference of repetitively PQS four-level and quasi-three-level lasers have been developed respectively.Then,according to the temporal criterion,the required conditions for repetitively PQS four-level and quasi-three-level lasers to achieve SLM operation are analyzed.The analysis results show that in addition to the short cavity is conducive to obtaining the pulsed SLM laser,the use of a lower pump power(compared to the threshold power)will help to obtain a longer pulse buildup-time difference and thus enabling the SLM operation.Moreover,it is worth noting that for the quasi-three-level lasers,the pulse buildup-time difference also depends on the initial population inversion density.The results also reveal that setting resonator parameters that can obtain large initial population inversion density will be helpful to the SLM operation in both four-level and quasithree-level regimes.In addition,the use of saturable absorber with a low absorption cross-section ratio between the excited state and ground state also contributes to the realization of the SLM.Finally,the optimization model of passively Q-switched single-longitudinal-mode laser is established.In addition to predicting the output performance of the laser,this model can also be used to obtain the optimal resonator parameters and the upper limit of pump power for SLM operation.
基金Supported by Shanxi Province Natural Science Research(202203021212249)Special/Youth Foundation of Taiyuan University of Technology(2022QN101)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12301556)Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2021-029)International Cooperation Base and Platform Project of Shanxi Province(202104041101019)Basic Research Plan of Shanxi Province(202203021211129)。
文摘To enhance the computational efficiency of spatio-temporally discretized phase-field models,we present a high-speed solver specifically designed for the Poisson equations,a component frequently used in the numerical computation of such models.This efficient solver employs algorithms based on discrete cosine transformations(DCT)or discrete sine transformations(DST)and is not restricted by any spatio-temporal schemes.Our proposed methodology is appropriate for a variety of phase-field models and is especially efficient when combined with flow field systems.Meanwhile,this study has conducted an extensive numerical comparison and found that employing DCT and DST techniques not only yields results comparable to those obtained via the Multigrid(MG)method,a conventional approach used in the resolution of the Poisson equations,but also enhances computational efficiency by over 90%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.60931002 and 61101064)the Universities Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province,China(Grant Nos.KJ2011A002 and 1108085J01)
文摘The method of splitting a plane-wave finite-difference time-domain （SP-FDTD） algorithm is presented for the initiation of plane-wave source in the total-field / scattered-field （TF/SF） formulation of high-order symplectic finite- difference time-domain （SFDTD） scheme for the first time. By splitting the fields on one-dimensional grid and using the nature of numerical plane-wave in finite-difference time-domain （FDTD）, the identical dispersion relation can be obtained and proved between the one-dimensional and three-dimensional grids. An efficient plane-wave source is simulated on one-dimensional grid and a perfect match can be achieved for a plane-wave propagating at any angle forming an integer grid cell ratio. Numerical simulations show that the method is valid for SFDTD and the residual field in SF region is shrinked down to -300 dB.
